Circuit Code Research Articles

3D beam-envelope approach for an asymmetric beam in a high intensity linac with a solenoid channel

Presented here is a theory model based on the beam-envelope approach to determine the global behavior of a charged beam propagating through a high intensity linac with a solenoid channel, namely, the orbital evolution of the root-mean-square beam size in the transverse and longitudinal direction. The model is applied to the Gaussian particle distribution, where the motion of an individual particle is governed by linear focusing/defocusing forces in the solenoid channel and RF fields, except for space-charge forces. In this model, highly nonlinear effects that originated from space-charge forces disappear by averaging over the harmonic motions such as the betatron motion and phase motion in the moving direction and the Gaussian distribution. All particles making up a 3D Gaussian bunch obey the same linear equations of motion where all information of nonlinearity in the space-charge forces and the particle distribution are carried in. The theory is validated using Gaussian macro-particle simulation and one of the widely used photonic integrated circuit codes, TraceWin. As an example, the model is applied to the case of an international fusion materials irradiation facility superconducting linac with solenoid guiding and half wave RF acceleration. The results are compared with results obtained by this model and other two approaches.

Multifunctional intelligent line-following robot

This paper introduces an intelligent robot with the functions of automatic line patrol, positioning and parking, real-time ranging, color recognition and object block transmission. The H bridge drive motor is controlled by Arduino as MCU, so that the intelligent car can realize the functions of forward, backward and steering. The circuit test, hardware debugging, PCB drawing, code improvement and overall structure design in the design process are described in the article. The conclusion is that the robot can realize normal line patrol, parking, ranging, color recognition and block delivery.

Minimizing Subtle Errors in Computing Information of TCAM by Partial “N” Search Key Implementation

The primary memory of the computer gets corrupted due to microparticles that possess a great deal of energy. This causes transient kind of errors and it is called subtle errors. High corruption of data in computer systems has been occurred because of these errors. Major sources of subtle errors include ionic particles, huge radiations say example alpha, beta and gamma rays, protons, neutrons etc., When TCAM configuration changes from 120 nm to 20 nm technology, there was a drastic increase in subtle errors more than multiples of eight. Devices operated in low power regions are more prone to subtle errors. Memory storage devices like secondary memory element called cache, registers are more feasible to subtle errors. 1 Behavior of subtle errors never damage circuit configuration but changes the information content leading to erroneous data. The proposed architecture is called N-SEARCH KEY TCAM, where in this system, it has been predicted that occurrence of subtle errors are very small. This innovative method of detecting and correcting both single and burst type of subtle errors has many modules like TCAM, Multiplexer, control circuit and Error correction code frame. Moreover, the proposed architecture N-SEARCH KEY ternary memory uses a special LUT for matching process. A key named Search key was generated which contains don’t care bits for matching subtle errors. Unlike regular TCAM, this design uses sequential LUT which enhances matching time of order [Formula: see text](wnlog2[Formula: see text]. Initially, proposed scheme have been used to find single bit subtle errors by changing forbearance factor ([Formula: see text] and chances of occurrence of error among TCAM information. The design was enhanced to detect multiple subtle errors and rectified the same. If match not occurs with predetermined information, then IP filter forbids the unauthorized users from using global network resources, thus providing better information security. By the proposed method, number of improper segregation ratio decreases with increase in Forbearance ratio parameter and time required to detect and correct the same is also considerably reduced. By controlling the forbearance factor [Formula: see text], the best duration schemes can be chosen. Through the given architecture, average time consumption for error checking of subtle errors would range from 0.6 to 0.7 [Formula: see text]s.

Development and validation of the MAVR-TA code for analyzing the release and transport of fission products during a severe accident at a VVER NPP. Part 2 – Modelling of the fission products transport in the primary circuit and inside the containment

This paper provides information on the models of the MAVR-TA code, associated with modeling of the fission products transport in the primary circuit and inside the containment. The paper provides information on the system of the equations which is solved to describe the fission products transport in the primary circuit and inside the containment. The velocity equations for 6 deposition processes (sedimentation, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Brownian diffusion, turbulent diffusion and turbulent impaction) and 4 agglomeration processes (Brownian agglomeration, gravitational agglomeration, turbulent shear and inertial agglomerations) are provided. This paper also provides information about MAVR-TA code validation for MARVIKEN ATT-2b experiment and FALCON ISP-1 and ISP-2 experiments for the primary circuit and MAVR-TA code validation for PHEBUS-FP and VANAM-M3 experiments for the containment.

