Circular Grain Research Articles

A pore-scale lattice Boltzmann model for solute transport coupled with heterogeneous surface reactions and mineral dissolution

In this paper, we propose a pore-scale lattice Boltzmann model to simulate fluid flow coupled with heterogeneous surface reactions and mineral dissolution. The primary innovation lies in the transformation of surface reactions, originally treated as a boundary condition, into a volume-source term through dimensional augmentation within the framework of sharp liquid–solid interfaces. This significantly simplifies the implementation, particularly for reactions occurring in porous media with intricate geometric structures. Several benchmark tests were performed to validate the accuracy of this model, including a reaction–diffusion problem in a rectangular domain, a two-dimensional reaction and dissolution of a circular grain, as well as a three-dimensional calcite crystal dissolution in a micro-channel. All the obtained simulation results agree well with the reference solutions. In addition, a dissolution problem in a three-dimensional porous medium built with the sand pack is then investigated. Cases with different Péclet numbers (Pe) and Damköhler numbers (Da) were simulated, and five dissolution modes were obtained, which were finally summarized in a diagram of Pe and Da.

Phase Field Crystal Methods for Bilayer Graphene

Bilayer graphene has been a subject of intense study in recent years. We extend a structural phase field crystal method to include an external potential based on the generalized stacking-fault energy that accounts for the effect from a bottom layer of graphene. Both of the favored stacking variants are found with randomly generated initial phase fields. Using the width of the boundaries between different stacking variants as a function of the interactions between the two layers, we quantify the exact strength of the external potential by comparing the phase field crystal simulations with the results from atomistic simulation. We simulate a circular grain of one stacking phase enclosed by the other and find that, depending on the initial phase field, the center domain may shrink to form a uniform stacking phase, or may evolve to a relaxed state of a hexagon region or a triangular region that at each vertex the graphene structure is defected.

Characterization of Coloured Sorghum Genotypes for Qualitative and Quantitative Characters

The experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India during October 2021–Februrary 2022 to characterize the 100-coloured sorghum genotypes along with four checks viz., M 35-1, AKJ 1, Paiyur 2 and GS-23 for eight qualitative characters and 10 quantitative characters in an augmented block design. The results revealed that, majority of the genotypes exhibited the pigmented stem (93%) and leaves almost green (61%) at harvest, horizontal flag leaf orientation (100%), loose erect primary branches of panicle (38%), black glumes (58%), red grain colour (36%), circular grain shape (75%) and freely threshable (93%) characters. For all the quantitative characters studied, a wide range of variation was observed. For stay green character, genotype IS 21868 showed completely green leaves. Similarly, for other characters also superior genotypes were identified in this study. Such genotypes can be used further in improvement of sorghum for its grain yield. For grain yield, 14 genotypes exhibited higher yields when compared to the best check GS-23, viz., IS 29032 (120.0 g), IS 6508 (119.18 g), IS 16006 (113.80 g), IS 28065 (102.88 g), IS 23890 (94.88 g), IS 28049 (94.28 g), IS 23865 (89.48 g), IS 29031 (87.98), IS 28202 (87.88), IS 31706 (86.48), IS 2582 (85.88 g), IS 28200 (83.58), IS 16398 (81.08 g) and IS 23955 (80.0 g). Eight genotypes were on par with GS-23. These genotypes can be further evaluated for its yield stability within and across locations.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-VALENT ALTERNATE ABO3 PEROVSKITE (KNN) MULTI-FUNCTIONALFERROELECTRIC CERAMICS

