Circulation Plan Research Articles

A Rolling Stock Circulation Model for Railway Rapid Transit Systems

Rolling stock is one of the key operational issues for a railway transportation company. In fact, rolling stock and infrastructure maintenance suppose about 75% of total cost for a typical railway network. Rolling stock circulation consists of defining individual train paths over the network accomplishing pre-defined passenger's services and fulfilling certain design criteria such as minimizing train costs. The maintenance of the train is an important aspect to be considered in the planning of rolling stock circulation. Typically, railway operators follow maintenance policies in which rolling stock must be revised every certain number of kilometers.In this paper we propose, in the context of railway Rapid Transit Systems (RTS), a mixed integer programming model to develop rolling stock circulation plans considering a rotating maintenance scheme. The model can be applied to any medium size RTS considering a variable number of parking facilities. Train circulation is obtained by following a weekly pattern to include weekend train schedules. This approach minimizes train empty movements whereas equilibrates the weekly number of kilometers covered by every train unit. The rotating schema ensures a long-term maintenance policy that minimizes the train units reserve and balances the workload of the maintenance operation. Finally, as illustration, the modeling approach is applied to the Seville commuter railway network in order to design a rotating rolling stock plan.

Circulation Dynamics to Improve Commercial Activity in a Mega Mall

The 'one-day-shopping' concept that we experience today in a modern mega mall changed the propensity to consume compared to the past. The idea of a mega mall originated in the U.S. and the first suburban shopping malls as we know them today were built in the 1950s. The convenience of these malls had a great impact not only on consumers but also on the retail industry in general and the new mega mall idea has since spread around the world, with the largest ones located in China and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Korea had the fastest-growing economy during the last three decades and with that boom the compositional structure of domestic retail facilities became extremely diverse. Today, there are 36 new mega mall development plans to be completed before 2016, which represent a rapid and dynamic change in consumerism lifestyle in Korea. In this regard, this study will re-evaluate the first mega mall in Korea, the COEX Mall, and identify initial errors regarding its circulation plan and provide an ideal design strategy for future commercial mega malls based on literature review and comparison analysis.

도서관 프로그램 재해석에 기반한 공간구성 제안 - 국립세종도서관의 운영기본계획을 중심으로 -

세종시에 건립되는 국립세종도서관은 정책정보서비스를 제공하는 전문도서관과 공공도서관으로 어린이서비스를 제공하는 국립도서관이다. 본 연구의 목적은 국립세종도서관의 공간구성 방안을 제안하는 것이다. 첫째, 국립도서관으로서 필수적으로 구성되어야 하는 공간요소에 대한 사례를 분석하여 공간구성 및 동선계획의 전략을 제시하였다. 둘째, 국립도서관인 동시에 공공도서관으로서 이용자 중심의 도서관이 될 수 있도록 정책정보서비스와 어린이서비스를 지원할 수 있는 공간구성과 동선계획 방안을 제안하였다. 기존의 건축도면상에서 각 층별 공간구성이 효율적으로 진행될 수 있도록 운영관리자의 의견을 수렴하여 공간의 성격을 규정하고 서비스라인과 이용자 동선계획에 중점을 두었다.

Rolling Stock Rostering Optimization Under Maintenance Constraints

This article presents a mixed-integer linear-programming formulation for integrating short-term maintenance planning in a network-wide railway rolling stock circulation problem. This is a key problem in railway rostering planning that requires covering a given set of services and maintenance works with a minimum amount of rolling stock units. In our formulation, a rostering solution is viewed as a minimal cost Hamiltonian cycle in a graph with service pairings, empty runs, and short-term maintenance tasks. We use a commercial MILP solver to compute efficient solutions in a short time. Experimental results on real-world scenarios from the main Italian railway company Trenitalia show that this integrated approach can reduce significantly the number of trains and empty runs when compared with the current rolling stock circulation plan.