Construction Features of Devices for Charging Electric Vehicles

The electric vehicle (EV) market is actively developing by leading car manufacturers around the world. The main efforts of developers are aimed at creating an efficient energy storage device - a rechargeable battery, because its parameters largely characterize the EV: power reserve and acceleration, engine power and others. But for the comfortable existence of EV in urban conditions requires a certain infrastructure, which includes charging stations, containing all the necessary equipment to charge the battery. In the results use many different terms and definitions that often describe the same phenomenon. This paper substantiates the need for systematization and analysis of equipment for charging electric vehicles. The methods of charging electric cars are considered in the work, the information on the ways of charging EV is arranged, parallels between different standards are made. Chargers for electric vehicles can be classified as follows: AC charging and DC charging. Both methods of EV charging are regulated by different standards in different countries. The US and Japan use the SAE J1772 standard, it covers both types of charging methods mentioned above. Its European adaptation is IEC 61851. The standard describes the power level of charging stations and types of EV sockets. The charging mode describes the safety communication protocol between the electric vehicle and the charging station. To establish a serial connection between the electric vehicle and the EVSE, there is a function "PILOT", which refers to the protocol IEC 61851, provides the necessary functions related to the communication of EV and EVSE. The connection detection sequence is performed automatically when the EVSE power control cable is physically connected to the EV. Of the many variants of controlled AC chargers, according to the authors, the most promising is the option based on an open project. The advantages are open data on the applied circuit solutions and code, as well as low cost compared to industrial designs, the availability of a user-friendly interface, the ability to create your own mobile application and connect a payment system. The disadvantage of the IEC 61851 protocol is the limited exchange of EVSE data with EV. Because only data on initialization, process and charge stop is transmitted via the exchange channel. The charging station cannot estimate the type of electric car, its characteristics, capacity and battery condition, maximum charging speed, etc. Implementing the above could be useful for creating things like load balancing and the potential for a possible return of electricity to the grid.

On the asymptotic order of circuit codes

We prove that the maximum length of an n-dimensional circuit code of spread k equals 2n−Θ(log2n) as n→∞, with the implied constant depending only on k.

MeteoMex: open infrastructure for networked environmental monitoring and agriculture 4.0.

Air, water, and soil are essential for terrestrial life, but pollution, overexploitation, and climate change jeopardize the availability of these primary resources. Thus, assuring human health and food production requires efficient strategies and technologies for environmental protection. Knowing key parameters such as soil moisture, air, and water quality is essential for smart farming and urban development. The MeteoMex project aims to build simple hardware kits and their integration into current Internet-of-Things (IoT) platforms. This paper shows the use of low-end Wemos D1 mini boards to connect environmental sensors to the open-source platform ThingsBoard. Two printed circuit boards (PCB) were designed for mounting components. Analog, digital and I2C sensors are supported. The Wemos ESP8266 microchip provides WiFi capability and can be programed with the Arduino IDE. Application examples for the MeteoMex aeria and terra kits demonstrate their functionality for air quality, soil, and climate monitoring. Further, a prototype for monitoring wastewater treatment is shown, which exemplifies the capabilities of the Wemos board for signal processing. The data are stored in a PostgreSQL database, which enables data mining. The MeteoMex IoT system is highly scalable and of low cost, which makes it suitable for deployment in agriculture 4.0, industries, and public areas. Circuit drawings, PCB layouts, and code examples are free to download from https://github.com/robert-winkler/MeteoMex.

