Circuit Transmission Research Articles

Automatic Braking System using Ultrasonic wave

Abstract: An automatic Braking system is an intelligent mechatronic system includes an Ultrasonic wave emitter provided on the front portion of a car producing and emitting Ultrasonic waves. An Ultrasonic receiver is also placed on the front portion of the car operatively receiving a reflective Ultrasonic wave signal. The reflected wave (detected pulse) gives the distance between the obstacle and the vehicle. Then a microcontroller is used to control the speed of the vehicle based on the detection pulse information to push the brake pedal and apply brake to the car stupendously for safety purpose. Automotive vehicles are increasingly being equipped with collision avoidance and warning systems for predicting the potential collision with an external object, such as another vehicle or a pedestrian. Upon detecting a potential collision, such systems typically initiate an action to avoid the collision and/or provide a warning to the vehicle operator. The aim is to design and develop a control system based on an automatic, intelligent and electronically controlled automotive braking system for automobiles is called as “Sensor based Electromagnetic Braking System”. This Braking system consists of IR transmitter and receiver circuit and the vehicle. The IR sensor is used to detect the obstacle. There is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the control signal to the microcontroller, which in turn sends a signal to the motor to stop and also to the Electromagnet so as to stop the vehicle as programmed. This project facilitates electromagnetic braking system using solenoid. Here in fabrication module include a vehicle prototype frame associated with a dc motor and a electromagnet.

Effect of inductor types and shapes on the characteristics of an inorganic EL driven by wireless power transfer

A wireless power transfer (WPT) circuit was developed for an inorganic electro-luminescent (EL) device. When transmission and receiver circuits are both in resonant mode, low operating voltage of 30 V was enough to achieve the EL luminance as high as 180 cd m−2. As for the transmission and the receiver coils, different types and shapes are studied to clarify those effects on the EL luminance and transmission efficiency. Solenoid coils generally presented higher luminance than other types. Polygonal solenoid coils resulted in even higher luminance and transmission efficiency than circular solenoids. A spiral or a spider coil, in which air core area is much smaller than the solenoid coil, was found to be less sensitive to coil displacement. The difference in EL performances with the variation of coils suggests the possibility of further improvement the WPT system.

Robust Soil Water Potential Sensor to Optimize Irrigation in Agriculture.

Extreme weather phenomena are on the rise due to ongoing climate change. Therefore, the need for irrigation in agriculture will increase, although it is already the largest consumer of water, a valuable resource. Soil moisture sensors can help to use water efficiently and economically. For this reason, we have recently presented a novel soil moisture sensor with a high sensitivity and broad measuring range. This device does not measure the moisture in the soil but the water available to plants, i.e., the soil water potential (SWP). The sensor consists of two highly porous (>69%) ceramic discs with a broad pore size distribution (0.5 to 200 μm) and a new circuit board system using a transmission line within a time-domain transmission (TDT) circuit. This detects the change in the dielectric response of the ceramic discs with changing water uptake. To prove the concept, a large number of field tests were carried out and comparisons were made with commercial soil water potential sensors. The experiments confirm that the sensor signal is correlated to the soil water potential irrespective of soil composition and is thus suitable for the optimization of irrigation systems.

Hardware obfuscation of AES IP core using combinational hardware Trojan circuit for secure data transmission in IoT applications

SummaryIn semiconductor industry, reusability‐based System‐on‐Chip architecture using hardware intellectual property (IP) cores play a prominent role in Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications for secure data transmission. The advent of IoT makes it possible for physical things to transmit, process, compute, and receive data over internet. But, it also introduces in‐device communication security vulnerabilities. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) IP has been used to address security vulnerabilities in IoT. It is an efficient and high‐performance crypto algorithm used in IoT devices for secure and fast data encryption. However, due to rise of many attacks, the security of AES IP is also under threat. Hardware obfuscation is one such prominent countermeasure that mitigates hardware attacks such as tampering, reverse engineering, and malicious alteration. This article presents secure AES IP mechanism using the potential technique of obfuscation inspired by the concept of combinational hardware Trojan. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is resilient against reverse‐engineering, malicious alteration, Boolean satisfiability attack, and key‐sensitizing attacks. The confusion and diffusion features of obfuscated AES IP are higher in terms of Hamming distance, avalanche effect, and balance rate. The proposed technique is implemented in Basys‐3 FPGAs within 5% of power and area overhead while maintaining high throughput.

