Circulation Distribution Research Articles

Evaluation of the NCEP Climate Forecast System and Its Downscaling for Seasonal Rainfall Prediction over Vietnam

Abstract This study investigates the ability to apply National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) products and their downscaling by using the Regional Climate Model version 4.2 (RegCM4.2) on seasonal rainfall forecasts over Vietnam. First, the CFS hindcasts (CFS_Rfc) from 1982 to 2009 are used to assess the ability of the CFS to predict the overall circulation and precipitation patterns at forecast lead times of up to 6 months. Second, the operational CFS forecasts (CFS_Ope) and its RegCM4.2 downscaling (RegCM_CFS) for the period 2012–14 are used to derive seasonal rainfall forecasts over Vietnam. The CFS_Rfc and CFS_Ope are validated against the ECMWF interim reanalysis, the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) analyzed rainfall, and observations from 150 meteorological stations across Vietnam. The results show that the CFS_Rfc can capture the seasonal variability of the Asian monsoon circulation and rainfall distribution. The higher-resolution RegCM_CFS product is advantageous over the raw CFS in specific climatic subregions during the transitional, dry, and rainy seasons, particularly in the northern part of Vietnam in January and in the country’s central highlands during July.

Comparison of hydrodynamics in standard stainless steel and single-use bioreactors by means of an Euler-Lagrange approach

In recent years, single-use bioreactors have been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, no direct comparison between single-use and resuable bioreactors have been done at industrial scale.So, the aim of this work is to critically compare hydrodynamics in a Cultibag STR (SUB) and a reusable bioreactor (SSB). The operating conditions and comparison criteria have been chosen in relation to adherent cell cultures.The flow structure and the spatial distribution of mechanical stress were characterized using CFD. A CFD-based compartment model was used to compare mixing and, finally, the trajectories of several particles was simulated with a stochastic model to obtain circulation and residence time distributions in zones of high mechanical stress.Significant differences in terms of hydrodynamics are observed between the two bioreactors. Because of the absence of baffles, the flow in the single-use bioreactor is highly tangential compared to the SSB. As a consequence, the mixing time in the SUB is 2.5 times longer.In the case of adherent animal cell cultures, mechanical stress is usually considered as the main limiting factor related to hydrodynamics. So, the spatial and temporal distribution of mechanical stress have been compared. The results show that the cells grown in the SUB bioreactor will be not only more frequently exposed to high mechanical stress, but also over a longer period.

Why is the simulated climatology of tropical cyclones so sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization scheme in the WRF model?

The sensitivity of simulated tropical cyclones (TCs) to the choice of cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme in the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW) version 3.5 is analyzed based on ten seasonal simulations with 20-km horizontal grid spacing over the western North Pacific. Results show that the simulated frequency and intensity of TCs are very sensitive to the choice of the CP scheme. The sensitivity can be explained well by the difference in the low-level circulation in a height and sorted moisture space. By transporting moist static energy from dry to moist region, the low-level circulation is important to convective self-aggregation which is believed to be related to genesis of TC-like vortices (TCLVs) and TCs in idealized settings. The radiative and evaporative cooling associated with low-level clouds and shallow convection in dry regions is found to play a crucial role in driving the moisture-sorted low-level circulation. With shallow convection turned off in a CP scheme, relatively strong precipitation occurs frequently in dry regions. In this case, the diabatic cooling can still drive the low-level circulation but its strength is reduced and thus TCLV/TC genesis is suppressed. The inclusion of the cumulus momentum transport (CMT) in a CP scheme can considerably suppress genesis of TCLVs/TCs, while changes in the moisture-sorted low-level circulation and horizontal distribution of precipitation are trivial, indicating that the CMT modulates the TCLVs/TCs activities in the model by mechanisms other than the horizontal transport of moist static energy.

