Circular Fins Research Articles

Three-dimensional analysis of the thermal and hydraulic performance of finned and un-finned tubes in a staggered array

• Novel type of leeward cut fin is compared with a conventional circular fin. • Fin spacing was varied to evaluate thermo-hydraulic behaviour. • Leeward cut fin gives lower heat transfer rate and pressure drop than circular fin. • Performance study suggests the potential of leeward cut fins for material saving. A novel type of finned tube obtained by removing the downstream section of the conventionally used complete circular finned tube (CCFT) is studied. The resulting novel type of finned tube obtained is termed leeward cut finned tube (LCFT). The thermal and hydraulic behaviour of these novel finned tubes is compared with CCFT and un-finned tubes. Leeward cut fins are specifically studied to check their capability to give equivalent heat transfer like that of complete circular fins. This study is carried out in the Reynolds number range 4330 ≤ Re ≤ 8790 and fin spacing range 2 ≤ s ≤ 4 mm . The transition SST model is implemented to solve the RANS equations. Heat transfer coefficient at the downstream section of fins is found to be less than the upstream section; hence, it can be advantageous to remove some portion of the downstream section of the fin. The leeward cut finned tubes give a lower value of heat transfer rate and pressure drop when compared with complete circular finned tubes. The heat transfer Colburn factor j for leeward cut fins is higher than CCFT and un-finned tubes. The friction factor is the lowest for CCFT and the highest for un-finned tubes. Analysis of the effect of fin spacing showed an increment in heat transfer rate and a decrease in pressure drop when fin spacing is increased from 2 to 4 mm. The studied geometries are evaluated based on their thermo-hydraulic performance parameters ( PEC and Z/E ). The performance evaluation criterion PEC for LCFT is higher than CCFT by 30–46 % at fin spacing of 2 mm, whereas for spacing of 4 mm, it is 21–23 % higher. The ratio of heat transfer rate per unit temperature difference to power provided to the heat exchanger Z/E is lower for LCFT than CCFT by 5–8 % for fin spacing of 2 mm, whereas for fin spacing of 4 mm, it is lower by 9–12 %. Based on the results, CCFT performs better than LCFT, but they have more fin material requirements (∼50 %). Hence, the LCFT can be seen as a potential novel type of fin to give equivalent heat transfer with the advantage of material savings.

Thermal and exergy analysis of Pin-finned heatsinks for nanofluid cooled high concentrated photovoltaic thermal (HCPV/T) hybrid systems

• Cooling performance of HCPV/T is systematically investigated. • Different shaped pin-finned heat sinks (inline and staggered) are examined. • Thermal performance is determined for MWCNT nanofluids. • Exergy efficiencies of pin-fin heat sinks in HCPV/T are evaluated. • 2% MWCNT nanoparticle concentration is found to be the optimum. Cooling of High Concentrated Photovoltaic (HCPV) cells is a major concern among researchers due to higher heat generation in the cells from highly concentrated solar radiation. In the present investigation, a numerical study of the High Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (HCPV/T) system is conducted for the combined effect of nanofluids and pin-finned heatsinks on the cooling performance. The investigation is carried out for AZUR SPACE solar cell (Model: 3C44C) for 1000 Concentration Ratio (CR) and the Reynolds number ( Re ) varies within the laminar range (600 ≤ R e ≤ 2200). Different shapes of pin-fins and their orientations are systematically investigated for the effect of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticles in a base fluid. The results show a significant reduction in the temperature (up to 18K) of the solar cells for the MWCNT nanofluid compared to its base fluid counterpart. A higher heat transfer characteristics (Nusselt numbers) and lower average temperature of top surface of HCPV cells are found to occur for the staggered arrangements of pin-fins. It is also noticed that the volume concentration of MWCNT in water affects heat transfer characteristics and reduction in temperature takes place up to the volume concentration of 2%. About 1.3% reduction in temperature is predicted for adding MWCNT nanoparticle concentration from 0.5% to 2%. However, in terms of exergy efficiency, maximum overall exergy (about 67% for water flow rate of 0.00167 kg/s) is found for square pin-fins with inline arrangements. The average increase in Nusselt number from inline to staggered arrangement are around 11%, 74%, and 22% respectively for circular, square and triangular fins. The maximum electrical efficiency reaches to 42.2% for both 2% and 4% MWCNT with staggered circular pin-fins for a mass flow rate of 0.0058kg/s. Finally, it appears that a combination of nanofluids and pin-finned heatsinks gives a better cooling rate in the HCPV/T system and could be a promising alternative along with other cooling techniques.