A 32Gb/s Time-Based PAM-4 Transceiver for High-Speed DRAM Interfaces With In-Situ Channel Loss and Bit-Error-Rate Monitors

A digital-intensive four-level pulse amplitude (PAM-4) transceiver featuring a 2-tap time-based decision feedback equalization (TB-DFE) circuit was demonstrated in a 65 nm GP CMOS process. A novel inverter-based differential voltage-to-time converter (DVTC) increases the linearity and dynamic range compared to a prior time-based DFE approach enabling reliable PAM-4 operation. The four-level signal comparison and DFE operation were performed entirely in the time domain using programmable delays and a phase detector (PD). Using an on-chip bit error rate (BER) monitor, we verified a BER less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−12</sup> while achieving an energy-efficiency of 0.97pJ/b at a 32Gb/s data rate. The transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) circuits occupy an area of 0.009 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

A method to improve multi-node power transmission efficiency of inductively coupled mooring cable.

The inductively coupled mooring cable is an important tool for monitoring the ocean hydrological data. The mooring cable is an open-loop structure that uses a section of seawater as the transmission medium. The power transmission efficiency of this structure is very low due to the large power loss of the seawater medium, and it is rarely studied. In this paper, a contactless power transmission circuit with seawater loss is analyzed, and the theoretical model of multi-node power transmission of the inductively coupled mooring system is established. In this model, the improvement of the output power and transmission efficiency is only related to the frequency selection and the properties of the magnetic core itself, such as the magnetic core material. Moreover, the optimal scheme is selected according to the output power requirements. The experimental results show that when the input current (Irms) is 2A, the output power of a single node is 12W, the total output power is 120W, and the total transmission efficiency reaches 50%.

A high-range reference voltage low-dropout regulation design for voltage-controlled oscillator circuit

The stability of VCO as a clock recovery module in high-speed transmission circuits cannot be ignored. The LDO circuit as its power module not only needs to ensure the stability of the VCO under high-speed working conditions, but also needs to satisfy the demand for changes in its supply voltage swing. To meet the above requirements, a high-range reference voltage LDO (Low-dropout Regulator) was designed under the 28nm process. The input of the error amplifier of the LDO adopts a rail-to-rail structure, the reference voltage can be changed in a larger range, and the output voltage can also fluctuate in the range of 0.3V-0.9V. After simulation, the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of this LDO is 1.53MHz, the line regulation at full load is 8.29mV/V, the internal noise of the circuit is low, the transient response time from on load to full load is 42ns, and the phase margin is close to 80deg.

Design and Implementation of MPPT based Solar Powered Wireless Battery Charger

The solar power derived is monitored using a microcontroller to operate the PV panel at maximum power point. The power transmission circuit is a wireless charging circuit employing magnetic resonance coupling, which offers higher efficiency even with non-coaxial alignment. Wireless charging also eliminates the need for tethered cords, allows mobility, and synchronous frequency enables the charging of co devices at the same time.

Bendable 190-GHz Transmitter on 20-μm Ultra-Thin SiGe BiCMOS

This research work presents the fabrication and characterization of ultra-thin fully integrated transmitter circuits. By moving bendable technology into the 190-GHz band, it is possible to implement complete transmitter systems or sensor nodes, including on-chip antennas, on a single chip without the need for surrounding circuits, thus increasing system performance and reducing cost. To fabricate such thin chips, a standard 700-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fully processed SiGe BiCMOS wafer was thinned to a thickness of only 20 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> making the silicon bendable. The transmitter, which consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator, a power amplifier, and an on-chip antenna, was characterized by comparing thinned and standard thickness samples. Therefore, a maximum relative deviation of the oscillator frequency tuning of less than 2&#x0025; was found. The oscillation frequency of the chip is measured in a bent state, resulting in a maximum relative deviation for bend radii of up to 4 mm of only 1&#x0025;. Considering a maximum output power deviation of 4.6 dB, the presented approach proves to be feasible for the design of flexible high-performance integrated systems. This enables novel applications in the field of medicine, wearable electronics, and the Internet of Things.

