Circular Type Research Articles

Evolution of Waving Display in Brachyuran Crabs of the Genus Ilyoplax

Male waving displays of the species of Ilyoplax (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) have so far been described in I. delsmani, I. gangetica, and I. orientalis. In this study, male waving displays of I. dentata, I. dentimerosa, I. deschampsi, I. formosensis, I. integra, I. ningpoensis, I. pingi, I. pusilla, I. serrata, I. strigicarpa, I. tansuiensis, and Ilyoplax sp. are described for the first time. Waving display of the above 15 species of Ilyoplax can be classified into three patterns; a circular type, vertical type, and asymmetrical type. Asymmetrical wave forms were observed in only two species, I. orientalis and I. tansuiensis, vertical wave forms were seen in four species, I. delsmani, I. dentimerosa, I. pingi, and I. serrata, while most other species exhibited circular wave forms. To understand the evolutionary divergence of these waving forms observed in species of Ilyoplax, a molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on 1005-bp nucleotide sequences from mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes of 16 species and two out-group taxa. Phylogenetic analysis of waving forms suggested that circular waves evolved once in the early history of the lineage. Vertical wave forms were suggested to have subsequently evolved three times independently from circular wave forms, and the asymmetrical wave form has also evolved from circular wave form. The evolution of distinct waving forms is considered to be associated with the presence of geographic sympatric species.

20401 ピッチング運動する3次元翼の前縁形状の違いが非定常流体力に及ぼす影響(流体(3))

Unsteady fluid forces acting on a three dimensional model in the sinusoidal pitching motions under conditions of several frequencies were measured by using the ring type balance with 2 components of force in a wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers 1.0×10^5 and 2.0×10^5. Dynamic lift/drag coefficients were compared to the steady ones. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of leading edge profile on unsteady fluid forces, several types of model (circular, triangular and square shapes) were installed. Furthermore, the circular type models have two cross-section shapes (NACA0015 and rectangular). The delay of stall for the pitching models is observed and also the value of maximum lift coefficient is greater than the maximum lift coefficient under stationary condition. The unsteady fluid forces are affected by the differences of the leading edge vortex due to the different leading edge profile.

Influence of various shapes of annular metallic support on microwave heating of 2D cylinders

A detailed analysis has been shown to illustrate the influence of various shapes of annular metallic support on microwave heating of 2D cylinders for beef samples. The beef samples are chosen to represent typical food materials with high dielectric loss. A preliminary analysis on microwave heating of samples has been shown via average power within a sample vs cylinder radius diagram in the absence of support and three regimes have been identified such that regimes I ( R = 0.50 cm ) and III ( R = 2 cm ) denote the local minima in average power and regime II ( R = 0.67 cm ) corresponds to a maxima in average power. In addition, regime I corresponds to a spatial maxima in power at the unexposed face, regime II corresponds to maxima in power at both the exposed and unexposed faces and regime III has two maxima at the exposed face and the center of the sample. The influence of support has been illustrated with average power distribution vs aspect ratio ( φ ) diagram. Three types of cross sections of annular supports such as circular (type I), horizontal square (type II) and inclined square (type III) are considered. It has been observed that the average power is enhanced due to the metallic support for φ ⩽ 0.3 . Type I support would correspond larger power distributions and heating rates, for regimes I and II whereas for regime III, the square shaped supports correspond to greater heating rates at larger aspect ratios. The location of spatial maxima in power or heating rate is found to be shifted due to metallic support with high aspect ratios. The shape of the support plays important role on localized heating for the samples corresponding to regime III.

Temperature analysis for the linear cell in the vapor deposition process

The OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) display recently used for the information indicating device has many advantages over the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), and its demand will be increased highly. The linear cell should be designed carefully considering the uniformity of thin film on the substrate. Its design needs to compute the temperature field analytically because the uniformity for the thin film thickness depends on the temperature distribution of the source (organic material). In the present study, the design of the linear cell will be modified or improved on the basis of the temperature profiles obtained for the simplified linear cell. The temperature distributions are numerically calculated through the STAR-CD program, and the grids are generated by means of the ICEM CFD program. As the results of the simplified linear cell, the temperature deviation was shown in the parabolic form among the both ends and the center of the source. In order to reduce the temperature deviation, the configuration of the rectangular ends of the crucible was modified to the circular type. In consequence, the uniform temperature is maintained in the range of about 90 percent length of the source. It is expected that the present methods and results on the temperature analysis can be very useful to manufacture the vapor deposition device.

NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR SEVEN DIFFERENT DIMPLED SURFACES IN A CHANNEL

Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for seven different dimpled surfaces on one surface of a channel are predicted numerically using version 6.1.18 of FLUENT. The turbulent model employed is a realizable κ–ϵ model without a wall function. The different dimples investigated are spherical dimples, tilted cylinder dimples, cylinder dimples, in-line triangular dimples, reverse in-line triangular dimples, staggered triangular dimples, and reverse staggered triangular dimples. Results show the existence of a centrally located vortex pair and vortex pairs near the spanwise edges of each dimple for the three circular dimple types, which augment local magnitudes of eddy diffusivity for momentum and eddy diffusivity for heat. Advection of reattaching and recirculating flows from locations within the spherical-type dimple cavities, as well as strong instantaneous secondary flows and mixing within the vortex pairs, are especially apparent. For the four triangular types of dimples, only one primary flow circulation zone generally is present within individual dimples. In all cases, regions of augmented streamwise vorticity show approximate correspondence to locations where eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat are increased. Overall, the highest heat transfer augmentations, and the most significant local and overall increases to eddy diffusivity for momentum and eddy diffusivity for heat, are produced by the spherical dimples and the tilted cylinder dimples.

FORMULATION OF EMISSION FROM RELATIVISTIC FREE ELECTRONS IN A RING STRUCTURE FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAL APPLICATIONS

A new scheme for high-speed electro-optical conversions with potential application to data communication is investigated. As the core of investigation, a ring model utilizing relativistic electrons is introduced and the operating characteristics such as coupled wavelengths, gain and power are derived for a circular type of interaction. Advantages are addressed and practical challenges associated with the realization of this conceptual scheme are discussed in light of advances in fundamentally similar relativistic free electron lasing schemes.

An investigation of the effect of sound field distribution on the stability of the levitated object in the near-field acoustic levitation

Near-field acoustic levitation (NFAL) is a method that levitates an object or group of particles using the ultrasonic force. It is observed that, when a circular piston type of source is employed, stability problems can occur which makes the object position unpredictable. For example, a thin, circular planar object wobbles to lateral direction like a pendulum when its center is not precisely coincident with the center of source. In this study, the motive force, which makes the levitated object swivel through the center of source, is investigated by varying the sizes of the object and the source. To this end, a visualization of the sound field in the micro gap between the levitated object and source is made by using a photo view of the motion of fine powder scattered inside. The result is compared with the calculation result by BEM. A further investigation is experimentally made on any relation between the temperature distribution on the surface of the levitated object and the acoustic force. The experimental visualizations and numerical modeling results suggest that one may have a model describing the instability of the levitated object in NFAL, if a proper simplified mathematical model is set up in the further study.

Multi-scale simulation of plasma generation and film deposition in a circular type DC magnetron sputtering system

We present a computational study on the plasma generation and film deposition in a circular type DC magnetron sputtering system. Design optimization of a large-area magnetron sputtering system needs a precise multi-scale simulation considering a target erosion by magnetron plasma, a macrofilm deposition by collisional transport, and a micro-deposition topography by collisionless transport. Our multi-scale simulation consists of particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo collision method (PIC-MCC) magnetron plasma simulation and Monte Carlo macro/microfilm deposition simulation. Thompson energy distribution and cosine angular distribution are used for the kinetic energy distribution and for the angular flux distribution of the sputtered atoms, respectively. A variable hard sphere (VHS) model is used to calculate the collision cross section of sputtered atoms and an equi-volume rate model (EVRM) is used to represent evolving film surface.The target erosion profiles are expected from the ion current density distribution on the sputter target simulated by two-dimensional PIC-MCC magnetron plasma simulator, and these profiles are compared with the experimental results. We present a discussion about the optimum detection range for the quasi-steady state of magnetron plasma in PIC-MCC simulation. Macro/microfilm deposition simulator predicts the macrofilm uniformity over the wafer and the micro-deposition topography in the micro-holes. Finally, we present a new algorithm, which can generate an asymmetric angular flux distribution, based on Monte Carlo method for microfilm deposition simulation.