Study on heat transfer performance of fin-and-tube heat exchanger with elliptical fins

In the present work, three-dimensional numerical analysis was carried out for thermo-fluid analysis of annular fin-and-tube heat exchangers (AFTHE) with circular fins and elliptical fins having varying Reynolds number (Re) changed from 4000 to 9000. The effects of the angle of attack (α) and the ratio of long diameter to short diameter (LDR) for elliptical fins on heat transfer characteristics and flow structures were studied and analyzed in inline arrangement tubes. The thermo-hydraulic performance criteria which include Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and London area goodness factor (JF) were also compared. The results showed that the heat transfer performance of the AFTHE with elliptical fins was better than that of AFTHE with circular fins, except for elliptical fins with an α of 90°. The JF for AFTHE with elliptical fins, when the value of α was 0°, was optimal, which improved by 42.08 % based on the AFTHE with circular fins. When α was 0°, the JF of the AFTHE with elliptical fins was proportional to the LDR, where the LDR of 1.5 was improved by 43.52 % from the AFTHE with circular fins. And the results were well in line with the entropy generation.

Numerical Simulation of the Combination of Novel Spiral Fin and Phase Change Material for Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries in Passive Thermal Management

This paper uses ANSYS Fluent to simulate the heat dissipation of a phase change material (PCM)-based cooling system combined with novel spiral fins for a single battery cell. Compared with a circular fin, a spiral fin with the same contact length can reduce the battery temperature by 0.72 °C, and has a superior temperature uniformity. For the PCM-based system with spiral fins, increasing the spiral width from 2 mm to 8 mm can reduce the battery temperature from 41.27 °C to 39.9 °C. As the number of spiral turns increases from two to eight, the maximum temperature rise of the battery shows a downward trend, and six turns can effectively satisfy the heat dissipation requirements of the battery. With respect to the effect of ambient temperature on the cooling performance, the system with a PCM-spiral fin still exhibits optimal cooling effectiveness compared with the pure PCM and PCM-circular systems.

Experimental Analysis of Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Material with Different Configurations of Heat Sinks.

The demand for high-performance and compact electronic devices has been increasing day by day. Due to their compactness, excessive heat is generated, causing a decrease in efficiency and life. Thermal management of electronic components is crucial for maintaining excessive heat within the limit. This experimental research focuses on the combined effect of nano-enhanced phase-change material (NePCM) with different configurations of heat sinks for cooling electronic devices. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as nanoparticles with concentrations of 3 wt% and 6 wt%, RT-42 as the phase-change material (PCM), and aluminum as the pin fin heat sink material. Different configurations of the heat sink, such as circular, square, and triangular pin fins, are used against the fixed volume fraction of the fins. It is found that the square configuration has the highest heat transfer with and without PCM. A maximum base temperature reduction of 24.01% was observed in square pin fins with RT-42 as PCM. At 6 wt% of NePCM, the maximum base temperature lessened by 25.83% in the case of a circular pin fin. It is concluded from the results that a circular pin fin with NePCM is effective for base temperature reduction, and all fin configurations with NePCM collectively reduce the heat sink base temperature.

Condensation regimes inside a vapor chamber with transparent hollow fins of circular, triangular or fluted cross section

A vapor chamber with integrated hollow fins was manufactured and tested, with the aim of identifying the optimal fin geometry to prevent liquid hold-up and flooding at the condenser. In particular, the influence of the transverse cross section was experimentally investigated. Circular, triangular and fluted cross sections were compared, with inscribed diameters ranging from 1.3 to 2.6 mm. The air-cooled fins were made of polymer in order to visualize the condensation regimes. When operating with HFE-7100, three regimes were identified with increasing heat load (up to 95 W): filmwise condensation, plug condensation and flooding, which significantly deteriorates the heat transfer performance. The triangular cross section is the most interesting shape among those tested because flooding occurs at higher heat load and/or smaller diameter than in other shapes thanks to drainage into the corners. Circular fins have the worst performance and fluted ones are in-between. The critical diameter below which flooding occurs even at low heat load is around 2.0 mm for a triangular section and 2.5 mm for a circular one. Consequently, with an optimum fin placement, the total convective surface area at the condenser could be increased by about 15% when using triangles instead of circles.