Ecological-friendly and unhazardous materials are being prepared by the scientific community in search of novel lead-free ferroelectric materials. K0.5Na0.5NbO3belonging to the ABO3 perovskite was found to be promising ferroelectric lead-free material. A new set of compound, namely, double dopant LKNZN compound was prepared by solid state route. Here, Lithium is partially replaced with Sodium, at A-site, and Zirconium substituted with Niobium, at B-site. The compositional formula of the present investigations is: [((K0.5Na0.5)(1-x)Lix) (Zr0.025Nb0.98)O3], where x=0, and 0.025 9 (labelled as KNN1 and KNN2). In addition we have prepared (K0.5(Na0.475Li0.025)) (Zr0.025Nb0.98)O3 (labelled as KNN3). XRD patterns obtained at room temperaturehave shown maximum intensity peak of (111), confirms the formation of a single-phase. SEM pictures of KNN1 and KNN2 have shown cubical grain with bimodal grain distribution, whereas KNN3 consist of circular bimodal grain distribution. Delectric measurements were studied on the said above samples. It is observed a hump around 200°Cand dielectric transition at 4520°C for all the samples. From this it is evident that: (i) the samples are transforming from orthorhombic phase to tetragonal phase near 200°C (ii) around 420°C, samples transform from tetragonal phase to cubic phase. Theresults were corroborated to the tolerance factor and lattice distortions.

Permeability evaluation based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis for gas hydrate reservoir

Permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) is one of the most important parameters for analyzing hydraulic behavior of underground. For example, in the geotechnical engineering, permeability is necessary to calculate water inflow and draw down of water level during excavation, to predict the deformation time due to the consolidation, and to evaluate the barrier of the ground for radioactive waste disposal. In the petroleum industry, permeability is considered an essential parameter which is directly linked to the productivity of oil and natural gas. Therefore, predicting permeability using wireline logging or logging while drilling (LWD) is required during the assessment of the reservoir. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging is performed at this point. Low-field NMR measurements are sensitive to the hydrogen proton, 1H, in liquid water but not to the 1 H bond in solid form, making it possible to obtain the bulk water volume. In addition, the hydrogen proton NMR- T2 (transverse or spin-spin) relaxation time distribution is used to infer pore-size information and to estimate permeability [1, 2]. The major methods used for estimating permeability, k, are the Schlumberger Doll Research (SDR) model and Timur-Coates (TC) model [3, 4]:
 Where fNMR is the NMR-estimated (effective) porosity. SDR model uses the averaged value of the T2 distribution plotted on log-scale of time and matches it to the experimental reference permeability with the fitting parameter a [mD/(ms)2]. The TC model seeks to differentiate between the fraction of free (mobile) fluid volume (FFV) and bound fluid volume (BFV) and estimates permeability with FFV/BFV ratio and the material constant c [m2/s2]. The permeability in the research and development of methane hydrate, which is expected to be a next-generation resource, has been estimated using above methods. Methane hydrate is an ice-like solid crystalline structure of water and methane molecules. Because hydrate is solid, NMR is not sensitive, the initial (effective) permeability can be estimated by NMR analyzer. On the other hand, A strong disconnect (up to 2 orders of magnitude) between NMR-based estimates of permeability with those determined from a laboratory study of pressure cores from the same reservoir has further cast uncertainty in the application of borehole NMR data in hydrate evaluation [5, 6]. Recently, authors provided comparisons between NMR-derived values and direct fluid flow estimates of permeability in naturally occurring hydrate-bearing sediment [7, 8]. On the basis of the NMR measurement for hydrate-bearing pressure core sediments, which were recovered from the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska North Slope, the following new hydraulic radius model was proposed [7].
 This equation estimates the specific surface based on the NMR signal and has been shown to successfully estimate the initial permeability of a hydrate reservoir by expressing a hydraulic radius model based on Kozeny's equation [9]. However, the proposed equation is not universal and has been found to overestimate for clayey and silty hydrate free sediment. This study summarizes the methods and parameters used to estimate permeability using NMR signals from hydrate-bearing sediment obtained from logging and laboratory tests for the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska North Slope. In addition, we reports parameters for predicting model for muddy sediments which was recovered from overburden of hydrate-reservoir in the Hyuganada sea in 2022 Japan [10, 11]. When using the hydraulic radius model to predict permeability of hydrate-bearing sediment, reasonable estimates can be obtained by setting the shape factor for grains Cs = 1/2 (for a circular grain) and the shape factor for the flow path cn = 4 (for the cylinder network), respectively. Although, for hydrate free muddy sediment, Cs = 1/3 for parallel plate grain shape and cn = 2 for the fracture network model matched its permeability. Furthermore, the conversion parameter from T2 relaxation time to the pore size for hydrate free muddy sediments r2 = 0.009 (mm/s) was confirmed based on the result of mercury injection capillary pressure analysis, which is lower than r2 = 0.0325 (mm/s) of hydrate-bearing sediments.

