Circulation Of Money Research Articles

THE GOVERNMENT'S STRATEGY FOR RESTORING INDONESIA'S TOURISM POST-COVID 19

The Covid-19 pandemi has an extensive impact on the country's economy, including in the tourism sector, one of the most significant contributors to the country's foreign exchange. This study aims to provide an overview of the impact of Covid-19 on the Indonesian tourism sector and strategies made by the Government to overcome the problems and impacts of Covid-19 on Indonesian tourism. This study uses descriptive explorative qualitative methods and data collection and analysis through literature studies. Based on the analysis, it is found that the Covid-19 pandemic has indeed had a significant impact on the tourism sector and Indonesia's creative economy. One of the significance obtained is that there is an extreme decrease in Indonesia's income due to the circulation of money that does not work. However, the Government has designed policies and strategies to overcome these problems, preparing to complete the recovery of Indonesian tourism after Covid-19.

The Subject of Economic Politology from the Economist’s Point of View

The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the determination of the subject matter of economic politology. In the books and articles analysed by the author, the situational picture of the subject dominates, determined by the current practice of relations between business and the state in Russia. The author also analysed the training programs of the leading universities in Russia. Considering the economic and political situation in the world at the end of 2021, the author concluded that the state of both research and teaching in this discipline is unsatisfactory. The article’s central thesis is the assertion that in the coming years, the world’s fate will largely be determined by the struggle in the economy, especially in the field of money circulation and finance. Therefore, the country urgently needs new specialists of a unique profile — an economist-political scientist.

Analysis of The Influence of Exchange, Inflation, Gross Domestic Product, Interest Rate, and The Amount of Money Circulation On The LQ45 Index In The Indonesia Stock Exchange Between 2016-2020

The objective of this research was to analyze the short and the long-run relationship between five macroeconomics variables such as exchange rate, inflation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), SBI rate, and money supply to examine their influence on the LQ45 stock price index. The data sample used in this study is monthly time series data from January 2016 to December 2020. This study used Vector Error Correction Model to analyze the problem. The result shows that in the short run (1 month ago), exchange rate, inflation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), SBI rate, and money supply do not influence the LQ45 stock price index. In the long run, the exchange rate has positive inflation, SBI rate, and money supply negatively influence the LQ45 stock price index. Therefore, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) does not influence the LQ45 stock price index. The results of the Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition, SBI rate, is a variable that provides the most significant contribution to the LQ45 stock price index

The Impact of the Construction Industry on the Social and Economic Development of Territories

The article’s objective is to show the results of an analysis of the relationship between the construction industry and social and economic development of territories. Construction projects have great potential to promote social and economic development as drivers of growth. The construction industry is a basic and diversified sector of the economy, which involves a wide range of stakeholders and has developed links with other areas of activity. The industry creates investment opportunities in related sectors and is vital to achieving national social and economic goals. This research is devoted to the study of the state of the construction industry as a key indicator of the level of development and efficiency of modernization processes in the economy of the regions. The article formulates conclusions and offers guidelines for the development of the construction industry as a factor in economic growth.
 It is concluded that the current state of the construction industry is of paramount importance, which indicates the well-being, health and quality of life of citizens, is the basis of economic growth of any country, and therefore affects the role of each sector at all levels of the economy. The construction sector has a direct impact on the social and economic development of money circulation, so the lack of proper construction infrastructure leads to an underdeveloped economy, low living standards and unbalanced income distribution, which are factors contributing to the country's economic decline. Effective management of the construction sector leads to improved quality of life, including the promotion of tourism, a sustainable environment, money circulation and job creation across the country.