Leveraging frequency agility of an MIMO antenna cluster with a transmitter IC

AbstractThis paper presents the prototype demonstration where an integrated transmitter circuit drives a mobile handset terminal antenna in order to provide frequency tunability and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) operation across the 0.5–4.5 GHz frequency range. The transmitter implementation incorporates on-chip weighted signal generation, i.e. amplitude and phase scaling to provide sufficient MIMO performance in the low band (700–960 MHz) and in the high band (1.5–4.5 GHz). In the transmitter, two antenna elements are used for MIMO operation in the low band and another two in the high band. The transmitter integrated circuit (IC) is fabricated in a 28 nm bulk CMOS technology with an active on-chip area of 0.2 mm$^2$. A custom antenna measurement procedure is proposed here in order to support and verify active antenna measurements with transmitter IC. A measurement procedure for the transmitter system comprising the transmitter IC and four antenna clusters is developed and discussed in comparison with traditional passive antenna measurements. The measurement results demonstrate that the transmitter IC driving the antenna clusters provides total antenna efficiency of $-6.5$ dB to $-1.5$ dB, and envelope correlation coefficient below 0.4 across the designated frequency bands. The results indicate that the implemented transmitter IC successfully tunes frequency response of the antenna clusters, and enhances the MIMO operation of such mobile antennas.

Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Multimodal Tactile Sensor Based on Conductive Rubber Composites to Monitor Pressure and Temperature

Stretchable and flexible tactile sensors have been extensively investigated for a variety of applications due to their outstanding sensitivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility compared with conventional tactile sensors. However, implementing stretchable multimodal sensors with high performance is still a challenge. In this study, a stretchable multimodal tactile sensor based on conductive rubber composites was fabricated. Because of the pressure-sensitive and temperature-sensitive effects of the conductive rubber composites, the developed sensor can simultaneously measure pressure and temperature, and the sensor presented high sensitivity (0.01171 kPa−1 and 2.46–30.56%/°C) over a wide sensing range (0–110 kPa and 30–90 °C). The sensor also exhibited outstanding performance in terms of processability, stretchability, and repeatability. Furthermore, the fabricated stretchable multimodal tactile sensor did not require complex signal processing or a transmission circuit system. The strategy for stacking and layering conductive rubber composites of this work may supply a new idea for building multifunctional sensor-based electronics.

Resonant Inductive Coupling for Wireless Power Transmission

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is the method that transferring electrical energy from power source to electrical without any physical contact and it can be used to transfer power to electricity dependent systems or devices. In WPT, electromagnetic energy is produced to transmit the energy from power source (transmitter) to the load (receiver) via resonant inductive coupling. This article focuses on the design of a resonant inductive coupling using parallel-T topology in coupling WTR and combined of single transmitter with multiple receivers. In addition, principle of magnetic wave between the transmitter and receiver with related parameters is utilized to develop in WPT. A parallel-T topology that consists of T-matching network for secondary side is proposed as it is more suitable for weak coupling wireless power transfer applications. Besides that, three circuits are designed to show the resonant inductive coupling for WTP which including the circuit with and without matching network and the circuit of single transmitter with multiple receivers. The simulation of output voltage and output current are observed to relate the effects of frequency on the circuit. The graph of output voltage and power are plotted to show the pattern on effect of the frequencies to the resonant inductive coupling circuit.

Faulty node detection and recovery scheme for large‐scale wireless sensor network using hosted cuckoo optimization algorithm

SummaryLarge‐scale wireless sensor networks (LS‐WSNs) are used for collecting and monitoring the physical state of the environment. These networks are first sending information to the base station and then the recipient. LS‐WSNs consist of several components, such as battery, sensor, transmitter, receiver and microcontroller circuits. If any one of these hardware components does not work properly, then the entire system will become faulty condition, resulting reducing network life and accuracy. To overcome these hardware node faults, this manuscript proposes an effective deep reinforcement learning (DRL)‐adopted faulty node detection and recovery scheme (FND‐RS) integrated with the hosted cuckoo‐based optimal routing scheme for LS‐WSNs. Here, the DRL process is utilized for noticing and recovering the hardware node fault on sensor. The major objective of this system is ‘to enhance the network life with least energy consumption and also enhance the accuracy of Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks using hosted cuckoo optimization (HO‐COA) algorithms’. The simulation is done in MATLAB. The experimental results shows that the proposed method attains lower overhead 15.65%, energy loss 21.62%, average packet delivery ratio 13.13%, energy efficiency 23.25%, network lifetime 19.12%, throughput 13.5%, time complexity 19.35% and lower delay 17.55% when compared to the existing methods, like FND‐RS for LS‐WSN in distributed intermittent fault diagnosis algorithm (NDR‐WSN‐DISFD), FND‐RS for LS‐WSN in harmony search algorithm (FNDR‐WSN‐HAS), FND‐RS for LS‐WSN in t‐distribution‐based satin bowerbird optimization (FNDR‐WSN‐t‐DSBO), FND‐RS for LS‐WSN in optimal emperor penguin optimization (FNDR‐WSN‐OEPO) and FND‐RS for LS‐WSN in particle swarm optimization algorithm (FNDR‐WSN‐PSO) respectively.

