Circumcision Procedure Research Articles

Implementasi Terapi Bermain Plastisin Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Anak Pre Operasi Sirkumsisi Di Klinik Rathnoe Khitan Ngawi

Introduction: There are both religious and medical reasons for performing circumcision. There are many different approaches to circumcision, but it is still one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Children often experience significant levels of apprehension, fear, and pain before the circumcision procedure. Negative consequences, such as uncooperative circumcision, result from uncontrollable anxiety reactions. Objective: Using plasticine play therapy, this community service project aims to reduce anxiety in adolescent patients who will undergo circumcision surgery. This volunteer activity was conducted at Rathnoe Khitan Ngawi Clinic. Method: Implementing a hands-on plasticine play therapy method, followed by discussion and assessment, was the strategy used. Before and after receiving plasticine play therapy, the children's anxiety levels were assessed. Children at Rathnoe Khitan Ngawi Clinic who were waiting to be circumcised were the beneficiaries of this community service activity. Result: The results of this PkM are the anxiety level of the participants before the implementation of plasticine play therapy, the majority of participants felt moderate anxiety as many as 17 participants (85%), and after the implementation of plasticine play therapy there was a decrease in the anxiety scale to mild as many as 17 participants (85%). Conclusion: Based on the Wilcoxon test, the p-value is 0.001, which means that the p-value <0.05, it is concluded that there is an effect of pre and post implementation of play platisin therapy on reducing anxiety levels in children pre-circumcision surgery at the Rathnoe Khitan Ngawi Clinic.

Alisklamp versus Conventional Dorsal Slit Circumcision: A Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: There are numerous methods of circumcision performed worldwide, typically classified into two main groups: conventional surgical techniques and various device-assisted techniques. Each method has its own advantages, limitations, and potential complications. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of the Alisklamp technique versus the dorsal slit technique in male circumcision procedures. Method: This multicenter RCT compared the dorsal slit and Alisklamp techniques for circumcision, assessing patient demographics and intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. All patients, under local anesthesia via dorsal penile nerve block, were discharged on the same day and followed up at 24-48 h, 1 week, and 1 month. Results: A total of 180 patients enrolled, and 166 patients were included. The study compared postoperative outcomes between the Alisklamp (AK) and dorsal slit (DS) circumcision techniques in 166 patients. Key findings included significantly higher penile edema in the DS group (19%) compared to the AK group (2.4%) (p < 0.001), with severe edema occurring only in the DS group. Wound gaping was more common in the AK group (8.3%) compared to the DS group (1.2%) (p = 0.030). Skin tunnels were observed only in the DS group (9.5%) (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in nausea, vomiting, bleeding, necrosis, infection, wound dehiscence, chordee, rotational anomalies, or secondary phimosis between the groups. Mean operation time was lower in the AK group than the DS group (7.8 min vs. 15.5 min; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Alisklamp technique is recommended as the preferred method for circumcision because it minimizes complications, shortens the procedure time, and is easy to apply.

FACTORS INFLUENCING POST-CIRCUMCISION WOUND HEALING

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the penile gland and smegma smear, the expression of collagen and fibroblasts in the preputium, on post-circumcision wound healing. Material &amp; Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in Malang with samples obtained by purposive sampling on September 17, 2022. Inclusive criteria were uncircumcised males who agreed to be circumcised and had no contraindications to the procedure. Furthermore, the preputium obtained from the circumcision procedure was stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and counted under an optical microscope. Post-circumcision evaluation was carried out seven days after the procedure. The data were analyzed using the regression method; p denotes the probability value or significance level, while the b score denotes the degree of influence. Results: There were total of 31 research samples that had a significant difference in the average age between the samples with post-circumcision complaints (11.25 ± 2.75) and those without complaints (8.5 ± 2.73) (p=0.05). The regression test found that bacterial culture, fibroblasts, and collagen had significant effects of 24%, 25%, and 24%, respectively. Conclusions: Skin elasticity decreases with age, as marked by increased fibroblasts and decreased collagen density. Fibroblast factors, collagen, and bacterial culture are significant in wound healing. Keywords: Circumcision, collagen, fibroblast, wound healing.

Penile amputation after neonatal circumcision: a case report.