Money issue and money circulation: concept and essence

The article is devoted to the research with the use of a comprehensive systematic analysis of the current state of money issuance and money circulation in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. The current national financial legislation and the experience of formation of money issue and money circulation in the European Union are considered. It is noted that the issuance of money is an important element of the monetary system of the state. The monetary system is a certain model, type of organization of money issue and money circulation, which is enshrined in law, which exists only through the establishment of rules for the organization of money issue and circulation in mandatory regulations. Under the issuance of cash means the issuance of cash in order to increase the money supply in the economic circulation of the state. The reverse issue procedure is the withdrawal of money from circulation, which is aimed at stimulating the state's economy. It is stated that money circulation is an integral part of the financial system of the state, as the established mechanism of money circulation regulation is the foundation for the development of banking and investment activities in the state with foreign capital, optimization of financial services market, including insurance. The issue of money in circulation is constant. Non-cash money is issued when credit institutions lend to their customers. Cash is issued in cash when carrying out cash transactions by banks, which issue them to customers from their operating cash registers. Money circulation is a process of cash flow in cash and non-cash forms in the economic circulation of the state, based on certain principles, which are based on and follow from the provisions of the legislation of the country in order to effectively regulate the money supply. To implement the financial functions of the state in the field of formation, distribution and use of monetary funds requires an effective mechanism for organizing and regulating the circulation of money in cash and non-cash forms regulated at the legislative level.

Illegal use of fertilized eggs outside the womb (A comparative study)

Illegal use of fertilized eggs outside the womb (A comparative study)

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБНАЛИЧИВАНИЯ ДЕНЕЖНЫХ СРЕДСТВ В МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The article reveals the essence of cash withdrawal, discusses its causes. The main threats and risks that this type of economic crimes carries for the state economy are listed. The review of the schemes of illegal transfer of non-cash money into cash known in the world practice is carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that money circulation is one of the priority components of the market economy, and therefore increased requirements are imposed on security in this area to achieve state welfare. The theoretical aspect of the concept of "cashing out" is considered. The essence and causes of the process are studied. Threats to the country's economy from cashing out have been identified. The connections of online trading companies with cash withdrawal are revealed, an analysis of the scale of this method of cashing is given.

Оцінка сучасного стану державного боргу України

The article is concerned with assessing the current state of public debt and the State-guaranteed debt of Ukraine, their essence is considered and the dynamics for the period 2017-2021 are analyzed. It is noted that public debt is the result of the movement of borrowed capital, which has a significant impact on the state of public finances, the investment climate, money circulation, and the development of international cooperation. It is determined that a significant amount of public debt, which was formed during the period of Ukrainian independence, negatively affects the economic situation in the country, and debt servicing creates a burden on the State budget. At the moment, the debt policy needs to find improved ways to attract credit funds and identify effective ways to use them to better the financial situation and strengthen Ukraine’s economy. The article defines the structure of the State debt of Ukraine in terms of foreign currencies. It is proved that the debt mostly consists of borrowings denominated in foreign currencies. An analysis of both the public and the State-guaranteed debt by type of interest rates during the analyzed period was carried out and it was noted that borrowings include a significant share of debt instruments with a fixed rate. The structure of the public debt by type of creditor during 2017-2021 is presented. It is proved that issued securities in the domestic and foreign markets occupy the largest share in the structure of the debt. The economic essence of domestic and foreign government bonds is defined. Domestic government bonds (OVDPs), which are in circulation at nominal depreciation value during 2017-2021, are considered in terms of foreign currencies and owners. Based on the carried out analysis, the main reasons that led to the growth of the volume of both the public and the State-guaranteed debt in Ukraine and the directions of their optimization in public debt management are identified.

Моделирование кредитной эмиссии в растущей экономике: долгосрочные эффекты и эксцессы

According to experts, the factor of monetary emission has not been studied enough among the factors which influence the emergence of long-period economic cycles. The neutrality of money is one of the reasons of long-period cycles. The authors of the article disagree with this opinion, since they support the concept of the non-neutrality of money in the long run. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to investigate the features of this non-neutrality. Methodologically, the study relies on the mathematical modeling. The study has been conducted using the model of switching reproduction mode (SMR) created at the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences — as a mesoeconomic mathematical model that calculates macro- and mesoeconomic changes based on the calculation of circulation of money, giving due regard the inflation with periodic renewal of fixed capital. The resulting lag effects of this update bring dynamics to the model and determine its most significant advantage. The main attention is given to credit emission. The nonlinear (threshold) effects accompanying credit issue make the analysis of its consequences more complicated. Numerical experiments are used to examine the influence of the debt load of the production subsystems s and the interest rate r on changes in the dynamics of the economic system. These effects in combination with other factors can lead to long-term dynamics in macroeconomic processes. The study includes a preliminary analysis of the ways to overcome the negative effects accompanying credit emission. It is justified that credit emission alone is not sufficient and additional emission by the Central Bank is necessary. Although additional emission may have a more serious inflationary impact, it can to a certain extent reduce the negative impact of credit emission. The results of the study can be used to substantiate recommendations for optimizing monetary policy.