A numerical study on the battery thermal management system with mini-channel cold plate considering battery aging effect

Battery aging is critical for the batteries in electric vehicles, significantly affecting both thermal characteristics and electrochemical performance. In this research, a more realistic and generic model combining the electrochemistry, capacity fade and heat transfer is developed for the design of battery thermal management system (BTMS) to ensure efficient and durable operation of batteries. The thermal behaviors and electrochemical characteristics in different working cycles of BTMSs with X direction and Y direction mini-channels are analyzed and compared. It is found that BTMSs only provide effective cooling to batteries in their initial working cycles but fail to control the battery temperature after 1000 cycles due to the higher heat generation rate of aged battery caused by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. In addition, BTMS with Y direction mini-channels always provides more effective cooling to batteries to achieve good electrochemical performance with acceptable higher pressure loss during battery cycling. Furthermore, the optimization schemes are proposed for BTMS with Y direction mini-channels to further enhance cooling of the battery for high performance and durable operation of the batteries. The results show that optimizing mini-channel arrangement, arranging circular pin fins (CPF) and dispersing nanoparticles into coolant can be helpful for BTMS to provide effective thermal manage, achieve higher average potential and prevent SEI formation and capacity fade even after 1000 cycles, although the pressure loss is also higher.

Computational simulation of IC engine cooling using different materials for different shapes of fins: a comparative study

Internal combustion (IC) engines are always exposed to extreme temperatures and thermal stresses. So, cooling the internal combustion (IC) engine is necessary to operate. The fins are used in engines to disperse the heat produced by the engine, especially in 4-stroke bike engines. The main focus of this research is to analyse and compare the thermal properties of the IC engine, such as temperature and total heat flux, by varying the shape and materials of four-stroke bike engine fins. In this study, Beryllium oxide (BeO) was proposed as an engine fin besides a few traditional metals. To obtain various temperatures and maximum total heat flux results, a four-stroke 125cc HERO GLAMOUR BS 6 motorcycle engine for various fin shapes such as circular, parabolic, wavy and slotted fins and different materials such as Aluminium 6061, Aluminium 2014, Beryllium oxide (BeO) and Silicon Carbide-Aluminium 2124 (SiC-Al 2124 25%) alloys used in this study. The best performance in case of maximum heat flux was found 8.417% more for Beryllium oxide (BeO) compared to Aluminium 6061 in circular fins.

Investigation on Flow Through Staggered Micro Pin Fin Arrays with Variable Longitudinal Spacings Using Micro-PIV

ABSTRACT In this study, the flow behavior of deionized water through the staggered circular micro pin fin arrays with three longitudinal spacings (S L = 2D, 3D and 4D) is investigated using flow visualization technology of micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) in the range of Re = 100–800. The streamline distribution and velocity field in the three micro pin fin arrays are obtained. Experimental results indicate that the longitudinal spacing has considerable effect on both the extension of the wake region and velocity field around pin fins. The small longitudinal spacing hinders the extension of the wake region behind the pin fin and delays the vortex shedding. The micro pin fin array with S L = 2D provides maximum velocity span and transverse velocity, indicating intense local fluid mixing. The flow and heat transfer characteristics in the microchannel with a single circular micro pin fin are also studied. By comparison, the feature of the wake region in the micro pin fin array with a large longitudinal spacing is similar to that in the flow past a single micro pin fin. Moreover, vortex shedding occurs in the micro pin fin array at higher Reynolds number. The correlation between velocity field and temperature field around the pin fin is investigated. The belt zone with enhanced heat transfer around the pin fin is consistent with the distribution of fluid with high velocities. Vortex shedding can obviously enhance the heat transfer downstream of the micro pin fin.