Applying the shortest‐path‐counting problem to evaluate the importance of city road segments and the connectedness of the network‐structured system

AbstractWe consider the shortest‐path‐counting problem (SPCP), which asks how many shortest paths is each edge of a network contained in? There are n(n−1) shortest paths in a network with n nodes, so among all these shortest paths the SPCP requires us to count the number of shortest paths passing through each edge. We obtain theoretical results in the form of explicit expressions for special types of networks such as trees, grid type, circular type, etc. We apply the SPCP to measure the importance of city road segments, which will certainly contribute to estimate the traffic congestion of the city road segments. Then we propose a quantitative method for evaluating the stable connectedness of the network‐structured system using shortest‐path‐counting methods. We define the stable‐connection function and the expected stable‐connection function for the network‐structured system. Then we derive some theoretical results for some special types of network such as single path, cycle graph, and complete graph. Several properties and characteristics of the stable‐connection function are also shown with some theoretical results. We show the application of the Monte Carlo method to estimate the expected stable‐connection function. This method can be applied to measure the strength of connectedness of the Japanese road network system.

Ferritin immunosensing on microfabricated electrodes based on the integration of immunoprecipitation and electrochemical signaling reactions.

A signal registration strategy from micropatterned immunosensors that converts antigen-antibody binding reactions into electrochemical signals was demonstrated. An array-type micropatterned gold electrode on a silicon wafer was fabricated, containing two electrode geometries of rectangular (100 microm x 500 microm) and circular (r. 50 microm) types, exhibiting electrochemical characteristics of bulk and micro-electrodes, respectively. Ferritin was employed as a model analyte for immunosensing because it has an advantageous molecular structure for functionalization to the sensing interface, and is regarded as a general marker protein for tumors and cancer recurrence. With the fabricated and ferritin-functionalized immunosensors, biospecific interactions were performed with antiferritin antiserum and secondary antibody samples, followed by electrochemical signaling via an immunoprecipitation reaction by the label enzyme. Under the optimized affinity-surface construction steps and reaction conditions, both types of microfabricated electrodes exhibited well-defined calibration results as a function of the protein concentration in antiserum samples. Furthermore, circular-type micropatterned immunoelectrodes exhibited voltammetric characteristics of microelectrodes, which is advantageous in terms of sensor operation under a fixed potential and low signal drift during the signaling reaction compared with the bulk-type electrodes. The results support that the employed signaling method with the proposed immunosensor configuration is fit for sensor miniaturization and integration to future biomicrosystems.

First admissions for mood disorders in immigrants to the Netherlands.

The risk of developing schizophrenia is increased for immigrants to the Netherlands from Surinam, the Netherlands Antilles and Morocco, but not for immigrants from Turkey. We examined, in these groups, the risks of a first admission for manic-depressive psychosis. The Dutch Psychiatric Registry provided two datasets. The first referred to first admissions for manic-depressive psychosis (MDP), manic or circular type, in the period 1990-1996, the second to first admissions for MDP, depressed type. MDP, depressed type, corresponds (broadly) to the DSM-IV category of major depressive disorder and MDP, manic or circular type, to the DSM-IV category of bipolar I disorder. The Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics provided yearly population figures. There were only small increases in the risks of a first admission for MDP, manic or circular type, for immigrants from Surinam (age- and sex-adjusted RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.97-1.33) and the Netherlands Antilles (RR = 1.41; 1.10-1.80). This risk was not clearly increased for immigrants from Morocco. The risks for MDP, depressed type, were increased for males from Morocco (age-adjusted RR = 2.17; 1.72-2.72) and Turkey (RR = 1.83; 1.46-2.30), and significantly decreased for females in all of the immigrant groups. We found no evidence for a large increase in the incidence of MDP, manic or circular type, in the immigrant groups, whereas an increase in MDP, depressed type, was observed only in selected groups. Female immigrants suffering from MDP, depressed type, may be underserved.

Performance comparison between circular and elliptical type microspeakers for cellular phones

High-performance microspeakers with broad-band frequency are essential for multimedia function in cellular phones. With the increased size of multimedia liquid crystal display window, space for microspeakers is relatively reduced to maintain the same phone size. This paper introduces elliptical microspeakers that have an advantage in mounting space over circular types. For sound pressure level analysis of the microspeakers, electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustic, and their coupling effects are considered for the analysis. Results show that the elliptical speakers have the equivalent performance as circular speakers with similar surface area.