THE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT WITH RATIONAL MONEY MANAGEMENT AT THE EXPENSE OF CASH PAYMENTS

The purpose of the article is to ensure the stability of interest rates on monetary policy transactions in Armenia through cash and non-cash money, which will directly lead to the clarification of interest rates on monetary policy transactions and not monthly fluctuations. Research shows that the development / promotion of non-cash payments will not only stabilize the resource savings of its users within the economy, but will also lead to control of transparency, almost the entire amount of money circulation, as well as curbing the risk of cash temptation, embezzlement or similar. In the study, we found that, in case of non-cash transactions, transition from cash to non-cash has an impact on the monetary policy, the provision of financial resources by the financial institutions of the economy. In addition, the minimum provision for devices for the use of non-cash payment instruments by businesses is a very important circumstance, which we have presented as a novelty in several regulatory areas in the conclusion of the article. As a result of the research, we have identified the following scientific innovations: not to deduct more than 25% of the POS terminals acquired by banks for the service of noncash payments, not in operation, but to set clear directions for the use of these funds. The other new approach is for all businesses; to apply to banks for providing POS terminals or similar functionalities at cash registers, as well as to register bank accounts depending on the industry, and at the same time submit a statement to the State Revenue Committee within 20 days․

РРО як спосіб організації первинних облікових даних: фіскальний аспект

The processes of production and application of the registrar of settlement operations (RSO) in the field of cash circulation and settlement operations are very much relevant, because in the context of an increase in the amount of information processed by enterprises, the question arises about the speed, quality and accuracy of accounting, reporting and analysis of the results of activities and control over its implementation by regulatory authorities. Of particular importance are studies of the use of RSO as one of the means of regulating money circulation by economic entities for making effective managerial decisions and for the control of both monetary operations and circulation of goods, carried out by regulatory authorities. The article is aimed at assessing the state of application of RSO as one of the means of regulating money circulation by economic entities, as well as determining their advantages, disadvantages, types and main points of implementation. The article investigates the theory and practice of introducing RSO into the activities of economic entities. The concept of the registrar of settlement operations as one of the means of regulating money circulation is distinguished. A comprehensive assessment of the types of RSO as of 2021 is carried out; the term of use, the cost of introduction and the functional purpose of the RSO are analyzed; appropriate generalizations and conclusions are made. The necessity of introducing RSO into the work of economic entities is substantiated, their main advantages and significant disadvantages are highlighted. A SWOT-analysis of the application by economic entities of the software registrar of settlement operations (SRSO) as one of the most optimal variants of RSO, which will allow to legalize a significant share of the turnover and financial flows of the State, is carried out.

Nálezy českých raně středověkých denárů z archeologických výzkumů v Litoměřicích

In 2000, a rescue archaeological survey was conducted on the premises of today’s nursing home on the Dómský Hill, the place of early medieval hillfort. During the excavations, three rare early medieval coins were found. These are deniers of the Dukes Jaromír (Cach 1970, no. 256), Vladislav II (Cach 1972, no. 597) and Bedřich (Cach 1972, no. 635). Another, till now unpublished denier of Vratislav II (Cach 1972, no. 352) was found in a grave. These coins illustrate the intensive money circulation at the site (including its hinterland) from which a total of 11 earlier coin finds are known and reflect the importance of the Litoměřice settlement during 10th and 12th centuries.

Мировые деньги во времени и пространстве: удар по доллару или удар долларом?

Theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of functioning of the world’s means of payment and accumulation are discussed. It is shown that the US dollar is one of the specific forms of world money along with other ‘dominant’ currencies due to its function as a reliable asset for other countries, requiring for the issuing country exceptionally strong national institutions and confidence in this national currency, the American currency is also the universal equivalent in international settlements and the world’s means of payment, accumulation and medium of circulation. It is determined that the Russian ruble is ‘commodity’ currency but not the ‘dominant’ currency, and its share in international settlements is almost imperceptible. It is shown that, other things being equal, the American currency will continue to flow into Russia, since the export of Russian raw materials is traded on the world market mainly in dollars. It was revealed that the strategy for de-dollarization of the Russian economy did not contribute to the displacement of the dollar from payments for exports from Russia, with a noticeable increase in the share of the euro in payments. It was found that the transition in Russia’s settlements from China to national currencies was not carried out, and the EAEU countries remained the only ruble zone in settlements for Russia. It is shown that Russia’s attempt to switch to settlements exclusively in rubles is tantamount to creating an exclusive money circulation system for a small country, which, within the framework of the ‘dominant’ currencies paradigm, shows its limitations. The risks for the Russian economy as a result of its isolation from the system of international settlements in dollars and euros are formulated as part of the current sanctions by developed countries