Wireless Power and Drive Transfer for Piping Network

This article proposes and implements a brand-new wireless power and drive transfer (WPDT) system using wireless switches. A wireless piping network is conceived especially for pipeline transportations and in-pipe robots desiring wireless motor drive. Also, a multifrequency resonant network is newly explored to generate the variable-frequency-modulated magnetic fields where the wireless switches can extract the drive information directly. Differing from single-frequency T-circuits, this multifrequency network can offer different resonant frequencies which are not only coupling-independent but also large-scale load-independent. Importantly, it can realize both the power self-equalization and zero-phase-angle operation in transmitter and receiver circuits. To conduct the conceived WPDT, the magnetic resonant modulation is used to control the wireless switches automatically at the receiver side, thus flexibly enabling the bidirectional motions of dc motor and the variable-frequency speed control of ac induction motor. The experimental system efficiency can reach 83.5% based on a 200-W prototype at a 130-mm distance. Both theoretical analysis and hardware experimentation are given to verify the feasibility of proposed WPDT system for wireless piping networks.

Design and analysis of first mirror plasma cleaning electrical circuit for Edge Thomson scattering ITER diagnostics

The ITER Edge Thomson scattering system provides measurements of the electron temperature and density profiles at the periphery plasma of the ITER tokamak for physics studies and advanced plasma control. The front-end of the system contains a relatively large 23 cm × 25.8 cm metal first mirror (FM). Radio-frequency plasma is considered to remove contaminants from the FM. The new design approach for the power transmission circuit for plasma cleaning includes a pre-matching element next to the FM and a notch-filter. The FM is water-cooled and the water cooling pipe length is tuned as a notch filter for the driving frequency. The power dissipation in the circuit elements was analyzed in a series of simulations at frequencies 30, 40 and 50 MHz. New plasma impedance values used for the model were measured in argon and helium plasma at 1–10 Pa in a special mock-up of the front-end optics compartment. The results define inductance, capacitance and geometry of pre-matching elements and help to predict the performance of the plasma cleaning circuit.

D1 Receptor Mediated Dopaminergic Neurotransmission Facilitates Remote Memory of Contextual Fear Conditioning.

Dopaminergic neurotransmission via dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) is considered to play an important role not only in reward-based learning but also in aversive learning. The contextual and auditory cued fear conditioning tests involve the processing of classical fear conditioning and evaluates aversive learning memory. It is possible to evaluate aversive learning memory in two different types of neural transmission circuits. In addition, when evaluating the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission via D1R, to avoid the effects in D1R-mediated neural circuitry alterations during development, it is important to examine using mice who D1R expression in the mature stage is suppressed. Herein, we investigated the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission via D1Rs in aversive memory formation in contextual and auditory cued fear conditioning tests using D1R knockdown (KD) mice, in which the expression of D1Rs could be conditionally and reversibly controlled with doxycycline (Dox) treatment. For aversive memory, we examined memory formation using recent memory 1 day after conditioning, and remote memory 4 weeks after conditioning. Furthermore, immunostaining of the brain tissues of D1RKD mice was performed after aversive footshock stimulation to investigate the distribution of activated c-Fos, an immediate-early gene, in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus), striatum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex during aversive memory formation. After aversive footshock stimulation, immunoblotting was performed using hippocampal, striatal, and amygdalar samples from D1RKD mice to investigate the increase in the amount of c-Fos and phosphorylated SNAP-25 at Ser187 residue. When D1R expression was suppressed using Dox, behavioral experiments revealed impaired contextual fear learning in remote aversion memory following footshock stimulation. Furthermore, expression analysis showed a slight increase in the post-stimulation amount of c-Fos in the hippocampus and striatum, and a significant increase in the amount of phosphorylated SNAP-25 in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex before and after stimulation. These findings indicate that deficiency in D1R-mediated dopaminergic neurotransmission is an important factor in impairing contextual fear memory formation for remote memory.