A 7-day-old male term baby was circumcised with a cauter by an unexperienced practitioner, and the patient was admitted to the department of pediatric surgery. Both the glans and the body had become discolored and necrotic. The patient was taken into the theater and given general anesthesia. The authors removed the debridement and inserted a catheter into the urethra to prevent urethral stenosis. The procedure of circumcision has several medical benefits and is widely performed for religious, cultural, and medical reasons. It is generally agreed that circumcision prevents against sexually transmitted diseases, penile and cervical cancer in adults, as well as urinary tract infections in children.Partial or complete penile amputation injuries are rare and frequently the result of psychotic self-harm. Operators must correctly conduct the circumcision in order to prevent the potential complications that can happen when the procedure is performed out by untrained hands.The most common cause of penile amputation injuries, whether partial or total, is psychotic self-harm. Operators must carry out the procedure carefully to prevent the potential complications that can happen when circumcision is performed by untrained hands. The authors present here a case of a 7-day-old boy who had ritual circumcision with a cauter complicated by an entire penile amputation, which was treated with the insertion of a catheter to prevent the closure of the urethra. The patient reported his penis was circumcised with cautery one day later the glans and the entire penis became discolored and necrosis, unfortunately, the entire penis was lost with the overlying skin.

Gebyar Khitan Toraja “Khitanan Massal dan Layanan Kesehatan Gratis”

Circumcision (circumcision) in Indonesian is known as circumcision or supit, which is a guideline for Islamic law for both men and women. Not only adherents of the Islamic religion perform circumcision, Jews, Christians and other religions now also practice circumcision because it is proven to provide health benefits. Circumcision or circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin / prepuce / scalp of the penis. The purpose and benefits of this Mass Circumcision PkM is to reduce the risk of infection and even reduce the risk of penile cancer. Mass circumcising of Muslim children who are about to reach puberty in the Toraja area, Fulfilling the Prophet's Sunnah, Socializing the importance of maintaining health and cleanliness, Growing concern for others. The method used is Mass Circumcision using the smartklamp method and tubes that don't need stitches and bandages, so that the child can immediately do his activities as usual. The Klamp circumcision method was chosen because it is more comfortable for the child and has minimal pain and the participant/patient is circumcised without any complications from the circumcision procedure. It is hoped that the Circumcision PkM activities will go well according to the expectations of the community.

Severe foreskin adhesion and meatal stenosis – complications after Circumcision: A Case Report

Introduction: Although circumcision is the most common surgical surgery performed on newborn males, problems can still occur regardless of the technique utilized by the operator. Case description: This case report aims to highlight the case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with severe foreskin adhesion and meatal stenosis after circumcision and underwent surgical reconstruction. During surgery, the foreskin firmly bonds to the glans and cannot be scraped away. Even the glans penis is injured when released abruptly. The glans penis was then clearly visible and could be distinguished between the skin and glans penis after a circumferential incision was performed on the penis skin above the coronary sulcus. Adhesiolysis was then conducted from the proximal to the distal wound. After that, the meatoplasty was performed. Conclusion: Since issues related to complications of circumcision continue to emerge, it is important to have a proper understanding of the circumcision procedure and how to manage the complication. To our knowledge, this is the new insight into managing severe foreskin adhesion with a good outcome.

Sünnet muayenesinde saptanan genital anomali oranları: Tek merkezli çalışma

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the genital organ anomaly rates detected during circumcision examination in the light of the literature. MATERIAL and METHODS: 5427 circumcision operations were performed in our clinic for 11 years. The genital organ anomaly data detected in the circumcision examination were obtained by examining the patient files retrospectively. The obtained data were evaluated in the light of the literature. RESULTS: The number of patients with genital anomalies during a total of 5427 circumcision examinations was 324 (5.97%). The most frequently detected anomalies are respectively; undescended testis (1.47%), intact foreskin megameatus (1.27%), retractile testis (0.88%), hypospadias (0.69%), inguinal hernia (0.68%) and other anomalies (0.98%). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that families should be educated and conscious about the importance of circumcision examination, and physicians should be more careful in circumcision examination. We would like to state that physicians should be more careful about intact foreskin megameatus, which cannot be detected in physical examination and is detected when the circumcision procedure is started. Keywords: anomaly, external genitalia, circumcision, examination

Glanüler tip megameatus intakt sünnet derisi olan olgularda tedavi ne olmalıdır?