Financial and Legal Regulation of Electronic Money Circulation in Developed Countries

Financial and Legal Regulation of Electronic Money Circulation in Developed Countries

The Impact of the use of E-money on Interest Rates with the Amount of Money Circulation as an Intervening Variable: A case study of Indonesia

Users of e-money payment instruments in Indonesia continue to experience growth every year. An increase in the need for e-money users to transact, causes an increase in the need for money supply in Indonesia. So that the stability of money circulation needs to be controlled, namely through monetary policy interest rates. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the use of e-money on interest rate policies in Indonesia, through the money supply as an intervening variable. The study was conductedat Bank Indonesia, using a statistical test model of path analysis. The test results show that the use of e-money has a significant direct effect on interest rates. While the indirect effect tests, shows that the use of e-money through the variable money supply as an intervening variablehas no significant effect

Ukrainian chronicles, diaries-chronicles of the 17th–18th centuries about the economy and money circulation of the Cossack Hetmanate

In the article the authors consider Cossack chronicles and diaries of the 17th–18th centuries. from the point of view of covering the issue of economy and money circulation of the Cossack Hetmanate. The source value of each of them is not the same, but they are united by a common idea such as the formation and strengthening of the Cossack Hetmanate of Ukraine, the establishment of economic independence and the struggle of the Ukrainian Hetmans to preserve their autonomy in the conditions of the “Ruin” and the attack on the rights of the Hetmanateby the Russian tsars in XVIII century. It has been investigated that during the reign of the Polish king Sigismund III (1587–1632), the expansion of trade relations led to the spread of gold and coarse silver coins (ducats and thalers) in Ukrainian lands from the countries of Western Europe. Permanent wars waged in the 17th century between Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey exhausted the Polish and Ukrainian economies, the prices of grain and other food products rose, and the value of the thaler and ducat gradually increased. Describing the period of the Russian orders spreading in the Hetmanate under Hetman Ivan Briukhovetskyi (1663–1668), HryhoriyHrabianka clarifies the newly introduced monetary and in-kind taxes introduced in the 60s of the 17th century. There are facts about the use of gold coins in the currency of the Hetmanship and their rate against the Russian ruble and Western European money in the Cossack annals. Another stable unit on the money market was the gold ducat, which was called “red gold” in Ukraine during the period. Chronicles of the beginning of the 18th century are increasingly called Russian small (denga and kopeck) and heavy silver coins and rubles which were introduced into monetary circulation by Peter I. But as M. Kotlyar testifies, were found and investigated 67 Ukrainian finds of this period which contained not only Russian coins but also Western European coins, mainly of the 17th century. Thus, we can make sure that S. Velychko exaggerated the rate of displacement of Western European coins by Russian from the Ukrainian market after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. The monetary figure of the Left Bank of the first third of the 18th century, as evidenced by the above-mentioned diaries, is rather complex: they counted both in the Lithuanian and Polish ways. Copies, gold coins, thalers and Russian kopecks and rubles were used as units of account. This reflected the state of the money market at the time, in which foreign coins and numerals were more common than Russian ones. In the written sources of Left Bank Ukraine, the largest number of references to the сzechs (one-and-a-half pennies) refers to the first quarter of the 18th century. This coincides with evidence of numismatic material regarding the greatest spread of сzechs in the circulation of the Left Bank of the mentioned period. However, in the next two or three decades сzechs remained one of the popular coins of the Ukrainian market.