Cross-Layer Reliability, Energy Efficiency, and Performance Optimization of Near-Threshold Data Paths

Modern electronic devices are an indispensable part of our everyday life. A major enabler for such integration is the exponential increase of the computation capabilities as well as the drastic improvement in the energy efficiency over the last 50 years, commonly known as Moore’s law. In this regard, the demand for energy-efficient digital circuits, especially for application domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), has faced an enormous growth. Since the power consumption of a circuit highly depends on the supply voltage, aggressive supply voltage scaling to the near-threshold voltage region, also known as Near-Threshold Computing (NTC), is an effective way of increasing the energy efficiency of a circuit by an order of magnitude. However, NTC comes with specific challenges with respect to performance and reliability, which mandates new sets of design techniques to fully harness its potential. While techniques merely focused at one abstraction level, in particular circuit-level design, can have limited benefits, cross-layer approaches result in far better optimizations. This paper presents instruction multi-cycling and functional unit partitioning methods to improve energy efficiency and resiliency of functional units. The proposed methods significantly improve the circuit timing, and at the same time considerably limit leakage energy, by employing a combination of cross-layer techniques based on circuit redesign and code replacement techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed methods improve performance and energy efficiency of an Arithmetic Logic Unit by 19% and 43%, respectively. Furthermore, the improved performance of the optimized circuits can be traded to improving the reliability.

A digital indicator system with 7-segment display

This paper presents the design and implementation of a digital system that uses a 7-segment display to indicate the number of drug tablets in a tablet-bottling assembly line. As well as display the number of tablets in a bottle (from 0 – 9), the display can also indicate the name of the vitamin tablet being assembled (Vitamin A, b, C, d, E). This work presents the digital implementation comprising the logic expression, logic circuit and VHDL code for the Vitamin type in the bottle. A digital implementation to display the number of Vitamins in the tablet bottle as well as the Vitamin type with a BBC microbit microcontroller is presented. The application of this work can be extended to give a visual indication of any industrial application that requires indication of the current production stage/phase.

The maximum length of circuit codes with long bit runs and a new characterization theorem

We study circuit codes with long bit runs (sequences of distinct transitions) and derive a formula for the maximum length for an infinite class of symmetric circuit codes with long bit runs. This formula also results in an improved lower bound on the maximum length for an infinite class of circuit codes without restrictions on symmetry or bit run length. We also present a new characterization of circuit codes of spread k based on a theorem of Deimer.

On the design of magnetically insulated transmission lines for z-pinch loads

Many papers have been published on the theory of magnetic insulation and the use of Zflow analysis of magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs). We describe herein a novel design process using the circuit code SCREAMER for a real-world MITL for z-pinch loads based on the Zflow model of magnetic insulation. In particular, we design a 15-TW, 10-MA, 100-ns double-disk transmission line using only circuit modeling tools and Zflow analysis of the MITL. Critical issues such as current loss to the anode during the setup of magnetic insulation and the transition from a non-emitting vacuum power feed to an MITL play a large role in the MITL design. This very rapid design process allows us for the first time to explore innovative MITL designs such as variable-impedance MITLs that provide a significantly lower total inductance and improved energy delivery to the load. The tedious process of modeling the final MITL design with highly resolved 2D and 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell codes occurs as a validation step, not as part of the design process.

Countermeasures for Dysregulation of the Immune System of Astronauts During Prolonged Space Flights

NASA/National Space Gant College/Oklahoma Space Grant Consortia /Langston University/ Langston University NASA Advanced Research in Biology Center (LUNAR-BC)/ Langston University (STEM) Science Technology Engineering and Math Langston University STEM Team Langston University STEM team technicians are building a real sounding rocket/biology experiment payload; they will integrate and launch it on a two-stage Terrier-Orion rocket into outer space, and will design and manufacture a clinostat (rotating microgravity machine) and use it as a ground biology comparison experiment. Payload Control Sensor System Project Technician Leaders: Kameron Gibson, CADD. Project Technicians Lily Amber Martin, Bio. Brendon Wilkinson, Elec. Raechel Martin, CADD. Nicholas Grace, CS Moin Muhammad Khalil, Math Geiger Counter 8 GB SD Card Memory, 0-15 PSI Pressure Sensor, and Temperature Sensor, 3-Axis Gyroscope, 3-Axis Accelerometer in Low and Medium Range, 1-Axis Accelerometer in High Range, Humidity Sensor, and shield with all sub system printed circuit boards, Arduino, Code, and Calibration. Plate, Mechanical, Canister, Electrical, and Rocket Integration Payload Biology Experiment Effects of microgravity on the immune system. Human immune cells will be subjected to microgravity environment for six minutes. Payload Biology Experiment Integration (RockSat-C) Ground Biology Comparison Experiment (Clinostat) Project Technician Leaders: Celicia Kinlow, CADD Project Technicians Jordan McClellan, Elec. Micaiah, Tripplett, CADD. Rosalba Z. White, Bio Moin Muhammad Khalil, Math Researchers will simulate microgravity by using a clinostat (rotating microgravity machine) that will keep a constant speed. The clinostat will hold a biological experiment inside a vial, placed at the center of the rings which are suspended in the middle of a media growth liquid and will be spinning on 3-axis points at a particular RPM to negate the effects of gravitational pull. STEM Technicians will design and manufacture the Clinostat for the experiment.