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the treatment options in patients with glanular type megameatus intact foreskin. MATERIAL and METHODS: Between 2011 and 2021, more than 5000 circumcision procedures were performed in our clinic. The treatment options of 70 cases with glanular type megameatus, which we encountered incidentally when the foreskin was retracted during the circumcision procedure and sometimes we did not know exactly what to do at that moment, were found to be treated retrospectively. Glans approximation procedure (GAP) was applied to 14 of 24 patients who accepted hypospadias surgery. Meatal advancement and glanuloplasty procedure (MAGPI) was performed in 10 of them. The mean age, duration of surgery and surgical intervention results of the cases were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients who underwent the GAP procedure was 4.7±1.9, and the duration of surgery was 59.1±6.3 minutes. Urethral stenosis was seen in 1 of 14 cases and urethral fistula complication was observed in 1 of them. The mean age of the patients who underwent the MAGPI procedure was 4.3±1.4, and the duration of surgery was 64.3±3.03 minutes. Urethral stenosis was seen in 1 of 10 cases and unsuccessful surgical complication was observed in 1 of them. Complications developed in 4 (16.66%) of 24 patients. 4 patients underwent re-operation. There was no significant difference in the mean age, duration of surgery and complication rates between the two techniques. CONCLUSION: Intact foreskin conceals clinical findings and megameatus can usually be detected at circumcision attempt. Although the surgery for the glanular type, which is the mildest form of megameatus, is controversial, satisfactory results can be obtained with the appropriate surgical method. In addition, detailed interviews should be made with families before surgery and it should be explained that the operation is controversial. Keywords: glanular, hypospadias, intact foreskin, megameatus

Comparison of Holmium

Purpose: To evaluate the use of the Holmium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser versus the conventional dorsal-slit procedure for adult male circumcision. Materials and Methods: From January 2020 to December 2020, 60 adult men diagnosed with as having phimosis and received circumcision were enrolled. Patients received either Holmium: YAG laser circumcision or conventional circumcision. In this study, we assessed the difference between the groups. Results: Although the operative time and blood loss decreased more in the Holmium: YAG laser circumcision group than in the conventional circumcision group (P &lt; 0.001), a longer short-term delay in wound healing was observed in the laser circumcision group than in the conventional circumcision during the follow-up course (20.0% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.04). Our results also demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups in pain control, postoperative prepuce edema, prepuce redundancy, infection, or hematoma occurrence (P &gt; 0.05). Microscopy findings of the resected prepuce in the Holmium: YAG laser circumcision group demonstrated a high percentage of coagulated small capillaries near the cutting edge. Conclusion: The holmium laser seems to be a concrete and feasible option for circumcision. Although patients undergoing holmium laser circumcision benefit from less blood loss and a rapid surgery compared to the conventional procedure, there is a higher risk of poor wound healing in short-term follow-up.

Did Ancient Egyptians Discover Local Anesthetics?

The tomb of Ankh-Ma-Hor who served King Teti of the sixth dynasty (circa 2345 to 2323 BC) in Saqqara, Giza, Egypt, was discovered by Victor Loret (1897) and reexamined by Kanawati and Hassan in 1995.1 The tomb was dated 2340 BC by the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and was called the “doctor tomb” because its carvings contain several medical scenes. Ankh-Ma-Hor may have been interested in medical items that were related to his life experiences, but there is no indication that he was a doctor. A scene depicting circumcision was found between rooms 1 and 2 on the east wall (image reproduced with permission from the Wellcome Library).The circumcision is probably the oldest depiction of a surgery.2 This scene is the oldest known documented circumcision procedure. The scene shows the procedure performed in two ways. In the left part, the circumcised person was held by a third person, with the following words in hieroglyphs: “Hold him still. Do not let him struggle.” Interestingly, in the right part, the person performing the circumcision applied something to the penis with subsequently no need for him to be held by another person with words in hieroglyphs that read, “I will proceed gently.” We do not have information about the nature of the material that was used to avoid struggling of the person who had the circumcision. It is possible that the ancient Egyptians had knowledge about local anesthetics. It is not clear whether this preceded the use of coca leaf chewing practiced by the Incas before 2500 BC.3The author declares no competing interests.

