Circuit Breaker Research Articles

Mechanical State Fault Diagnosis Method of High Voltage Circuit Breaker Based on ICEEMDAN-Hilbert Marginal Spectral Energy Entropy

Mechanical State Fault Diagnosis Method of High Voltage Circuit Breaker Based on ICEEMDAN-Hilbert Marginal Spectral Energy Entropy

Method of mechanical state diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers based on SSA-VMD and PSO-SVM

Method of mechanical state diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers based on SSA-VMD and PSO-SVM

Analysis of different test techniques of DC circuit breaker

Abstract Amidst the escalating demand for energy and the proliferation of renewable energy sources, direct current (DC) systems have garnered increasing interest. As pivotal for the safety and reliability of DC systems, testing DC circuit breakers is a critical step to evaluate their performance and dependability. This study focuses on the breaking test method for medium and high-voltage DC circuit breakers. It compares and evaluates the current waveform, recovery voltage, and energy dissipation across various test circuit methodologies during the breaking process of DC circuit breakers and assesses the suitability of test methods across different voltage levels.

Simulation of auto-expansion high voltage SF6 circuit breaker breaking process considering valve motion

Simulation of auto-expansion high voltage SF6 circuit breaker breaking process considering valve motion

Elastic circuit de-constructor: a pattern to enhance resiliency in microservices

Cloud-based workloads have proliferated with the deep penetration of the internet. Microservices based handling of high volume transactions and data have become extremely popular owing to their scalability and elasticity. The major challenge that cloud-based microservice patterns face is predicting dynamic load and failure patterns, which affect resiliency and uptime. Existing Circuit breaker patterns are biased toward denying incoming requests to maintain acceptable latency values, at the cost of availability. This paper proposes the Elastic Circuit De-Constructor (ECD) pattern to address these gaps. The proposed ECD pattern addresses this challenge by dynamically adapting to changing workloads and adjusting circuit-breaking thresholds based on real-time performance metrics. The proposed ECD pattern introduces a novel ‘De-constructed’ state, that allows the ECD to identify alternate paths pre-defined by the application, ensuring user requests continue to be routed to the microservice. By leveraging ‘Availability’, ‘Latency’ and ‘Error rate’ as performance metrics, the ECD pattern is able to balance the fault tolerance and resiliency imperatives in the cloud-based microservices environment. The performance of the proposed ECD pattern has been verified against both no Circuit Breaker and a default Circuit Breaker setting.

Cross-domain zero-shot learning for enhanced fault diagnosis in high-voltage circuit breakers

Ensuring the stability of high-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) is crucial for maintaining an uninterrupted supply of electricity. Existing fault diagnosis methods typically rely on extensive labeled datasets, which are challenging to obtain due to the unique operational contexts and complex mechanical structures of HVCBs. Additionally, these methods often cater to specific HVCB models and lack generalizability across different types, limiting their practical applicability. To address these challenges, we propose a novel cross-domain zero-shot learning (CDZSL) approach specifically designed for HVCB fault diagnosis. This approach incorporates an adaptive weighted fusion strategy that combines vibration and current signals. To bypass the constraints of manual fault semantics, we develop an automatic semantic construction method. Furthermore, a multi-channel residual convolutional neural network is engineered to distill deep, low-level features, ensuring robust cross-domain diagnostic capabilities. Our model is further enhanced with a local subspace embedding technique that effectively aligns semantic features within the embedding space. Comprehensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of our CDZSL approach in diagnosing faults across various HVCB types.