The Implications of Modifying Traffic Circulation Down Town Amman CITY(English)

Urban regeneration requires collaboration of traffic engineers with urban planners and architects to provide decision makers with quantitative assessment of the impact of attempted changes in the urban setting. Simulating traffic is a very powerful assessment tool for both traffic engineers and urban planners to help decision makers in selecting the best alternative solution based on predefined criteria while saving resources with high level of precision and accuracy. In this research paper, six action plans were suggested: provide better pedestrian facilities; provide better parking facilities; organize loading and unloading operations; relocate terminals and public transport routes; propose new circulation plan; and relocate the Police Station on Faisal Street. In accordance with all actions, an optimal traffic circulation scenario (new circulation plan) was compared to the do-nothing circulation scenario (current circulation plan). Macro and micro measures of effectiveness are used to quantitatively compare between the two scenarios. Results showed notable improvements in favor of the proposed new circulation plan; however traffic conditions are expected to significantly improve if the demand implications of adopting the other actions were considered.

Application of Particle Swarm Algorithm in Train-Set Circulation Problem of China

Train-set circulation problem is an important issue in operations of high-speed passenger trains in the world. On the basis of characteristics of the train-set circulation problem in China, an integer programming model is presented without considering distinct train-set types. With redefinitions of some basic mathematical objects and operations, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The algorithm is applied in a real-life case study based on the timetable of the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-speed Railway Line. The results show that the proposed algorithm is effective to find the optimized train-set circulation plan.

Ragnar Frisch’s “Circulation Planning”: An Attempt at Modelling General Equilibrium

We investigate how Ragnar Frisch’s (1895-1973) came to use econometric tools and techniques for policy purposes and how this involved a general equilibrium approach. Ragnar Frisch is well known for his contribution to the development of econometrics from the mid-1920s onwards, both on the scientific side, especially in the analysis of economic fluctuations, and on the institutional side. By the mid-1930s, however, he was taking an active part in the invention of new methodological and theoretical instruments based upon a specific shift from "political Economy" towards "rational Economy". This article argues that “Circulation planning”—a controversial 1934 article inspired by a Walrasian organization of exchanges—is interesting on two accounts: firstly because Frisch elaborates his view of the economic crisis as a breakdown of the system of exchanges due to monetary causes, and secondly because he offers to solve the crisis by establishing a central agency in charge of the organisation of an optimal system of exchanges. The difficulty of such modelling and the conceptual dead-ends of the 1934 article led Frisch to abandon the General Equilibrium approach for a long time and, in the following years, to develop a specific methodology in order to be able to implement indirect planning.

Sales Forecasting System for Newspaper Distribution Companies in Turkey

Newspapers are like goods with a shelf life of one day and they have to be distributed daily basis to the sales points. A problem that most newspaper companies encounter daily is how to predict the right number of newspapers to print and distribute among distinct sales points. The aim is to predict newspaper demand as accurately as possible to meet customer need with minimum number of returns, missed sales and oversupply. This makes it necessary to develop a short-term forecasting system. The data taken from one of the largest distribution companies in Turkey is time dependent. Therefore, time series analysis is used to forecast newspaper circulation. In this paper, the newspaper sales system is examined for Turkey. Various types of forecasting techniques which are applicable to newspaper circulation planning are compared and a nonlinear approach for returns is applied.

Liberal Democracy in Realizing the Traffic Circulation Plan in Groningen, the Netherlands

オランダ・フローニンゲン市は1977年、交通循環計画（VCP）に基づき中心市街地を4セクターに分割し、車がセクター間を移動するには一度、環状線に出なければならないようにした。これによって中心市街地の自動車交通量は半減した。本論文はこのVCP導入の政治的プロセスを分析することで、環境にやさしい交通政策の実現にとって必要な民主主義について、示唆を与えることを目的とする。当時導入を主導したニューレフトは、リベラル・デモクラシーの実現手段である政治化、対極化、及び参加民主主義の実現手段である市民参加を、政治信条として掲げていた。ところが実際のVCPの導入プロセスにおいては、政治化と対極化は明確に見て取ることができたが、市民が参加する機会は極めて限られていた。このことは、環境にやさしい交通政策を実現するうえでは、参加民主主義よりもむしろリベラル・デモクラシーが有効であることを示唆している。