Investigation of Ti alloying for microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism: Avoiding Al4C3 formation in SiCp/Al composites via laser directed energy deposition

The near-net-shape characteristics of Additive Manufacturing offer significant advantages in fabricating SiCp/Al composite components. However, the high-temperature melt pool during the deposition process promotes an interface reaction between SiC and Al, forming Al4C3. Al4C3 shortens the service life of SiCp/Al composite structural components, so it is critical to avoid its formation when preparing SiCp/Al composites via laser-directed energy deposition. This study prepared SiCp/Al composite components through coincident wire powder laser-directed energy deposition with Ti alloying, effectively preventing the formation of Al4C3 in AMC. Furthermore, it investigated the effect of Ti atoms on the microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism. The results showed that the formation of large flake-like Al4C3 was avoided without generating excess Al3Ti only when using an appropriate amount of Ti (Ti: SiC = 3: 10). After introducing Ti, Ti atoms in the melt pool migrated towards the SiC surface and reacted with C atoms (from the dissolution of SiC) and formed TiC. The resulting TiC enclosed the SiC particles in a thin film, preventing the further dissolution of SiC and inhibiting the generation of Al4C3. Additionally, some TiC nanoparticles dispersed within the matrix, serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites for Al, reducing the average equivalent circular grain radius from 38.10 µm to 7.20 µm. After Ti alloying, the average modulus and yield strength of AMC both increased. This increase was attributed to the load transfer energy of SiC particles, grain refinement of the matrix, and the dispersion-strengthening effect of TiC nanoparticles. An intrinsic relationship between the SiC-Al-Ti interfacial reaction and the mechanical properties of SiCp/Al composites has been established to provide theoretical guidance for eliminating Al4C3 phases in SiCp/Al composites prepared by laser-directed energy deposition, ensuring performance comparable to traditionally fabricated products.

Stick-Slip Dynamics in a Granular Material With Varying Grain Angularity

Experiments, simulations, and theoretical treatments of granular materials typically feature circular or elliptical grains. However, grains found in natural systems often have flat faces that introduce local rotational constraints; these rotational constraints have been shown to affect, for example, the jamming transition, discontinuous shear thickening, and ordered states in colloids and thermalized grains. In this work, we experimentally investigate the effects of grain angularity on stick-slip dynamics. A weighted slider is pulled by a spring over a gravity-packed granular bed composed of polygonal grains with varying angularity. We find that packings of triangular or square grains have higher shear strengths than packings of pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, or disks. Additionally, as the number of sides increases, sticking periods, during which the slider remains motionless while the spring force on it increases, become shorter on average, with the material yielding at smaller applied stresses. Lastly, we find that dilation of the medium during sticking periods tends to be larger for grains with higher angularity, in part because of the presence of stilt-like columnar structures that prop the slider up. We report on measurements of the pulling force on the slider, particle dynamics during slip events, and properties of force-bearing contact networks identified via photoelasticity. Our findings indicate that high angularity of grains (pentagons, squares, triangles) leads to differences in grain-scale flow and macroscopic stick-slip dynamics of bulk granular materials. Our experiments also indicate a continuous change in dynamics with decreasing angularity as the circular grain limit is approached.

Polycrystal plasticity with grain boundary evolution: a numerically efficient dislocation-based diffuse-interface model

Grain structure plays a key role in the mechanical properties of alloy materials. Engineering the grain structure requires a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of grain boundaries (GBs) when a material is subjected to various manufacturing processes. To this end, we present a computationally efficient framework to describe the co-evolution of bulk plasticity and GBs. We represent GBs as diffused geometrically necessary dislocations, whose evolution describes GB plasticity. Under this representation, the evolution of GBs and bulk plasticity is described in unison using the evolution equation for the plastic deformation gradient, an equation central to classical crystal plasticity theories. To reduce the number of degrees of freedom, we present a procedure which combines the governing equations for each slip rates into a set of governing equations for the plastic deformation gradient. Finally, we outline a method to introduce a synthetic potential to drive migration of a flat GB. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the model. First, a scaling test is used to demonstrate the computational efficiency of our framework. Second, we study the evolution of a tricrystal, formed by embedding a circular grain into a bicrystal, and demonstrate qualitative agreement between the predictions of our model and those of molecular dynamics simulations by Trautt and Mishin (2014 Acta Mater. 65 19–31). Finally, we demonstrate the effect of applied loading in texture evolution by simulating the evolution of a synthetic polycrystal under applied displacements.