Domain-area distribution anomaly in segregating multicomponent superfluids

The domain-area distribution in the phase transition dynamics of ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry breaking is studied theoretically and numerically for segregating binary Bose-Einstein condensates in quasi-two-dimensional systems. Due to the dynamic-scaling law of the phase ordering kinetics, the domain-area distribution is described by a universal function of the domain area, rescaled by the mean distance between domain walls. The scaling theory for general coarsening dynamics in two dimensions hypothesizes that the distribution during the coarsening dynamics has a hierarchy with the two scaling regimes, the microscopic and macroscopic regimes with distinct power-law exponents. The power law in the macroscopic regime, where the domain size is larger than the mean distance, is universally represented with the Fisher's exponent of the percolation theory in two dimensions. On the other hand, the power-law exponent in the microscopic regime is sensitive to the microscopic dynamics of the system. This conjecture is confirmed by large-scale numerical simulations of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equation for binary condensates. In the numerical experiments of the superfluid system, the exponent in the microscopic regime anomalously reaches to its theoretical upper limit of the general scaling theory. The anomaly comes from the quantum-fluid effect in the presence of circular vortex sheets, described by the hydrodynamic approximation neglecting the fluid compressibility. It is also found that the distribution of superfluid circulation along vortex sheets obeys a dynamic-scaling law with different power-law exponents in the two regimes. An analogy to quantum turbulence on the hierarchy of vorticity distribution and the applicability to chiral superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in a slab are also discussed.

Distribution of helium-3 plumes and deep-sea circulation in the central Indian Ocean

Distribution of helium-3 plumes and deep-sea circulation in the central Indian Ocean

Feasibility of phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging for measuring blood flow in the sheep fetus.

Phase-contrast cine MRI (PC-MRI) is the gold-standard noninvasive technique for measuring vessel blood flow and has previously been applied in the human fetal circulation. We aimed to assess the feasibility of using PC-MRI to define the distribution of the fetal circulation in sheep. Fetuses were catheterized at 119-120 days of gestation (term, 150 days) and underwent MRI at ∼123 days of gestation under isoflurane anesthesia, ventilated at a of 1.0. PC-MRI was performed using a fetal arterial blood pressure catheter signal for cardiac triggering. Blood flows were measured in the major fetal vessels, including the main pulmonary artery, ascending and descending aorta, superior vena cava, ductus arteriosus, left and right pulmonary arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, and common carotid artery and were indexed to estimated fetal weight. The combined ventricular output, pulmonary blood flow, and flow across the foramen ovale were calculated from vessel flows. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement and reproducibility was assessed. Blood flow measurements were successfully obtained in 61 out of 74 vessels (82.4%) interrogated in 9 fetuses. There was good intraobserver [R = 0.998, P < 0.0001; intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.997] and interobserver agreement (R = 0.996, P < 0.0001; ICC = 0.996). Repeated MRI measurements showed good reproducibility (R = 0.989, P = 0.0002; ICC = 0.990). We conclude that PC-MRI using fetal catheters for gating triggers is feasible in the major vessels of late gestation fetal sheep. This approach may provide a useful new tool for assessing the circulatory characteristics of fetal sheep models of human disease, including fetal growth restriction and congenital heart disease.

Simulating the Agulhas system in global ocean models – nesting vs. multi-resolution unstructured meshes

Many questions in ocean and climate modelling require the combined use of high resolution, global coverage and multi-decadal integration length. For this combination, even modern resources limit the use of traditional structured-mesh grids. Here we compare two approaches: A high-resolution grid nested into a global model at coarser resolution (NEMO with AGRIF) and an unstructured-mesh grid (FESOM) which allows to variably enhance resolution where desired. The Agulhas system around South Africa is used as a testcase, providing an energetic interplay of a strong western boundary current and mesoscale dynamics. Its open setting into the horizontal and global overturning circulations also requires global coverage.Both model configurations simulate a reasonable large-scale circulation. Distribution and temporal variability of the wind-driven circulation are quite comparable due to the same atmospheric forcing. However, the overturning circulation differs, owing each model's ability to represent formation and spreading of deep water masses. In terms of regional, high-resolution dynamics, all elements of the Agulhas system are well represented. Owing to the strong nonlinearity in the system, Agulhas Current transports of both configurations and in comparison with observations differ in strength and temporal variability. Similar decadal trends in Agulhas Current transport and Agulhas leakage are linked to the trends in wind forcing.Although the number of 3D wet grid points used in FESOM is similar to that in the nested NEMO, FESOM uses about two times the number of CPUs to obtain the same model throughput (in terms of simulated model years per day). This is feasible due to the high scalability of the FESOM code.