Penile skin length can be predicted before frenuloplasty during routine circumcision.

One of the restricting factors for surgical treatment of congenital anatomical pathologies of the penis is the skin structure. Thanks to its structure, the penis is a flexible organ structure, and the treatment can be completed without the need for a free tissue graft. Length changes are obtained on the ventral side of the penis by frenuloplasty. Our study aims to attain an objective formula that could noninvasively predict these changes on the ventral side before the procedure. In our study, 52 patients who were admitted for routine religious circumcision were included, and penile ventral and dorsal skin and inner mucosa lengths were measured before and after frenuloplasty, which is a part of the normal routine circumcision procedure and performed via the "pull and burn" method. Stitches were done to prevent scar formation in the frenuloplasty area. The results were used to estimate the length changes to be obtained on the ventral side by performing a regression analysis of the patient's weight, height, ventral and dorsal inner mucosa, and outer skin lengths. Result: Following frenuloplasty, an increase was detected in the ventral surface ranging from 20% to 177%. This increase was found to be predictable with 62.5% precision (P < 0.01) using the formulation established by assessing the ventral inner mucosa length from pre-procedure values. No significant result was determined in the regression analysis of the patients' other measurements (P > 0.05). Penile length changes that would occur following frenuloplasty can be calculated using a noninvasive method. Frenuloplasty, which would be performed without any vascular change, could be helpful in the surgical planning of some penile surgeries. More studies should be conducted on older boys, in anatomic deviations, and moreover, to establish a reliable formulation.

Paediatric Circumcision with Bipolar Diathermy: Our Experience of 200 Cases, Assessment of Health Benefits and Risks

Ritual circumcision is the most commonly used procedure for males. Circumcision operations are routine procedures, which are done using various techniques. Objective: To elaborate on the advanced techniques for bipolar diathermy by describing this surgical procedure in terms of incidence of postoperative complications, bleeding, and occurrence of infections or complications. All these findings were recorded in quantitative terms and a comparative analysis was made. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted on children of age 1 week to 8 years. The method was to observe readings for children undergoing circumcision procedures of bipolar diathermy. The p-value was calculated for postoperative complications. Results: We selected the target population of 200 children. There was a very reduced incidence of bleeding was recorded in children undergoing circumcision by bipolar diathermy. There were no infection rates recorded and very less post-operative complications. Conclusions: Bipolar diathermy method is more efficient with a decrease incidence of morbidities.

The effects of sound-and-light toy as a distraction method on pain and physiological parameters in infants regarding circumcision procedure

Background/Aim: Circumcision is a common surgical procedure and a cause of pain and stress for infants. Nurses are in a key role for providing pain relief through implementation of non-pharmacological practices for pain management. This study aimed to assess the impact of distraction using a sound- and light-producing toy on pain and physiological parameters in infants regarding circumcision procedure. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted with infants between six months and two years of age who presented to a private circumcision clinic. The sample consisted of 60 infants randomly allocated into intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. During the procedure, the mothers of the infants in the intervention distracted the infants with the toy for 15 min. Infants in the control group were accompanied by their mothers during the procedure and did not receive any additional intervention other than the standard care. Data were collected using a questionnaire and the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) pain scale. Data were assessed using descriptive statistical analyses and parametric tests. Results: Infants in the intervention and control groups were similar in terms of current and gestational ages, lengths, weights, and maternal and paternal ages and showed no differences in terms of physiological parameters before and after the procedure (P &gt; 0.05). Post-operative pain scores were lower in infants exposed to the toy with light- and sound than that in the infants in the control group; however, no significant difference between groups was found (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the effect of sound- and light-producing toys on causing a reduction in pain severity, it may be recommended to use distracting practices by nurses to reduce/relieve pain associated with circumcision.

Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of male circumcision using the alisklamp device

Greater than 20 surgical circumcision devices are available worldwide for male circumcision. These have been developed so as to decrease complications. The hemostasis system classifies these devices as crush, clamp or ligature. This study assessed the safety, acceptability, and feasibility of male neonatal circumcision using the Alisklamp device (AKD). The AKD is one of the latest medical devices designed for assisted circumcision. It takes less time to install, has a better complication rate, and has a better cosmetic appearance than conventional surgical circumcision. The study was divided into two sections: assessing the safety of the AKD and evaluating parents' satisfaction. Convenience sampling was used in this study. In the first section, a form was filled by operating pediatric surgeon for children whose parents agreed to participate in the study. In the second section, a total of 100 male children were included in the study based on the sample size guidelines of the World Health Organization. The circumcision was performed by an experienced pediatric surgeon following the manufacturer's instructions. The procedures were completed without AKD failure or unwelcome preputial loss. The results showed that 63.54% of the children were circumcised in their first four weeks of life. About 60.42% of the procedures were completed within 5-10min. Also, 95.83% of the children had no postoperative complications. Further, 90.63% of parents were satisfied with the AKD and willing to recommend it to others. During the follow-up, all of the children's parents were pleased with the cosmetic and final results of the AKD. In conclusion, the AKD has an outstanding protection profile suitable for male circumcision procedures.

Comparison of a modified Mogen clamp and classic dorsal slit circumcision under local anesthesia: A clinical study.

BackgroundCurrently, although various methods are used, there is no gold standard method for circumcision. Therefore, we developed a modified circumcision clamp inspired by the Mogen clamp suitable for circumcisions performed under local anesthesia in our country. To evaluate its success and complications, we compared our modified Mogen clamp with a dorsal slit circumcision.Materials and methodsFrom 2013 to 2017, we retrospectively evaluated 1309 patients who had undergone circumcision; of these, 832 used the modified Mogen clamp method (Group 1) and 477 used the dorsal slit method (Group 2). The patients’ age, surgery duration, minor hemorrhage (not requiring suture or repeated surgical exploration after circumcision but with buffer or clotting solution used), major hemorrhage (hemorrhage requiring suture or exploration), redundant prepuce skin remnants, revision numbers, and family satisfaction values were evaluated and compared between the 2 groups.ResultsPatients were assessed at least 3 times: 1day, 1week, and 1month after circumcision. The mean ages in Groups 1 and 2 were 16.5±22.8 versus 15.5±18.8 months, respectively. The surgical procedure durations were 9.2±1.7 and 15.4±2.5 minutes in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p < 0.001). Complications were found in 164 (19.7%) versus 81 patients (17.0%) (p = 0.522), including redundant skin in 42 (5.4%) versus 15 patients (3.14%) (p = 0.105) and major hemorrhage in 20 (2.4%) versus 15 patients (3.3%) (p = 0.230) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively.ConclusionUnder local anesthesia, the circumcision procedure with the modified Mogen clamp can be performed more rapidly than with the dorsal slit, and the cosmetic results are better as the incision line is more regular. All postoperative complications were similar, with problems related to redundant skin occurring more frequently with clamp circumcision.

Circumstantial: An Evaluation of Circumcision, Breastfeeding, and Overall Dyad Success.

Circumstantial: An Evaluation of Circumcision, Breastfeeding, and Overall Dyad Success.

Comparison of hypochlorous acid and Povidone Iodine as a disinfectant in neonatal circumcision

Neonatal circumcision is a procedure used worldwide which has very low rates of complication if conducted by a specialist. The present research aims to examine the wound healing effects of Hypochlorous Acid (HCOL) and Povidone Iodine (PI) used as a disinfectant prior to the procedure of circumcision and their antibacterial effectiveness. The findings of sixty infants subjected to neonatal circumcision at the Hisar Intercontinental Hospital between January 2021 and June 2021 were prospectively recorded. Based on the disinfectant used, the patients were divided into two group: Group 1 including 28 patients for whom HCOL was used as an antiseptic solution, and Group 2 including 32 patients to whom PI was administered. Group 1 was formed of 28 patients while Group 2 included 32 patients. The mean ages of each group was 15.46±10.58 (2-29) and 12.63±10.00 (2-28) days, respectively. When the complications were examined individually, no significant difference was found between the groups. However, when all complications were analyzed collectively, it was determined that there was a significant difference, and the complication rate of Group 2 was greater (p=0.037). In Group 2, the rate of edema and wound healing delay was significantly greater than that of Group 1 (p: 0.037 p: 0.036) (Table 1). It was determined that HCOL is reliable to be used as a disinfectant prior to neonatal circumcision.