A Selection Flowchart for Micromodel Experiments Based on Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Surfactant Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery

A selection flowchart that assists, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the design of microfluidic experiments used to distinguish the performance in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) of two surfactants with very similar values of interfacial tension (IFT) was proposed and its use demonstrated. The selection flowchart first proposes an experimental design for certain modified variables (X→: porosity, grain shape, the presence of preferential flowing channels, and injection velocity). Experiments are then performed through CFD simulations to obtain a set of response variables (Y→: recovery factor, breakthrough time, the fractal dimension of flow pattern, pressure drop, and entrapment effect). A sensitivity analysis of Y→ regarding the differences in the interfacial tension (IFT) can indicate the CFD experiments that could have more success when distinguishing between two surfactants with similar IFTs (0.037 mN/m and 0.045 mN/m). In the range of modifiable variables evaluated in this study (porosity values of 0.5 and 0.7, circular and irregular grain shape, with and without preferential flowing channel, injection velocities of 10 ft/day and 30 ft/day), the entrapment effect is the response variable that is most affected by changes in IFT. The response of the recovery factor and the breakthrough time was also significant, while the fractal dimension of the flow and the pressure drop had the lowest sensitivity to different IFTs. The experimental conditions that rendered the highest sensitivity to changes in IFT were a low porosity (0.5) and a high injection flow (30 ft/day). The response to the presence of preferential channels and the pore shape was negligible. The approach developed in this research facilitates, through CFD simulations, the study of CEOR processes with microfluidic devices. It reduces the number of experiments and increases the probability of their success.

Enabling circularity in grain production systems with novel technologies and policy

IntroductionThere is an urgent need to transform unsustainable “linear” grain production systems in the United States (U.S.) and other countries like China, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Russia, Australia and Europe, into more circular and sustainable systems to address the simultaneous challenges of resource depletion, environmental degradation, and the growing global demand for food under the threat of climate change. ObjectivesIn this perspective, we survey the current state of circularity of U.S. grain production, and discuss how we can transform the systems into more circular systems. ResultsSpecifically, we lay out a vision of circular grain production enabled by novel digital, mechanical, and biological technologies that allow closing loops of nutrient and energy flows within the farm, through the optimization of land-use choices and crop management. We also examine market- and policy-based mechanisms that could incentivize the widespread adoption of these key technologies.

Molecular dynamics study on the fracture mechanism in bimodal nanotwinned Cu with a composite structure

Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, the authors investigate the notion of bimodal nanotwinned (NT) microstructure in strength-ductility trade-off. Using a coarse circular grain with twins embedded in a sea of nano-grains (without twins) as a surrogate, the paper explores three scenarios pertaining to the strength and failure strain mapping: (i) the effect of twin boundary (TB) inclination; (ii) the effect of coarse-grain size; (ii) the effect of twin boundaries spacings (TBSs). The central result is that there exists an optimum grain size at which the strength and failure strain are simultaneously improved. Meanwhile, the fracture mechanisms of bimodal NT microstructure are demonstrated by analyzing dislocation-TB interactions, which involve TB migration, deformation twinning, void generation, etc.

In situ visualization of silicon wafer casting on silicon carbide as low nucleation undercooling substrate

The kerf-free silicon casting utilizing direct contact on a foreign substrate possess is an ultimate wafer technology for solar cells. The use of substrate as a casting surface provides the system better control over the casted wafer’s morphological and crystallographic characteristics, and it also grants better control over the temperature distribution to achieve higher throughput. An in situ and infrared temperature measurement study using silicon carbide substrate for the casting of silicon wafers was carried out. Silicon carbide presented a low nucleation undercooling condition for silicon that exhibits circular nucleation at high cooling rates which was very different than those previously observed on silicon nitride and quartz substrates. Recalescence rate estimations showed that the increasing rate of heat of solidification released at the interface could have influenced the grain shape thus effectively localizing each nucleation and preventing large dendritic strip growth. From electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, the circular grain growth resulted to an increase in grain randomness when compared to that of dendritic strip growth which showed preference towards common dendrite orientations. The casted wafer exhibited a majority of Σ3 grain boundaries (GB) and with increasing high-Σ GBs at higher cooling rates. The increased randomness and the high-Σ GBs coinciding with the increase in GB density due to the smaller grain sizes at higher cooling rates show potential in the thermoelectric applications that need more phonon scatterings.