Model of Quantitative Evaluation of Traffic Circulation Plan Based on Traffic Conflicts

Traffic impact studies (TIS) have been required by transportation agencies to evaluate the potential transportation impacts of the proposed development on the surrounding neighborhood since 2001 in Beijing. The analysis on the negative aspect brought by proposed projects in terms of improper location and excessive number of driveways or inappropriate opening of median becomes the focus of TIS. However, the analysis of the traffic conflicts generated by proposed development has been so far limited to qualitative interpretation and conflict diagrams in traffic impact reports, which makes it difficult for traffic professionals to evaluate traffic circulation plans. The objective of this paper attempts to explore to quantify traffic conflicts analysis. Concept of conflict complexity is, for the first time, introduced in this study as a new evaluation indicator. The model to estimate conflict complexity is then built up by putting vehicle-bicycle conflict, vehicle-pedestrian conflict and vehicle-vehicle conflict into consideration. This indicator can be used to quantitatively determine if traffic circulation proposed in TIS report is justified. Finally, based on the data from 65 TIS reports from Beijing city the threshold values for criterion are determined in the study. The result from this study will help transportation agencies make decision for the proposed projects in quantitative manner. In addition it can also pave the way for the standardization of traffic circulation procedure.

공동주택 주민복지시설의 활성화를 위한 사전 타당성 평가요인 분석

본 연구는 공동주택 내에 설치되는 주민복지시설의 활성화를 위해 사전 타당성 평가 모델 구성을 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 D신도시에 위치한 공동주택 단지 5곳을 사례대상으로 선정한 후 주민복지시설의 현황을 조사하였다. 그리고 타당성 평가 항목 조사를 위해 선정된 사례대상 공동주택 5곳의 거주자 및 이용자를 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하여 기획단계, 설계단계, 운영단계로 구분하여 타당성 평가 항목을 도출하였다. 기획단계, 설계단계, 운영단계에 대한 타당성 평가 항목 도출 결과를 바탕으로 AHP기법을 활용하여 평가 항목에 대한 중요도를 분석하였다. 중요도 분석 결과 값의 검증을 위해 관련 전문가의 설문을 통해 중요도 분석 결과 값을 비교하였다. 상기와 같은 목적과 방법에 따라 도출된 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 공동주택 단지 내 주민복지시설의 활성화를 위한 사전 타당성 평가 항목의 중요도 분석 결과 기획단계(P-1)의 경우 이용시설구성, 사용자조사, 시설배치 항목이 가장 높게 분석되었으며, 설계단계(P-2)의 경우 실별 평면배치, 동선계획, 교구비품 항목이 가장 높게 분석되었다. 그리고 운영단계(P-3)의 경우 운영비, 운영일정, 이용시설검토 항목이 가장 높게 분석되었다. An Analysis on the Pre-Feasibility Evaluation Factors of Activation for Welfare Facilities for the Residents in Apartment Building. The adapted research method of selected case five apartment building in D new town and carried out questionnaire survey to residents and user for draw items of feasibility evaluation. Drew items of feasibility evaluation classify as Plan section, Design section, and Operation section and evaluate the weight of each section utilizing analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Depending on the purpose and methods. The results of this study are as follows: Such as Plan section, Composition of Program Facility, User Charge Survey, Arrangement of Program Room were analyzed highest. Such as Design section, Arrangement of Program Room, Circulation planning, Educational Equipment were analyzed highest. And such as Operation section, Operation costs, Operation Plan, Review of Program Facility were analyzed highest.

VALUING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CIRCULATION PLAN IN THE HAGUE

Background and aims: Within the framework of Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental Stressors in Europe (INTARESE), the impact of the traffic circulation plan (VCP) in The Hague dur...