How does circumcision performed under regional anesthesia affect sleep, feeding, and maternal attachment in babies aged 0–4 months?

BackgroundThere is no consensus whether circumcision performed in the first months of life has negative effects on feeding, sleep, and maternal attachment in babies. This prospective study aimed to investigate this relation in the first months of life. This study is the first to investigate the effects of circumcision on feeding, sleep, and maternal attachment simultaneously. MethodsThe study group consisted of 75 families with their babies aged 0–4 months. Surgical circumcision procedure under regional anesthesia was applied to all patients. The questionnaires were used to evaluate the babies’ feeding and sleeping habits, and the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) was used to assess mother-baby attachment level. All assessments were performed before and one month after the circumcision. ResultsThe mean age of the patients when circumcision was performed was 75 (74.52 ± 37.03) (3–120) days. The mean ages of mothers were 32 (32.51 ± 4.05) years. There was no statistically significant change in the sleep habits and feeding status of babies before and after circumcision. The mean maternal attachment value before circumcision was 101 (98.89 ± 6.77) points, while it was 103 (101.36 ± 4.21) points after circumcision. This result indicates that the maternal attachment score increased significantly after circumcision (p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe circumcision performed under regional anesthesia between 0 and 4 months did not have any negative effect on sleep, feeding, and maternal attachment in babies.

Proximal migration of Plastibell circumcision: two case reports and review of the literature

BackgroundMale circumcision is one of the oldest and most commonly performed surgical procedures in the world; in fact, one of every 3 males in the world is circumcised. Plastibell circumcision is the commonest procedure performed worldwide with higher rates of satisfaction and lower rates of complications.Case presentationWe present two cases, 4 and 5 months old with proximal migration of Plastibell ring with penile incarcerations that were managed successfully. We aim to highlight the necessary precautions needed to avoid serious complications after a minor surgical procedure.ConclusionsPlastibell circumcision is a minor surgical procedure that is underestimated with the potential for major and serious complications. The implementation of the law against the practice of non-professional individuals, standardization of the procedure, and improvement of communication are highly recommended to avoid unnecessary and serious complications. Plastibell ring circumcision still needs further studies to examine ring antimigration, re-designing, and the best types and sizes of threads used. Lastly, studies are also needed to determine a cost-effective routine follow-up visit post-Plastibell circumcision procedures.

To Estimate the Prevalence and Determinants of Male Circumcision Procedures Conducted at A. M Shaikh Homoeopathic Hospital, Belagavi - A Descriptive, Retrospective Study

Background Male circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures practiced worldwide. Our aim of this study is to review the religious and medical determinants of Male circumcision and calculate the prevalence regionally at A. M. Shaikh Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital.Materials and Methods This is a descriptive retrospective study done at A M Shaikh Homoeopathic Medical College Hospital and PG Research Centre on patients who underwent Medical Circumcision procedure from the period 2011 to 2020. Current study concentrates solely on the medical indications with routine religious or ritual circumcision procedures. The study consisted of 1943 patients who underwent circumcision procedures for 9 years at our Hospital.Result Amongst 1943 procedures conducted between 2011 to 2020 1596 patients underwent Male Circumcision procedure with religious purpose which was seen in Group A 0-18yrs category. The number of medical indications for Circumcision in this category was very less as compared with religious purpose. Group B above 18yrs category of patients who underwent the procedure were more of Medical indications like Phimosis 228 cases Balanitis 2 Paraphimosis 2 and 1 case of Phimosis with Hydrocele.Conclusions Global prevalence study showed percentage of circumcised males in Indian territory to be 13.5 with no clarity in estimates of prevalence with regards to religious and medical determinants. Among the patients who visited the Hospital for Male Circumcision procedures from 2011 to 2020 religious prevalence was derived as 82.14 and those with Medical determinants as 17.75.