Mechanistic understanding of in vivo protein corona formation on polymeric nanoparticles and impact on pharmacokinetics

In vitro incubation of nanomaterials with plasma offer insights on biological interactions, but cannot fully explain the in vivo fate of nanomaterials. Here, we use a library of polymer nanoparticles to show how physicochemical characteristics influence blood circulation and early distribution. For particles with different diameters, surface hydrophilicity appears to mediate early clearance. Densities above a critical value of approximately 20 poly(ethylene glycol) chains (MW 5 kDa) per 100 nm2 prolong circulation times, irrespective of size. In knockout mice, clearance mechanisms are identified for nanoparticles with low and high steric protection. Studies in animals deficient in the C3 protein showed that complement activation could not explain differences in the clearance of nanoparticles. In nanoparticles with low poly(ethylene glycol) coverage, adsorption of apolipoproteins can prolong circulation times. In parallel, the low-density-lipoprotein receptor plays a predominant role in the clearance of nanoparticles, irrespective of poly(ethylene glycol) density. These results further our understanding of nanopharmacology.

Controls on the Cadmium‐Phosphate Relationship in the Tropical South Pacific

AbstractThe relationship between dissolved cadmium (Cd) and phosphate (PO4−3) can elucidate a biological role for Cd in the ocean and help to evaluate the usefulness of Cd as a tracer of past ocean circulation and nutrient distributions. Here we determine and analyze this relationship in the poorly studied region of the tropical South Pacific. The dissolved Cd distribution is generally similar to PO43−, but a plot of Cd versus PO43− shows a clear concavity resulting from distinct Cd:PO43− ratios in waters local to our transect and in waters formed distally in higher latitudes. To determine the factors affecting the subsurface Cd:PO43− ratio along our transect, we used an ocean circulation model and a multilinear regression model to determine the preformed and regenerated components of dissolved Cd and PO43−. We found that both the preformed and regenerated Cd:PO43− ratios are low in the shallow, locally formed water masses along the transect and significantly higher in the deeper and older water masses. Overall, the regenerated:preformed Cd:PO43− ratio in the deep waters (&gt;1,000 m) along our transect is ~1.8:1, reflecting the basin‐wide average Cd:PO43− “fractionation factor” during biological uptake. However, we find a lower fractionation factor in local waters of 1.1 (± 0.6). We suggest that this locally lower biological fractionation factor is due to either the chemical speciation of Cd or to a lower efficiency of Cd assimilation by the picoplankton and nanoplankton species found in our study region.

Hydrodynamic design of multi‐zone circulating reactors using CFD

AbstractA 3D model was developed for simulating the hydrodynamics of polypropylene powders in multi‐zone circulating reactors (MZCRs). This model was used to design the proper geometry of the reactor. The model was based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in which an Eulerian‐Eulerian approach, incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF), was used to describe gas and solid flow equations. The re‐normalization group (RNG) k‐ϵ model was applied for implementing the turbulency. For finding the best design of the reactor from the hydrodynamic point of view, four geometrical configurations were proposed and tested. It was found that the best configuration has a narrower downer (compared to riser), and a return leg with a side flow which results in a good solid circulation and proper solid distribution in the reactor. This configuration ensures fast fluidization and pseudo packed bed regimes within the riser and downer, respectively. Effect of inlet gas velocity on overriding parameters, such as pressure drop and solid volume fraction, was studied for the selected configuration. Upper and lower limits for the inlet gas velocity were determined.