Research on thermal performance and optimization design of phase change pin fin heat sink based on Lattice Boltzmann method

This paper reports a numerical research of the phase change materials (PCMs) based pin fin heat sinks for thermal management of battery and electronic device. The 58 semi-refined paraffin and several paraffin/CNTs composites (CNT mass fraction of 5 %, 8 %, 10 %) were adopted as PCMs filled in the heat sink. Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to numerically study the influence of fin geometry (square fin, circular fin, cross fin), fin number (one to five), fin arrangement (array arrangement, cross arrangement) and PCMs on the working performance (charging time and heat dissipation power) of the heat sinks. The LBM code was solved in Visual Basic. The results report that the four/five square fins (arrangement A) heat sink with 10 % CNT compound paraffin has the shortest charging time and the heat sink with four square fins (arrangement A) and 8 % CNT compound paraffin has the largest heat dissipation power. It is worth noted that compared with square fin heat sinks, the cross fin heat sinks still present 83 % of the heat dissipation power with only 36 % of the fin volume. Besides, aiming at acquiring the largest heat dissipation power, a back propagation neural network-genetic algorithm was developed to optimize the structure of the pin fin heat sink. The corresponding fin number, fin side length and fin distance for the optimized square fin heat sink (arrangement A) are 4, 2.13 mm and 5.88 mm, respectively.

Performance investigation of active double slope solar stills incorporating internal sidewall reflector, hollow circular fins, and nanoparticle-mixed phase change material

Productivity and efficiency augmentation of solar stills have been receiving significant importance owing to their cost and energy-effectiveness in addition to cleaner operation in producing potable water. The present work aims on improving the performance of active modified double slope solar distiller units by the integrated impact of internal sidewall reflector, hollow circular fins, and nanoparticle-mixed phase change material (nano-PCM). The experimentation includes a total of five individual stills, one conventional, and four others modified with the mentioned attachments. The results indicate the achievement of a maximum productivity output of 1853 mL/day by the solar still modified with reflector, fins, and nano-PCM. The use of paraffin wax-Al2O3 nanoparticle (nano-PCM) mixture in the system is found to be the most effective modification providing almost twice as much accumulated productivity compared to the pure PCM (only paraffin) case. The distillate accumulation is found to surpass the conventional case by 61.36 % and 92 %, respectively in the pure PCM and nano-PCM cases. Moreover, the maximum energy efficiency of 21.56 % is achieved with the combined influence of circular fin, reflector, and nano-PCM. The economic analyses of the solar still cases have estimated the cost of water remaining within the ranges of 0.0199–0.022 $/L. Also, it is found that the projected payback period of 284 days for the conventional case can be reduced to as less as 258 days through the proposed modifications, with the best outcome attained by the nano-PCM case.

Numerical investigation of heat transfer performance for rectangular, elliptical, and airfoil shaped pin fin heatsinks through the novel combination of perforation and bulge inserts

There is a desire to improve the forced convection heat transfer for various innovative shaped pin fin heatsink designs. Hence, a numerical investigation is conducted to observe the effect of convection heat transfer for various shaped pin fin heatsinks by changing various parameters on fluid and solid domains. Different shapes of perforations and bulges are added to create more surface area and flow pattern change. Several pin fin configurations are proposed for the design to increase the performance. Navier-Stokes's equations and RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) based k − ε turbulence model governs the study's modeling. The investigations are performed using the CFD program for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 8547 to 21,367. The results reveal that elliptical shape pin fins play a crucial role in enhancing hydro-thermal performance factor (HTPF). The circular perforated elliptical pin fin provides a maximum HTPF of 1.72 as the Re changes from 8547 to 21,367. A performance improvement of 56% to 72% is found, which merits consideration in the pin fin heatsink design. Furthermore, the heat transfer performance for the elliptical-shaped circular perforation pin fin is examined using copper-diamond composite material. The Cu-diamond composite has a maximum HTPF of 1.75 at a Reynolds number of 21,367.

Multi-criteria assessment of enhanced radiant ceiling panels using internal longitudinal fins