A New Edge Computing Architecture for IoT and Multimedia Data Management

The Internet of Things and multimedia devices generate a tremendous amount of data. The transfer of this data to the cloud is a challenging problem because of the congestion at the network level, and therefore processing time could be too long when we use a pure cloud computing strategy. On the other hand, new applications requiring the processing of large amounts of data in real time have gradually emerged, such as virtual reality and augmented reality. These new applications have gradually won over users and developed a demand for near real-time interaction of their applications, which has completely called into question the way we process and store data. To address these two problems of congestion and computing time, edge architecture has emerged with the goal of processing data as close as possible to users, and to ensure privacy protection and responsiveness in real-time. With the continuous increase in computing power, amounts of memory and data storage at the level of smartphone and connected objects, it is now possible to process data as close as possible to sensors or directly on users devices. The coupling of these two types of processing as close as possible to the data and to the user opens up new perspectives in terms of services. In this paper, we present a new distributed edge architecture aiming to process and store Internet of Things and multimedia data close to the data producer, offering fast response time (closer to real time) in order to meet the demands of modern applications. To do this, the processing at the level of the producers of data collaborate with the processing ready for the users, establishing a new paradigm of short supply circuit for data transmission inspired of short supply chains in agriculture. The removing of unnecessary intermediaries between the producer and the consumer of the data improves efficiency. We named this new paradigm the Short Supply Circuit Internet of Things (SSCIoT).

Monolithic Integrated Schottky Diode Multiplier and Rectenna for Wireless Communication Link in the W Band

A W band (75 – 110 GHz) communication link using monolithic integrated single-diode circuits is proposed. The circuits are based on GaAs Schottky diodes with cutoff frequencies around 1.5 THz integrated with on chip folded slot antennas and near-field 3D printed dielectric lenses. The total chip area is 1.4 × 3.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The receiver module shows a peak isotropic voltage sensitivity of 12260 mV/mW at 94 GHz, with a noise equivalent power of 12 pW/√ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Hz</i> . These results include the slot antenna and a 3 mm radius 3D printed lens. The transmitter acts as a free-space W band signal generator using the non-linear properties of the diode for frequency multiplication. Multiplication orders up to ×15 are tested for input powers of 10 mW. The generated power is measured by a horn antenna placed at a distance of 100 mm from the transmitter and a 2D map for the frequency range 90 – 100 GHz and multiplication orders between ×2…×15 is presented. The two circuits are used to demonstrate W band communication links using 1 kHz amplitude modulated input signals with carriers at 6 GHz, X band and in the Ku band. Voltages of hundreds of mV are detected for a distance of 150 mm between transmitter and receiver circuits and tens of mV at 600 mm. The proposed approach can be used as a low cost and low complexity alternative for point-to-point high-speed wireless communications.

Mixed-Mode Transceivers: A brief tutorial

This brief tutorial introduces the motivations and concept of mixed-signal RF transceivers. The basics of mixed-signal transmitter (TX) circuits and receiver (RX) circuits are described, and several architectural choices for both are presented. Finally, conclusions and future work in mixed-signal transceivers are provided.

ASM-ROBOT: A Cyber-Physical Home Automation Controller with Memristive Reconfigurable State Machine

In the next 5 to 10 years, digital Artificial Intelligence with Machine Circuit Learning Algorithms (MCLA) will become the mainstream in complex automated robots. Its power concerns, ethical perspectives, including the issues of digital sensing, actuation, mobility, efficient process-computation, and wireless communication will require advanced neuromorphic process variable controls. Existing home automated robots lack memristic associative memory. This work presents Cyber-Physical Home Automation System (CPHAS) using Memristive Reconfigurable Algorithmic State Machine (MRASM) chart. A process control architecture that supports Concurrent Wireless Data Streams and Power-Transfer (CWDSPT) is developed. Unlike legacy systems with power-splitting (PS) and time-switching (TS) controls, the MRASM-ROBOT explores granular wireless signal controls through unmodulated high-power continuous wave (CW). This transmits infinite process variables using Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code (OSTBC) for interference reduction. The CWDSPT transmitter and receiver circuit design for signal processing are implemented with complexity noise-error reduction during telemetry data decoding. Received signals are error-buffered while gathering control variables' status. Transceiver Memristive neuromorphic circuits are introduced for computational acceleration in the design. Hardware circuit design is tested for system reliability considering the derived schematic models for all process variables. Under small range space diversity, the system demonstrated significant memory stabilization at the synchronous iteration of the synaptic circuitry.