Partnership Moves Community Toward Complete Streets

The Partnership for Active Communities brought together multidisciplinary organizations to create a 5-year project to support increased walking and bicycling in the Sacramento CA area. Using a community action model, the partnership focused on programs and promotions to expand walk- and bike-to-school programs. The partnership focused on policy and physical projects in conducting systematic reviews of development projects to influence land use. A comprehensive communications plan united diverse partnership interests to advocate for Complete Streets policy change and improve transportation infrastructure. Walk- and bike-to-school programs grew, and community-design workshops helped leverage more than $12 million in additional support, including Safe Routes to School grants. The partnership delivered more than 150 project reviews to city planners, architects, and developers with recommendations for improved pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, and many positive changes resulted. Complete Streets is now included as a policy in the region's transportation plan, in the mobility element of the city's updated general plan and the county's draft circulation plan, and in the regional transit master plan. The partnership's communications plan linked partners with diverse interests to produce a powerful advocacy network to influence adoption of Complete Streets policies. Project development reviews were most successful in communities that allowed comments at a conceptual stage in the process. The Partnership for Active Communities produced increased public and agency awareness of pedestrian and bicycle safety issues and influenced considerable changes to policies and the physical environment in the Sacramento area.

Maximizing utilization rate of office automation equipment by intraoffice circulation

The utilization rate of products, which indicates the extent to which product functionality has been exhausted, must be improved to increase eco-efficiency of the products. In this paper, we propose an intraoffice circulation model that can increase the utilization rate of office automation equipment. The manufacturer makes a contract with an office to provide the required functionality for a certain period. An office would require machines in each section. In our model, machines are periodically reallocated among the different sections with different user characteristics. The algorithm for optimizing circulation plan is developed using genetic algorithm. The model is applied to the use of copiers installed in a university office. The results verify the effectiveness of our model for reducing the environmental load.

Environment-Ecological Planning for Development of the Seoul Eco-City

This study was carried out to establish the direction of environment-ecological planning for the Eco-city through a survey to determine Seoul's environment-ecological status. The survey focused on entropy, water circulation and biological diversity. First the temperature rise may be continued by a high ratio of commercial areas developed with high density in terms of entropy. Second the underground development in high density built-up areas and the high ratio of impermeable pavement were analyzed as water- circulation. Lastly, although the ratio of forest and river biotope was high, those were distributed in the suburbs of Seoul and were artificially established. In addition, the damp areas which had critical functions as habitats in the city were distributed on a small-scale. Therefore, as the direction of energy circulation plan, 7 detailed planning items were required as follows: the improvement of roadside's trees and green spaces, the formation of brook street, tree-planting in the school's playground, an extension and new formation of children's park green space, tree-planting around public institutions and religious facilities, tree-planting on roofs and walls, an increase in green space around apartment complexes and the establishment of environment-ecological planning. In terms of water circulation; ecological restoration of artificial rivers, security of rainfall reservoir and establishment of residential area with satisfactory water circulation were suggested. Also, improvement plans for the biological diversity must be established by classifying into the three parts; the security of the biological habitats, the formation of urban ecological axis and the activation of ecological culture.

Ragnar Frisch and the Origin of Input–Output Analysis

Ragnar Frisch claimed on various occasions that he had invented the principles of input–output analysis. Frisch and Leontief worked simultaneously on their respective contributions but within different contexts. Frisch's contribution was an attempt to cope with market collapse of the depression and thus arose from a different motivation than Leontief's equilibrium analysis. Although prominently published in Econometrica in 1934, Frisch's ‘circulation planning’ has not been much discussed in the literature. The paper sets out the analytic core of Frisch's contribution and its formal similarity with Wassily Leontief's input–output analysis, which was the basis for Frisch's claim. It examines the inventiveness and analytical power of Frisch's approach and relates it to other works by him.