貯水槽からの定常排水渦に関する研究 : 第1報-タンク内の渦流れ場の検討

貯水槽からの定常排水渦に関する研究 : 第1報-タンク内の渦流れ場の検討

Minimum Induced Drag Theorems for Multiwing Systems

Under the assumption of a rigid wake aligned with the freestream velocity, a computationally efficient induced drag minimization procedure, tailored for the preliminary design phases of generic multiwing systems, is presented. The method is based on a variational approach, which leads to the formulation of a system of coupled integral equations in the unknown circulation distributions. It is shown that the augmented Munk’s minimum induced drag theorem has general validity for any given number and types of wings. Under optimal conditions, the aerodynamic efficiency of each wing is shown to coincide with the aerodynamic efficiency of the entire system, regardless of the number of wings and their shapes/wingspans; moreover, the aerodynamic load on each wing cannot be negative. In the past, it was demonstrated that changing the sign of curvature did not affect the optimal circulation and minimum induced drag for single nonplanar wings. This has been proven to be a far more general theorem in which, given an arbitrary number of generic nonplanar wings, the optimal circulations, load repartitions, and induced drag do not change if all lifting lines are replaced with mirrored (with respect to the horizontal plane) counterparts. It has also been verified that any wing system internal to a closed wing should be unloaded under optimal conditions, demonstrating that, if canard/tail are added to Box Wings, these additional lifting surfaces should be placed outside the region identified by the closed wing to avoid penalty on the induced drag. Several other properties of multiwings are presented, with emphasis on the relationship between closed and open systems conceptually filling the space identified by the closed wing. Results present several multiwing systems including nonplanar wings and closed systems. It is verified that the optimal conditions of a closed system part of a more complex multiwing can be studied as a limit case of a C-wing whose tips are brought close to each other or as a limit case of a biwing, confirming the generality of previous findings. The classical straight lifting line has been observed to have the minimum optimal aerodynamic efficiency, in terms of induced drag, for a given wingspan and lift if compared to any optimally loaded generic nonplanar open or closed systems.

Nonlinear dynamical behaviors of deploying wings in subsonic air flow

In recent years, the morphing wing, which is able to improve the lift–drag characteristics of the aircraft by changing wingspans and aspect ratios, has become a popular research issue. However, aeroelasticity is still a bottleneck for the development of morphing wings. The development of the aerodynamic calculations of deploying wings in subsonic air flow will be further promoted by this research. In this paper, we consider the aerodynamics of a deploying wing and investigate the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the deploying wing. Under the flow condition of ideal incompressible fluid, the flow field is a potential field and the potential function must satisfy the Laplace linear equation and the superposition principle. When the thickness, curvature and angle of attack of the airfoil are small, the thin airfoil theory can be used to calculate the effects of the mean camber line to obtain the circulation distribution of the deploying wings in subsonic air flow. The steady aerodynamic lift on the deploying wing is derived by using the Kutta–Joukowski lift theory. Then, the aerodynamic lift is applied on a deploying wing, which is modeled as a cantilevered thin shell deploying in the axial direction. The nonlinear partial differential governing equations of motion for the deploying cantilevered thin shell subjected to the aerodynamic force in subsonic air flow are established based on Hamilton’s principle. The time-varying dependent vibration mode-shape functions are chosen using the boundary conditions, and then the Galerkin method is employed to transform the partial differential equation into two time-varying nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Numerical simulations are performed for the nonlinear dynamic responses of the deploying wing subjected to the aerodynamic force, and then the influence of different parameters, including the extending velocity and disturbance velocity, on the stability of the wing are analyzed. The effects of deploying velocities on the nonlinear vibrations of the first-order and second-order modes for the deploying wing are studied.

Effect of Interphase Forces on Gas–Liquid Multiphase Flow in RH Degasser

A mathematical model was developed to study the gas–liquid flow behavior in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) degasser by using the Euler–Euler approach, and the effects of different combinations of interphase forces on the circulation flow rate as well as the distribution of the gas volume fraction were investigated. The results showed that the model predictions correspond with the measured values. As a key factor in avoiding the gas-adhering wall effect, the virtual mass force has a tremendous impact on the circulation flow rate and distribution of the gas volume fraction. The contribution of the turbulent dispersion force on the circulation flow rate is insignificant, but it shows a significant effect on the distribution of the gas volume fraction. Furthermore, the effect of the wall lubrication force and the lift force on gas–liquid flow is negligible when compared with the virtual mass and turbulent dispersion forces.