Tamoxifen, protein kinase C and rat sperm mitochondria.

Tamoxifen at a dose of 400 microg/kg/day has been reported to reduce the fertility of adult male rats and alter the pattern of cauda sperm motility from forward progressive to circular yawing type. Since sperm motility is powered by mitochondria, the effect of tamoxifen on mitochondrial function was studied. Tamoxifen treatment significantly increased rhodamine 123 fluorescent dye uptake by sperm mitochondria, reflecting an altered mitochondrial membrane potential. ATP and DAG levels, activities of glycolytic enzymes, creatine kinase and PKC all remained unaffected by tamoxifen. This is also the first report describing the presence of PKC alpha and beta in rat sperm. Morphological and biochemical integrity of sperm membranes was determined by electron microscopy and malondialdehyde levels, which were unaltered after tamoxifen treatment. This study indicates that the altered sperm motility induced by tamoxifen is accompanied by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, but in the absence of any detectable change in membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, ATP levels and activities of glycolytic enzymes, creatine kinase and PKC.

Removal of Reactive Dye Using UV/TiO2 in Circular Type Reactor

Photocatalytic degradation of reactive dye, Red 120, was carried out on TiO2 particles as photocatalyst under UV irradiation. In this experiment, comparison on the removal of reactive dye by photolysis using UV light alone, photocatalyst adsorption using TiO2 alone and photocatalysis using UV light with photocatalysts as well as the effect of experimental parameters such as the number of column employed, intensity of the light, pH and TiO2 dosage affecting the reaction efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of reactive dye in circular type reactor was examined. The results of this indicate that with both UV light illumination and TiO2 present, reactive dye was more effectively eliminated than with either UV or TiO2 alone. Photocatalytic degradation of reactive dye increased linearly with increasing UV light intensity. However, over 18 mW cm−2 of UV light intensity, the efficiency reached a plateau. The photocatalytic degradation rate was greater in acid media than in alkaline media. Photocatalytic removal efficiency of reactive dye increased with increasing TiO2 dosage. However, over 1.5 g L−1 of TiO2 dosage, the efficiency reached a plateau.

A new approach to verify rule-based systems using petri nets

In the past several years, various graphical techniques were proposed to analyze various types of structural errors, including inconsistency (conflict rules), incompleteness (missing rules), redundancy (redundant rules), and circularity (circular depending rules), in rule-based systems in which rules can be represented in propositional logic. In this paper, we present a special reachability graph technique based on ω-nets (a special type of low-level petri nets) to detect all of the above types of structural errors. Our new technique is simple, efficient, and can be easily automated. We highlight the unique features of this new approach and demonstrate its application through two examples.

ICONE11-36075 A STUDY OF BUBBLY FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A VERTICAL TUBE USING WIRE MESH TOMOGRAPHY

For the development of nuclear reactors and the assessment of their safety features, the development of computer code with the high quantity database from the measurement as well as the understanding of the multiphase flow physics are necessary. In this study, the characteristics of bubbly flow in a vertical tube are investigated using Wire Mesh Tomography (WMT). Local void fraction is detected from the dependency of electrical conductivity on the local void fraction. The developed Wire Mesh Sensor is a circular type with two parallel measuring planes to have the capability of gas velocity and bubble size evaluation. The experiment is conducted in a 50mm ID tube at the fully developed condition (93D). The mean bubble size is treated as a constant parameter independent from the superficial gas and liquid velocity by using the bubble generator with a water sub flow. The capability of WMT for studying local characteristic of bubbly flow is presented in Fig 1 and verified by comparing with the literature in Fig 2. In addition, the initial condition effect is still observed at long pipe length. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocity and the additional bubble intensity on the void fraction distribution are presented. These effects are supposed to change the lateral lift force in both magnitudes and directions which induce the bubble migrated toward to or depart from the wall.