Research on an electric energy‐saving grain drying system with internal circulation of the drying medium

AbstractIn this study, we designed a 5HLN‐R‐50 electric grain dryer with internal circulation of the drying medium based on the analysis of drying medium enthalpy and humidity status variation diagrams. We aimed to reduce the dryer energy consumption and exhaust gas emission. Using clean electric energy instead of a conventional dryer heat source, the drying system can cyclically dry high‐moisture grain with zero emissions. The experimental results indicate that the condensation effect is suitable when the ratio of the cool and hot air flows is 6:1 at a heat transfer coefficient of the condenser of 79.5 W/(m2.K) and a specific heat consumption of 3,916 kJ/kgH2O when compared with the Chinese standard of 7,500 kJ/kgH2O, that is, a maximum energy savings of 48%. This paper proposes a novel technological method and idea, studies the differences in energy efficiency, emissions reduction and clean production, and provides a reference for replacing the conventional grain dryer heat source of coal with electricity.Practical applicationsThis drying system is applied in circular grain drying; a corn drying experiment indicates that compared with the specific energy consumption stipulated by the national standards of China, the highest energy savings is 48%, and zero release nonpollution is shown. The state parameters of the dried material and drying medium are displayed graphically in real time, and the operating parameters of the drying process are intuitively tracked in real time and automatically adjusted.

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ON THE COVER: Mosaic of euglenids: Phacus salinus (egg‐shaped cells), Lepocinclis oxyuris (cylindrical specimens), Trachelomonas sp. (brown cells), Phacus longicauda with a distinctive, circular paramylon grain

Shrinkage mechanisms of grain boundary loops in two-dimensional colloidal crystals

We discuss the various mechanisms involved in the spontaneous shrinkage of circular grain boundaries in two-dimensional colloidal crystals. We provide experimental evidence that these grain boundary loops shrink owing to three intermittent mechanisms proposed for atomic materials, namely purely curvature-driven migration, coupled grain boundary migration, and grain boundary sliding. Throughout shrinkage, the product of the radius and misorientation of the grain boundary loop remains higher than a fundamental limit resulting from the specific dislocation structure of grain boundary loops, except for the very last stage where the loop character is lost. Despite its complexity, this process can be effectively described by a single kinetic coefficient, allowing for a simplified description of grain boundary loop kinetics.Graphical abstract

A cellular automaton model integrated with CALPHAD-based thermodynamic calculations for ferrite-austenite phase transformations in multicomponent alloys

A cellular automaton (CA) model, which is directly coupled with thermodynamic calculations based on the CALPHAD method, is developed for the simulation of ferrite (α)-austenite (γ) phase transformations involving the partitioning and long-range diffusion of both interstitial and substitutional elements in multicomponent alloys. A data management scheme is proposed, which renders the efficient coupling between the kinetic simulation using the CA approach and thermodynamic calculations. The present CA model is applied to simulate the cyclic phase transformations between the α- and γ-phases for a quaternary Fe-0.02C-0.2Mn-0.1Si (wt%) alloy in both one- and two-dimensions. The simulated curves of α-volume fraction varying with temperature clearly illustrate the different α-γ transformation stages. The transformation kinetics and concentration profiles of Mn and Si obtained by the 1-D CA simulation agree well with DICTRA predictions. The 2-D simulation of a single circular grain is found to have shorter stagnant stages and faster transformation kinetics than that of the 1-D planar case. This can be attributed to the different growth geometries of 1-D planar and 2-D circular, and the effect of substitutional element Mn on the migrating interface. The non-uniform distribution of C and residual spikes of Mn and Si can be clearly delineated in the 2-D multi-grain simulation. It is shown that the data management scheme proposed in the present work significantly reduces the simulation time for the required thermodynamic data by two orders of magnitude approximately, which makes it feasible to perform valid simulations of microstructural evolution and solute distributions during α-γ phase transformations in steels with more than three components.