Revisiting the 7/23 train accident using computer reconstruction simulation for causation and prevention analysis

Accident reconstruction by means of computer simulation facilitates the analysis of the causes of accidents and deriving suggestions for preventing an accident. A train movement simulation model based on cellular automata is developed in order to reconstruct the train collision process. An event-driven accident reconstruction procedure is proposed to describe the aberrant train movement processes. The selection of accelerations and decelerations is based on the statistically average tractive, resistive, and braking forces related to train movement speeds. The reconstruction results regarding the collision accident between multiple-unit trains D3115 and D301 on July 23, 2011 in China (the 7/23 accident for short) demonstrate that the proposed reconstruction methodology can achieve remarkable accuracy. The 7/23 accident reconstruction reveals that train D301 ran according to illogical track circuit code signals, indicating the disappearance of train D3115 running ahead, which is consistent with the official report. It is suggested that online analysis of train movement situations is conducive to quantitatively justifying train operation mechanisms and safety. A further finding is that the marginal emergency braking positions for preventing such an accident are only located beyond approximately 0.555 km. The lesson drawn from this accident reconstruction is that advanced automatic train control cannot paralyze the driver’s alertness, particularly in an environment of atrocious weather, which often induces failure of the train control equipment and endangers the safety of train operations.

Influence of multipactor discharge on field-buildup process in radio-frequency plate cavity

In this paper, the hybrid physical model is established based on the equivalent circuit for describing dynamic radio-frequency (RF) field buildup and the particle-in-cell (PIC) method for describing two-sided multipactor discharge in plate cavity. By using our built 1D3V-PIC code for multipactor discharge and fully equivalent circuit code for RF field buildup, the influence of multipactor discharge on the dynamic process of RF field buildup is numerically investigated and analyzed in detail under the condition of cavity with different Q-values. The numerical results could be concluded as follows. Under the condition of no multipactor discharge in dynamic process of RF field buildup, the higher the Q-value, the longer the buildup-time is. The input energy is equal to the sum of stored energy and consumed energy in cavity, the speed of energy storing is higher than the speed of energy consuming at the beginning stage of RF field buildup and then the speed of energy storing becomes lower than the speed of energy consuming. When the process of RF field buildup is finished, the average power of input is equal to the average power of consumed power in cavity. Under the condition of multipactor discharge loading in dynamic process of RF field buildup, the higher the Q-value, the later the start-time is and the longer the interaction time-interval of multipactor discharge is. The bigger the area of secondary electron emission, the higher the peak-value of secondary electron current is. The failure of RF field-buildup is caused by the continuous loading of multipactor discharge. The higher the Q-value or the bigger the area of secondary electron emission, the lower the probability of RF field buildup success is. The simulated results could partly provide a reference for engineering design.

Register Embedded Self Immunity using Reversible Logic Gates

Now days due to Continuous shrinkage in number of transistors on chip, soft errors also increases. Soft errors are very annoying because they are an energetic particle which propagates in entire system causing transient faults. This in turn reduces the Reliability of register files. In this paper Self-Immunity Technique is introduced, which improves register file Reliability with respect to soft errors. In this paper difficulty to enhance the register file integrity against soft errors based on the observation. In this paper, Reversible Logic Gates (RLG) is used instead of Logic Gates to design the circuit and Error Correcting Code (ECC) is incorporated within the circuit to avoid soft errors. Our Experiments demonstrate that our proposed technique reduced Power consumption by 30.51%, Delay in time reduced by 12.6% and Temperature decreased by 0.1%.