Impact of Left Subclavian Artery Revascularization before Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair on Postoperative Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics

The impact of left subclavian artery (LSA) revascularization before thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) on cerebrovascular flow is not well described. We studied bilateral vertebral and carotid artery flow characteristics before and after TEVAR to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of LSA revascularization. Seventy-four patients with mixed etiologies (mean age 70.9±10.5years) underwent LSA revascularization and TEVAR (2006-2016) and had available preoperative and postoperative carotid duplex study available. Data from patient demographics, procedures, preoperative, and postoperative carotid duplex studies were gathered. Revascularization was by left common carotid artery (LCCA) to LSA bypass (n=70, 94.6%) or LSA to LCCA transposition (n=4,5.4%). Duplex confirmation of antegrade left vertebral artery (LVA) flow decreased significantly after TEVAR with LSA revascularization (100.0% vs. 77.9%, P<0.001). Incidence of retrograde LVA flow increased from 0.0% to 8.3% (P=0.063). Postoperatively, LVA bidirectional flow was observed in 3 patients (4.4%). Flow directions in the right vertebral artery (RVA) did not change significantly. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the LVA decreased significantly after TEVAR from 55.1±22.0cm/s to 35.9±26.3cm/s (P<0.001). In contrast, PSV increased in the RVA and the right internal carotid artery (ICA; 52.2±21.7cm/s to 63.2±23.3cm/s, P=0.012 and 95.3±46.8cm/s to 102.8±42.9cm/s, P=0.011). PSV did not change significantly in the left ICA. At mean follow-up of 36.6±26.8months, primary bypass patency was 100.0%. Postoperatively, one case of temporary spinal cord ischemia was seen (1.4%). Stroke rate was 6.9% (n=5, 100.0% embolic), all without permanent disabilities. Stroke circulation distribution was 60.0% posterior, 20.0% anterior, and 20.0% mixed. Location of stroke was left sided (n=2) or in both hemispheres (n=3). There were no deaths at 30 days. Neurological events during follow-up included 3 new strokes. All-cause mortality rate during follow-up was 12.2% (n=9). Adjunctive LSA revascularization in the setting of zone 2 TEVAR coverage is associated with hemodynamic vertebral artery changes. Future studies in larger sample sizes should evaluate whether these novel findings are an important determinant of postoperative neurologic events.

Wind-pattern circulation as a palaeogeographic indicator: Case study of the 1.5–1.6 Ga Mangabeira Formation, São Francisco Craton, Northeast Brazil

The preserved deposits of dune-scale aeolian bedforms provide valuable palaeoenvironmental indicators of atmospheric circulation patterns and the latitudinal position and distribution of land masses. However, no attempts to use palaeowind directions and palaeogeographic reconstructions of ancient land mass distribution have been published to model Precambrian atmospheric circulation. The Mangabeira Formation is a large Mesoproterozoic aeolian erg succession (1.6–1.5Ga) composed of two aeolian units that accumulated in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil. The Lower Unit records multiple drying-upward depositional cycles, each of which represents an episode of erg expansion and contraction driven by climate changes. The Upper Unit is composed dominantly of stacked aeolian dune strata that lack intervening interdune deposits and which record extreme aridity. Palaeowind directions recorded from cross-strata of transverse, crescentic aeolian dunes of the Lower and Upper Units record dune migration under the influence of two dominant winds that blew to the southeast and northwest. Analysis of these palaeowind data in relation to assessment of regional palaeogeographic reconstructions for the period 1.6–1.5Ga reveals a correlation between atmospheric circulation and land mass distribution. At this time the São Francisco Craton was located between the mid-latitudes and the equatorial zone. The wind regime determined from analysis of dip azimuths of cross-strata of the Lower Unit (1.6–1.54Ga) are consistent with a palaeogeographic position between 25° and 35° S. Analysis of cross-strata dip azimuths of the Upper Unit indicate northwest-directed palaeowinds and a dominant monsoonal wind pattern from 1.54 to 1.5Ga. During this time the large land mass of the São-Francisco-Congo and Siberian cratons drifted northwards through the equatorial zone from palaeolatitude 30° S to 30° N.