Ceiling radiant cooling panels (RCPs), encapsulating smooth tubes, are the most commonly used terminals in radiant cooling systems. The main limitations of commercial RCPs include low cooling capacity and temperature uniformity. This study proposes a passive enhancement approach by internally finning the copper tubes. Using a validated computational model, the performance of finned RCPs is collaboratively assessed in terms of different performance criteria such as the cooling capacity, temperature uniformity, and hydraulic losses. Triangular, rectangular, and circular fin profiles have been studied for different numbers, aspect ratios, and occupied area fractions of the fins. The results indicate the possibility of boosting the cooling capacity and temperature uniformity by 4.64 and 45.2%, respectively, using 8 triangular fins with an area fraction of 0.3 and an aspect ratio of 2.5. The cooling rate can be enhanced by 27.1% using 12 rectangular fins with an area fraction of 0.3 and an aspect ratio of 2.0. Since various considered performance assessment metrics are in direct conflict, a combined weighted performance index is proposed for design selection. By assuming the cooling capacity, cooling rate, temperature uniformity, and pressure losses to be equally important, a balanced design (12 triangular fins with an area fraction of 0.2 and an aspect ratio of 2.0) can enhance the first two criteria by 1.54 and 17.7%, respectively, while increasing the temperature non-uniformity by 3.7% and the pressure losses by 3.4 folds. However, different weighting factors of the proposed index can be used based on the designer's priorities.

Heat transfer efficiency optimization of a multi-nozzle micro-channel heat sink utilizing response surface methodology

Optimum heat transfer in modern micro-channel heat sinks (MCHSs) plays a considerable role in ameliorating the efficiency and power of these devices. The response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the recently developed techniques to study and optimize the thermal and hydraulic behaviors of the MCHSs. In the current investigation, a multi-nozzle MCHS with circular fins on both sidewalls of the micro-channels was elected to analyze. The RSM method predicted the Nusselt number ( Nu ) of the MCHS and pressure drop (ΔP) of the coolant (the responses of the model). The diameter, the longitudinal pitch, and the transverse pitch of the circular fins were considered as the independent variables. These variables were changed in the ranges of 0.02–0.06 mm (diameter), 0.1–0.4 mm (longitudinal pitch), and 0.1–0.2 mm (transverse pitch). The impact of changing the mentioned variables on Nu and ΔP of the coolant to achieve the higher cooling capacity was studied. At first, Nu and ΔP values were calculated by the numerical procedure and then predicted by the RSM. Comparing the values derived by the numerical and the RSM models, it was observed that the values predicted by the RSM were close to the ones calculated by the numerical simulation. The RSM model with the coefficient of determination of 97.51% and 98.74% for Nu and ΔP could predict these responses accurately.

Investigation of a modified double slope solar still integrated with nanoparticle-mixed phase change materials: Energy, exergy, exergo-economic, environmental, and sustainability analyses

Despite being simpler, cheaper, and less energy-intensive than other desalination processes, solar stills have apparent shortcomings in terms of productivity. Such a limitation has been prompting the researchers to strive in upgrading this renewable-driven technology through innovative add-ons. With a similar goal, the present study looks into the combined effect of unique modifications of internal sidewall reflector (ISR), hollow circular fin (HCF), phase change material (PCM), and nanoparticle mixed PCM (nano-PCM) on the thermodynamic performance of double slope solar stills. One passive (conventional) and one active (modified) double slope stills are constructed to experimentally evaluate and compare selected energy, exergy, exergo-economic, environmental, and sustainability metrics. The results indicate that the cumulative action of ISR, HCF, and PCM (Case II) leads up to 51.8% augmented productivity compared to the conventional case (Case I) where there is an additional increase of 21.5% when PCM is mixed with nanoparticles (Case III). While both the modified cases experience sizeable improvements in energy and exergy efficiencies compared to the conventional one, nano-PCM, in particular, boosts these quantities by 20.1% and 25%, respectively. Furthermore, nano-PCM induces around 2% additional cost-saving per unit of water production while mitigating a maximum CO 2 emission of 3.65 ton. In addition to these assessments, the exergetic sustainability of the stills is discussed using vital indicators such as waste exergy ratio, improvement potential, sustainability index, etc. For the three experimental cases, the values of improvement potential, environmental effect factor, and sustainability index are attained within the ranges of 1374–1469 kWh/yr, 0.529–1.137, and 1.006–1.016, respectively.

Numerical Study of Photovoltaic Panel Thermal Efficiency Using Multi-Cooling Process

Renewable energy sources are becoming more and more popular, regarding the pollution and non-sustainability of common energy sources. Photovoltaic is the most direct way to convert solar radiation into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. This technology generates direct current (DC) electrical power from semiconductors when they are illuminated by photons. This paper presents a mathematical model in CFD that simulates the thermal presentation of a solar thermal photovoltaic panel equipped with circler, square and elliptic pin fin cooling module. The effect of cooling water velocity on photovoltaic panel average temperature and average cooling water temperature has been studied and the effect of cooling water velocity on photovoltaic panel average temperature and average cooling water temperature. The results show that velocity contours for water flows in circular, elliptic and square pin fin cooling module with inlet water velocities (0.0002, 0.0004 and 0.001 m/s). It is noticed that for square pin fin, the velocity between the pins is higher than the other types of pins, which leads to more circulation of water and more cooling.