Performance investigation of plain and finned tube evaporatively cooled heat exchangers

The performance of two evaporatively cooled heat exchangers is investigated under similar operating conditions of air flow rates and inlet hot water temperatures. The heat exchangers are plain and plate-finned circular tube types which occupy the same volume. Spray water, which is circulated in a closed circuit, is injected onto the exposed surfaces of the tubes and fins. The contact between air and spray water results in evaporative heat transfer. The tubes are copper, 10 mm o.d. The finned configuration is constructed by introducing 0.5 mm thick copper plates between the tubes, with a total area ratio of four. A substantial increase in heat transfer takes place for the plate-finned tubes. The increase is 92–140% for air velocities from 1.66 to 3.57 m s −1. A model is used to calculate the thermal performance of the plain and finned tubes assuming a constant spray water temperature in the heat exchanger. The wet-finned surfaces show low fin efficiency compared with dry surfaces. An energy index defined as the ratio of volumetric thermal conductance to air pressure drop per unit length is found to be close for the two heat exchangers. This reveals higher thermal utilisation of the occupied volume by the finned tubes with the same energy index.

가두리 시설이 파랑과 흐름에 의해 받는 유체력 특성

규칙파와 불규칙파 및 흐름이 함께 작용하는 상태에 놓인 가두리 시설에 대해 작용 유체력을 가두리 시설의 부설 방향별로 해석하기 위하여, 정사각형 모형 가두리 시설과 원형 모형 가두리 시설을 대상으로 예인 수조에서 수리 모형 실험을 실시하였다. 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 규칙파를 받고 있는 정사각형 가두리 시설에 작용하는 유체력은 가두리 시설의 부설 방향별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. 불규칙파와 흐름을 동시에 받고 있는 가두리시설에 작용하는 파력 에너지의 피크 주파수는 파의 그것과 잘 일치하였고, 작용 유체력은 정사각형 가두리 시설보다 원형 가두리 시설에서 더 작았다. 3. 가두리 시설의 안정성에서 있어서는 그 구조가 원형인 것이 정사각형인 것보다 나은 편이었다. In order to analyze the hydrodynamic forces on fish cage systems, made of frames and nettings, under waves and current, hydraulic model experiments for square type and circular type of fish cage system were carried out in a towing tank. Both cage systems consist of net cages supported by floating frames made of two concentric pipes and four weights hanging from the bottom corners of the nets. There was little difference in the hydrodynamic force on the square type of fish cage system by wave heading under regular waves and the peak frequency of the force on each cage system was in a good agreement with that of induced irregular wave. In addition, it was also observed that the circular type of cage system was more stable to the action of waves and current than the square type.

Quasi-static And Dynamic Axial Crushing Of Circular And Square Stainless Steel Tubes

Twenty-five quasi-static and forty-three dynamic axial crushing tests have been performed on square and circular stainless steel type 304 specimens in order to investigate the transitions between dynamic progressive buckling and global bending of thin-walled tubes. The columns consisted of three different circular (mean diameter/ thickness, 2R/H = 7,5, 22, 47) and three different square (mean width/ thickness, C/’H = 7.7, 24, 42) cross-sections, which are representative of ‘thick’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘thin’ shells, and have a range of different lengths, L, (3.38 < L/2R <15.45 and 3.37 s L/C < 20.8) that encompass the two failure modes. Standard collapse modes were identified for the structures and the associated energy absorbing characteristics have been examined and compared with previous studies on mild steel tubes. Empirical formulae for the critical slenderness ratios for the transition between modes are suggested and the material properties of the stainless steels obtained by standard static and dynamic tensile tests are also reported.

Fabrication and properties of ultrasmall Si wire arrays with circuits by vapor–liquid–solid growth

Abstract A micro-Si wire probe array chip with on-chip circuits has been developed for the applications on multichannel electrodes of neuroelectronic interface systems. Selective Au–Si2H6 vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth method provides a successful Si probe array on Si(1 1 1) wafers in predetermined positions and probe sizes. Si probes with 160 μm in length and 3.5 μm in diameter at tip were grown for 2 h at 700 °C. Moreover, the circular cone type shape of the Si probes was controlled by changing the Si2H6 gas pressures in the VLS growth. After wiring process for on-chip circuits on Si(1 1 1) wafers, the Si probes were grown perpendicular to the wafer surface by the VLS growth process. Conductivity of Si probes was controlled by using phosphorous diffusion, resulting in a resistivity of 10−2 Ω · cm from 104 Ω · cm at a diffusion temperature of 1100 °C. In in vivo studies, penetrating micro-probe array with low impedance such as the VLS grown Si probes has been desired. Using the VLS grown Si probes, these electrical signals was detected successfully.