Dynamical reconstruction of the global ocean state during the Last Glacial Maximum

AbstractThe global ocean state for the modern age and for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was dynamically reconstructed with a sophisticated data assimilation technique. A substantial amount of data including global seawater temperature, salinity (only for the modern estimate), and the isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon (only in the Atlantic for the LGM) were integrated into an ocean general circulation model with the help of the adjoint method, thereby the model was optimized to reconstruct plausible continuous fields of tracers, overturning circulation and water mass distribution. The adjoint‐based LGM state estimation of this study represents the state of the art in terms of the length of forward model runs, the number of observations assimilated, and the model domain. Compared to the modern state, the reconstructed continuous sea‐surface temperature field for the LGM shows a global‐mean cooling of 2.2 K, and the reconstructed LGM ocean has a more vigorous Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, shallower North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) equivalent, stronger stratification, and more saline deep water.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectrum of Parenchymal, Meningeal, and Vascular Lesions at Baseline.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system remains challenging. To report an overview and pictorial review of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system and to determine the distribution of parenchymal, meningeal, and vascular lesions in a large multicentric cohort. Adult patients from the French COVAC cohort (Cohort of Patients With Primary Vasculitis of the Central Nervous System), with biopsy or angiographically proven primary angiitis of the central nervous system and brain magnetic resonance imaging available at the time of diagnosis were included. A systematic imaging review was performed blinded to clinical data. Sixty patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 45 years (±12.9). Patients initially presented focal deficit(s) (83%), headaches (53%), cognitive disorder (40%), and seizures (38.3%). The most common magnetic resonance imaging finding observed in 42% of patients was multiterritorial, bilateral, distal acute stroke lesions after small to medium artery distribution, with a predominant carotid circulation distribution. Hemorrhagic infarctions and parenchymal hemorrhages were also frequently found in the cohort (55%). Acute convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage was found in 26% of patients and 42% demonstrated pre-eminent leptomeningeal enhancement, which is found to be significantly more prevalent in biopsy-proven patients (60% versus 28%; P=0.04). Seven patients had tumor-like presentations. Seventy-seven percent of magnetic resonance angiographic studies were abnormal, revealing proximal/distal stenoses in 57% and 61% of patients, respectively. Adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a heterogenous disease, with multiterritorial, distal, and bilateral acute stroke being the most common pattern of parenchymal lesions found on magnetic resonance imaging. Our findings suggest a higher than previously thought prevalence of hemorrhagic transformation and other hemorrhagic manifestations.

Variational optimization of hydrokinetic turbines and propellers operating in a non-uniform flow field

The purpose of this paper is to provide a correction for the optimum distribution of circulation of propellers and turbines, though its effect is more noticeable in turbines. The correction is related to the fact that, when looking for the optimum, the induced speeds are derived with respect to the circulation, but the component associated to the change in direction of the free vortices has been traditionally neglected. The main result is thus a new expression for the derivatives of the induced velocities obtained by including the effect produced by a change in wake pitch due to an infinitesimal change of the circulation. The net contribution of this paper is an improved method for hydrokinetic turbine optimization, built upon the propeller vortex lattice framework, which is consistent with prior optimization methods for propellers but improves upon prior optimization methods for turbines. The result extends the theory to non-uniform axisymmetric flows. Further analysis of Lerbs/Munk original theory is provided. Example propeller and turbine designs demonstrate the utility of the Present method.

Modeling and numerical investigation of the inlet circumferential fluctuations of swept and bowed blades

The circumferential fluctuation (CF) source terms induced by the inviscid blade force can affect the inlet distribution of flow parameters and radial equilibrium of swept and bowed blades. However, these phenomena cannot be adequately described by throughflow methods based on the axisymmetric assumption. A transport model for the CF stresses is proposed and correlated to the distribution of circulation to reflect the effect of the inviscid blade force. To investigate the effect of the inlet CFs on swept and bowed blades, the model is integrated into a throughflow model and applied to a series of cascades with different sweep and bow angles. For swept cascades, the CF source terms change the distributions of incidence angles, as well as the radial equilibrium at the inlet of the blade passage. And the influence is enhanced as the absolute value of the sweep angle increases. For bowed cascades, the distributions of incidence angles are also altered. For both cases, the model can offer a good prediction of the inlet CF source terms, and prove to exert a better prediction of blade design key parameters such as flow angles.