Controlling Grain Boundaries by Magnetic Fields.

The ability to use external magnetic fields to influence the microstructure in polycrystalline materials has potential applications in microstructural engineering. To explore this potential and to understand the complex interactions between electromagnetic fields and solid-state matter transport we consider a phase-field-crystal model. Together with efficient and scalable numerical algorithms this allows the examination of the role that external magnetic fields play on the evolution of defect structures and grain boundaries, on diffusive timescales. Examples for planar and circular grain boundaries explain the essential atomistic processes and large scale simulations in 2D are used to obtain statistical data on grain growth under the influence of external fields.

Phase field modeling of grain boundary migration and preferential grain growth driven by electric current stressing

A phase field model incorporating the electrostatic free energy and the grain orientation effect is developed and employed to study the grain boundary migration and preferential grain growth in widely used beta-tin (β-Sn) under electric current stressing. The directional migration of grain boundaries and the preferential growth of the grain with its orientation having low electrical resistivity along the electric current direction are theoretically clarified. In a bicrystal system containing a circular grain, the shrinkage velocity and morphology changes of grains are dominated by the competition effect between the grain boundary energy and the electrostatic free energy; in particular, the high-density electric current can induce the instability of grain morphology evolution. Moreover, grain morphology evolution leads to the change of the voltage across the β-Sn system; it is found that the voltage decreases over time in a tricrystal system, while the variation of the voltage across the bicrystal system is related to the above-mentioned competition effect. The proposed model and results provide insights into the orientation-related microstructure evolution under electric current stressing.

Grain Size Evolution during Multipass Hot‐Rolling of C‐Mn Steels: Comparison of Phase Field and Extended JMAK Modeling

The design of multipass hot‐rolling schedules is of great importance to steel industry and an effort is made to predict the microstructure evolution. In the present study, a multi‐phase field model is employed for the simulation of the grain size evolution due to static recrystallization and grain growth during multipass hot‐rolling of C‐Mn steels. A variable stored energy per rolling pass, a temperature dependent interface mobility, and nucleation site density are considered. The model is compared with an extended JMAK model and validated with experimental data obtained from two hot‐rolling schedules. The results indicate that both models describe the experimental data well, however the phase field model avoids certain discontinuities between static recrystallization and grain growth. A statistical analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of the microstructure domain size on the phase field results and grain size distributions. The effect of key process parameters on the kinetics of static recrystallization and grain growth are determined by the temporal evolution of equivalent circular grain diameter distributions. Both approaches have the potential to be used for the computational design of multipass hot‐rolling processes in steels.

Visualization of fracturing fluid dynamics in a nanofluidic chip

Hydraulic fracturing is responsible for remarkable production from shale and tight formations, albeit at the cost of significant water usage. The flow dynamics of oil and fracturing fluid in nanopores remains largely uncharacterized, in part due to the challenge of conducting experiments at nanoscales. In this paper, we demonstrate a nanofluidic-based approach to visualize the fluid displacement during hydraulic fracturing. Nanoporous silicon-glass chips with circular and square grain shapes and identical depth of 175 nm were fabricated using reactive-ion etching (RIE) and anodic bonding. Leveraging the inherent fluorescence property of the oil, the fluorescence microscopy was used to record the dynamics of the fluid displacement inside the chip. Performance of three different fracturing fluids - deionized water, potassium chloride (KCl) solution, and slick water - were evaluated based on the volumetric infiltration in the nanoporous network, entrapment of fracturing fluid in the porous media, and total production during drawdown. The KCl solution had the highest infiltration rate (fill factor of 0.68) and the lowest entrapment factor (0.39), resulting in the highest fracturing fluid recovery representing 43% in the square grain geometry with similar results for circular grains. With the fast quantification and ease of operation here, the nanofluidic approach enables a rapid screening of different fracturing fluids to inform shale oil operators.