A review on the modification of circular fin and tube heat exchangers through new innovative fin shapes

A review on the modification of circular fin and tube heat exchangers through new innovative fin shapes

Investigation of laminar forced convection using a different shape of a heat sink

Improving the thermal design of geometric Heat Sinks (HSs) reduces their size and weight and improves heat dissipation, hence enhancing the speed of electronic devices. In this numerical study, a novel thermal design of HSs is proposed by inserting various forms in order to obtain the optimum thermal design for this type of HSs. This study has two primary objectives: determining the influence of varying types of HSs while maintaining the volume of fins, and introducing new geometries such as circular fin and circular cut fin. The tests were conducted with a heat flux of 11.1 kW/m2 and a Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 2418.56 to 819.19. For forced convection, three-dimensional numerical simulations utilising the Navier–Stokes equations laminar model and energy equation are acquired using the commercially available COMSOL Multi-physics version 5.6a CFD software. The results indicate that. A comparison analysis of HSs with different geometries revealed that the circular-cut shape exhibited the highest thermal efficiency, as measured by the Nusselt number about 153 as well as the heat transfer coefficient and the minimum thermal resistance.

Intensification of hydrogen absorption process in metal hydride devices with novel corrugated fins: A validated numerical study

Novel corrugated fins were proposed and applied in metal hydride devices in this paper. To simulate the hydrogen absorption process, we first validated the numerical models based on the finite element method. Then we investigated the effect of device geometry and turbulent flow of cooling water on the absorption performance. The optimized device with 5 mm fin height, 2 mm fin length and 13 fins was obtained, and the absorption time for 0.8 wt% saturation level was reduced by 32% compared with the traditional device with circular fins. It is found that the turbulent flow of cooling water has a great effect on enhancing the hydrogenation rate, and critical Reynolds number is 11,860. The heat transfer resistance drops from 0.140 K/W to 0.023 K/W when Reynolds number increases from 1780 to 11,860. Furthermore, the optimal turbulence modeling strategy was analyzed in detail. The predictions derived from the L-VEL model with wall distance initialization are far more accurate than those of other turbulence models and have the lowest computational time of 2118 s. Our new device is easy to be manufactured and has great potential for various alloy loads as well.

Effect of splitter angles and orientations attached to pin fin on heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics in a jet impingement rectangular channel

Heat transfer improvement of heat sinks is very interesting in many applications including electronic devices cooling. In this study, the influence of rotational angle of splitters attached to pin fins for two cases of identical and opposite directions is investigated. Five angles including 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 are considered in the analysis conducted for the rectangular channel. Air as the heat transfer fluid at 302 K and 35,000 Reynolds number enters the channel. The temperature of the bottom of the channel is assumed to be constant. 18 rows of circular pin fins on which splitters are attached for enhancement of heat transfer are examined. In the numerical analysis, Nusselt number, turbulent kinetic energy, friction factor and pressure drop are analyzed parameters. The simulation of the models presented in the current study is endeavored using ANSYS Fluent software, which employs finite volume method. Results revealed that, for the identical-direction case, as the angle rises, the average Nusselt number, turbulent kinetic energy, friction factor and pressure drop increase, in a way that for the case of 90 degree, Nusselt number is 9 % and turbulent kinetic energy is 96 % higher than the base case of zero angle. Moreover, friction factor and pressure drop of the vertical-splitter case are 4.8 and 4.6 times more than those of the base case. It is also concluded that increasing angle from 0 to 45° for the opposite-direction case, Nusselt number diminishes. However, extra increase in the angle from 45 to 90 degree results in Nusselt number enhancement. Similar trend of variation is also reported for turbulent kinetic energy. Results also indicated that for the opposite-direction case, friction factor and pressure drop rise; for the case of 90 degree, friction factor and pressure drop increase 4.4 and 4.32 times, respectively.