Developmental metaplasticity in neural circuit codes of firing and structure

Firing-rate dynamics have been hypothesized to mediate inter-neural information transfer in the brain. While the Hebbian paradigm, relating learning and memory to firing activity, has put synaptic efficacy variation at the center of cortical plasticity, we suggest that the external expression of plasticity by changes in the firing-rate dynamics represents a more general notion of plasticity. Hypothesizing that time constants of plasticity and firing dynamics increase with age, and employing the filtering property of the neuron, we obtain the elementary code of global attractors associated with the firing-rate dynamics in each developmental stage. We define a neural circuit connectivity code as an indivisible set of circuit structures generated by membrane and synapse activation and silencing. Synchronous firing patterns under parameter uniformity, and asynchronous circuit firing are shown to be driven, respectively, by membrane and synapse silencing and reactivation, and maintained by the neuronal filtering property. Analytic, graphical and simulation representation of the discrete iteration maps and of the global attractor codes of neural firing rate are found to be consistent with previous empirical neurobiological findings, which have lacked, however, a specific correspondence between firing modes, time constants, circuit connectivity and cortical developmental stages.

Modular Timing Constraints for Delay-Insensitive Systems

This paper introduces ARCtimer, a framework for modeling, generating, verifying, and enforcing timing constraints for individual self-timed handshake components. The constraints guarantee that the component’s gate-level circuit implementation obeys the component’s handshake protocol specification. Because the handshake protocols are delayinsensitive, self-timed systems built using ARCtimer-verified components are also delay-insensitive. By carefully considering time locally, we can ignore time globally. ARCtimer comes early in the design process as part of building a library of verified components for later system use. The library also stores static timing analysis (STA) code to validate and enforce the component’s constraints in any self-timed system built using the library. The library descriptions of a handshake component’s circuit, protocol, timing constraints, and STA code are robust to circuit modifications applied later in the design process by technology mapping or layout tools. In addition to presenting new work and discussing related work, this paper identifies critical choices and explains what modular timing verification entails and how it works.

Implementation of High Performance Electronic Circuits for Zero Suppression and Encoding of Digital Signals

This paper presents a design of a data processing circuit for receiving digital signals from front end-electronic board chips of a specific nuclear detector, encoding and triggering them via specific optical links operating at a specific frequency. Such processed signals are then fed to a data acquisition system (DAQ) for analysis. Very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) algorithms and codes were created to implement this design using field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices. The obtained data were simulated using international standard simulators.

Full circuit calculation for electromagnetic pulse transmission in a high current facility

We describe herein for the first time a full circuit model for electromagnetic pulse transmission in the Primary Test Stand (PTS)---the first TW class pulsed power driver in China. The PTS is designed to generate 8--10 MA current into a $z$-pinch load in nearly 90 ns rise time for inertial confinement fusion and other high energy density physics research. The PTS facility has four conical magnetic insulation transmission lines, in which electron current loss exists during the establishment of magnetic insulation. At the same time, equivalent resistance of switches and equivalent inductance of pinch changes with time. However, none of these models are included in a commercially developed circuit code so far. Therefore, in order to characterize the electromagnetic transmission process in the PTS, a full circuit model, in which switch resistance, magnetic insulation transmission line current loss and a time-dependent load can be taken into account, was developed. Circuit topology and an equivalent circuit model of the facility were introduced. Pulse transmission calculation of shot 0057 was demonstrated with the corresponding code FAST (full-circuit analysis and simulation tool) by setting controllable parameters the same as in the experiment. Preliminary full circuit simulation results for electromagnetic pulse transmission to the load are presented. Although divergences exist between calculated and experimentally obtained waveforms before the vacuum section, consistency with load current is satisfactory, especially at the rising edge.

On the maximum length of coil-in-the-box codes in dimension 8

The coil-in-the-box problem asks for a simple chordless cycle of maximum length in the n-cube. Such cycles are also known as n-dimensional spread 2 circuit codes, or n-coils. This problem has been solved earlier for n≤7. An approach based on canonical augmentation is here used to solve the problem for n=8 and show that the maximum length of a chordless cycle in the 8-cube is 96. Several new 8-coils of length 96 are presented.