Національний банк України та його роль у реалізації грошово-кредитної політики у воєнний час

The article examines the purpose, methods and tools of the monetary and credit policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is determined that the NBU is the main State-authorized institution in Ukraine, which is responsible for planning and implementing monetary and credit policy. Monetary and credit policy is a complex of measures in the field of money circulation and credit, which are intended to ensure the stability of the monetary unit of Ukraine due to the introduction of regulated by law funds and techniques. It is established that the financial sector is the key element of the national economy; its vital functions ensure the sustainable development of the economy, the creation and distribution of financial resources and services, the accumulation of investment capital, as well as the improvement of macroeconomic and monetary indicators. In today's harsh conditions such as: rising inflation, destruction of transport infrastructure, decline of business, reduction of sown areas, blockade of ports, devaluation of the UAH, growth of the budget deficit, issues of monetary regulation are becoming extremely important. The war projected on the country's economy, has become a difficult challenge for the National Bank in improving and adjusting the current monetary and credit policy, finding innovative mechanisms for its implementation. Carrying out an active foreign policy, attracting funds from the IMF, the World and European Banks, opening a special account to raise funds from individuals - these are some of the tools used by the NBU in wartime. On the other hand, the pressure on the world community is aimed at ending trade relations with the aggressor country, helping to minimize any attraction of funds into the Russian budget, thus depriving them of the opportunity to finance the war. Another important tool is the analysis of the world experience of countries in resolving the postwar crisis, and the adoption of their tools and mechanisms for economic recovery - all this is the purpose of this article.

On the sustainable economy development of some European Countries

A new method to investigate the equilibrium state of an economy is proposed. The classification of the equilibrium states is given. The basic principle of equilibrium the economy to its environment is formulated. It is used to obtain the money circulation equation. On this basis the notion of the sustainable economic development is defined. The analysis of the economy of three European contries is given. The principle of adequacy of currency exchange and inflation rates to the determining factors is proposed.

ВПЛИВ МОНЕТАРНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ МОНЕТАРНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ

Monetary policy is an important tool for ensuring economic and financial security of the state and has a strong influence on the national economic processes, which necessitates its study in the context of security. The development and implementation of effective monetary policy is an effective means of regulating the sphere of money circulation and credit relations, stabilization of the national currency to curb inflation, balancing the balance of payments and stabilization economic growth. Effective monetary policy minimizes and counteracts monetary threats, which allows to ensure a sufficient level of monetary security of Ukraine as a component of financial security. The aim of the article is to investigate the current impact of the NBU's monetary policy on the formation of monetary security of the state, given that the economic crises in Ukraine were of financial origin and monetary nature. The authors investigated that the achievement and provision of monetary security in the country depends on monetary policy. At the same time, the financial and monetary spheres are constantly generating challenges and threats that can turn into risks to the monetary security of the state. Therefore, it is important to study the sequence of measures to increase the effectiveness of the NBU's monetary policy and its impact on the monetary security of the state, in order to counter monetary risks and threats. In the article the authors presented the scheme of sequence of monetary policy formation in the context of monetary security, through a set of actions to identify monetary risks and threats, diagnose the level of monetary security and ensure the optimal level of monetary security. The main monetary measures to strengthen monetary security should be to strengthen coordination between fiscal and monetary policy; adherence to tight monetary policy in crisis conditions; increasing trust to the banking system. The authors concluded that there is a close relationship between the implementation of monetary policy and monetary security of the state. Only a clear, consistent and effective monetary policy can minimize monetary risks and threats, which in turn provides a sufficient level of monetary security

TRANSNATIONALISM THREAT TO THE INDONESIAN SOCIETY IN THE BORDER AREA OF INDONESIA-MALAYSIA (STUDY ON CAMAR BULAN SOCIETY)

<div><p class="Els-history-head">In general, issues related to the threat of transnationalism at the border have long been a hot topic among academics. This issue includes a real threat that threatens the nationalism of people living on the border. The purpose of this research is to prove transnationalism from the real life of the people who live on the border of the hamlet of Camar Bulan Temajuk. The use of ethnographic methods deepens the analysis of data in the field in the form of descriptive and objective data taken from 12 informants from different community groups. Field data collection begins with observations and interviews with community informants. The result The data describes various threats and obstacles that come from military threats at the border. However, non-military threats such as the circulation of foreign money, kinship ties, infrastructure, social inequalities, and overly free community interactions have made the psychology of society towards Indonesian nationalism lose and fade. Furthermore, transnationalism also disappears the people's national identity at the border, prides themselves on being Indonesian citizens, and more trust in other countries. This research provides contributions and thoughts related to the real threat of transnationalism to be reference material and evaluation for academics, government, and field practitioners.</p></div>