Midtown Manhattan Circulation and Surface Transit Study and Demonstration Project

Low cost capital improvement techniques can be used to improve the efficiency of surface transportation systems as demonstrated in New York City. A project was undertaken to improve air quality in midtown Manhattan by redesigning vehicle usage and promoting transit. To assist in the evaluation of Midtown's surface transportation system, a conceptual model was developed with modal, operational and physical elements. All aspects of the movement of persons and vehicles were investigated and an overall circulation plan was developed. A number of projects were selected for demonstration to indicate the effectiveness of the various strategies in improving the efficiency of the transit system.

Policing the financial marriage

One of the most difficult types of financial marriages is the joint venture between a real estate developer and a financial partner. In a sense, all real estate development is a joint venture, but some classes of real estate investors are accustomed to the arrangements and know how to administer investments. Institutional lenders fall within this group. Corporate investors are less well-prepared, but have made and are making good joint ventures; their institutional character typically assures reasonable review, care, and control. The least well-qualified financial partner is an individual or a group of individual equity investors. These partners are willing to take risks and are often less sophisticated than institutional sources of equity capital. This class of investors may represent the last hope for developers refused by institutional sources of equity capital, but may be the first choice of other developers because of the ease with which some individuals can be persuaded. For individual investors, the incentive for real estate investment is the availability of excellent tax-sheltered returns, a benefit less valued by institutions. A joint venture begins when a real estate developer selects a parcel of land to develop and ties it up with either an option or some type of sales contract, often conditional on rezoning. A title search is made and title problems evaluated. The market is studied by more sophisticated developers; land and building absorption rates are established to form a marketing plan. An engineering plan is then developed to implement the marketing plan. This provides for earth moving, relocation of electric cables, extension of utilities, soil boring, a circulation plan if the development is large, and, perhaps, a dam, bridge, or lake. A zoning presentation is usually underway at the same time, because few larger properties or projects can proceed without some type of zoning adjustment. Approval often is tied to approval of a transportation plan showing where the proposed development will tie into the circulation system of the community and which roads will be dedicated for public use. Concurrently, the developer should be preparing detailed cost estimates on the first phase of development. This will include the cost of structures, financing, overhead, carrying charges, and profits. He then estimates his 79

Perencanaan Lanskap Pantai Pangandaran Berbasis Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami

ABSTRACT
 Coastal Landscape Planning in Pangandaran Based on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation
 
 The Indonesian archipelago has a long coastline of about 81,000 km. Some coastal areas in Indonesia, classified in areas with high risk of tsunami. The objective of this research was to develop a coastal planning in Pangandaran and provide recommendations related to tsunami disaster mitigation. The tsunami ever occurred at the site studied, namely in 2006. The method used in this study is a modification of the method of planning (Gold 1980) which comprise the step of preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis, and planning. Analysis is conducted analysis of regional vulnerability to tsunamis. The results from the analysis found that Pangandaran beach is classified as an area highly vulnerable to tsunami, based on an assessment of the slope, elevation, land use, distance from the river and distance from the coast. Analysis of the suitability of the area for evacuation was conducted to determine the exact area used as a tsunami evacuation. The concept of planning is divided into space concept, the concept of activity, the concept of infrastructure, circulation concept and the concept of vegetation. The concept that there is then developed to produce a landscape plan, plan activities, circulation plan, vegetation plans, and plan infrastructure facilities.
 
 Keywords: coastline, mitigation, Pangandaran, planning, tsunami

Planning Implications of Urban and Rural Freeway Interchanges

Accessibility, traffic and the availability of developable land have been the volatile ingredients touching off the development explosion in the vicinity of the freeway interchanges. Zoning and other planning tools, however, have failed to cope with the problems arising from uncontrolled development. The best current solution appears to lie in the use of the eminent domain power to control access. This should be applied by the states in conformity with a systems conceived interchange development and circulation plan. Criteria and guidelines are suggested for various features relating to access and traffic circulation with specific reference to problems occurring at motorist service areas.