Study of the Management of the Electrical Energy Production and Distribution System Within the National School of Teachers of Mamou, Guinea

With the energy transition, marked essentially by the mass integration of energy production based on renewable resources, the missions and challenges of electrical energy distribution networks are evolving. This study is part of this dynamic, its objective is the study of the management of the production and distribution system of electrical energy within the National School of Teachers of Mamou. It emerges from this study that the supply of electrical energy to the National School of Teachers of Mamou is ensured by a hybrid system of three power sources: photovoltaic solar fields, Generator Group and Electricity of Guinea. The current electrical energy requirements of the Mamou NST are 40 kW. The total power of the installed photovoltaic solar fields is 70 kWp; the Generator used has a power of 10 kVA; the site’s Electricity of Guinea network is made up of transformers, cabin substations and protective equipment. The electricity distribution network is characterized by: Four (4) 250 A circuit breakers; a 32 A circuit breaker for the departure of lamps, sockets and fans; a 10 A circuit breaker for the lamps; a 10 A circuit breaker for the fans; a 16 A circuit breaker for the sockets and an 800 A mechanical inverter. The study shows that the power of photovoltaic solar fields is largely sufficient to cover the current electrical energy needs of the National School of Teachers of Mamou.

A novel zero-shot learning approach for cross-domain fault diagnosis in high-voltage circuit breakers

High-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) are crucial for power system reliability, yet diagnosing their mechanical failures is a significant challenge due to their complex design and unique operating conditions, especially when facing new, unseen fault types. To address this challenge, we propose a novel zero-shot HVCB fault diagnosis method, named X-SAM, leveraging the Xception network and self-attention mechanism (SAM). X-SAM aims to identify new, unseen fault classes solely using known class fault samples during the training phase. X-SAM innovatively combines adaptive feature extraction from multi-source signals and a novel attribute learning system that maps these features to a universal set of fault attributes. This enables the diagnosis of new fault types by analyzing the similarity between predicted attribute vectors and a predefined attribute matrix. Demonstrated through zero-shot diagnosis tasks on multiple HVCBs, X-SAM not only successfully identifies unseen faults using limited data but also paves the way for cross-domain applications, offering a significant advancement in HVCB and electrical equipment fault diagnosis.

Integrated Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Breakdown Voltage Characteristics Across Electrode Configurations in SF6 Circuit Breakers

Integrated Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Breakdown Voltage Characteristics Across Electrode Configurations in SF6 Circuit Breakers

Conceptional design for a universal HVDC-HVAC vacuum-interrupter-based circuit breaker

Modern power systems high voltage transmission systems either HVDC or HVAC has mandated the presence of two types of circuit breakers (CB), HVAC-CB and HVDC-CB. That required two different production lines, higher costs and more complicated manufacturing process. A solution is proposed in this paper which is a concept design for a universal HVCB (UHVCB) that is applicable to both HVDC and HVAC system. Such a concept would allow a faster, easier production and more economical unit cost for CBs that would benefit the entire industry from manufacturers to utilities. The design of HVDC-CB was used as the foundation the proposed UHVCB such that L–C branches are used. The UHVCB was tested in both HVAC and HVDC transmission systems. The results showed the reliable performance of UHVCB in both systems. The recorded transient recovery voltage (TRV) was reduced from 750 to 430 kV when UHVCB was used instead of conventional HVCB. The testing included both technical and economic aspects. The performance of the UHVCB was tested by varying the parameters for L–C shunt branches in both systems. That included varying the value of L in range 0.3–1 mH and 10–30 µF for C. The most important conclusion from this paper that a UHVCB that is applicable in HVDC and HVAC systems is achievable and this paper is only an initial step in achieving this goal.

Overview of topology research on hybrid direct current circuit breakers

Overview of topology research on hybrid direct current circuit breakers

Mechanical fault diagnosis of high voltage circuit breaker using multimodal data fusion.

A high voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) plays a crucial role in current smart power system. However, the current research on HVCB mainly focuses on the convenience and efficiency of mechanical structures, ignoring the aspect of their fault diagnosis. It is very important to ensure the circuit breaker conducts in a normal state. According to real statistics when HVCB works, most defects and faults in high voltage circuit breakers is caused by mechanical faults such as contact fault, mechanism seizure, bolt loosening, spring fatigue and so on. In this study, vibration sensors were placed at four different locations in the HVCB system to detect four common mechanical faults using vibration signal. In our approach, a convolutional attention network (CANet) was introduced to extract features and determine which mechanical faults occur within a fixed period of time. The results indicate that the mechanical fault diagnosis accuracy rate is up to 94.2%, surpassing traditional methods that rely solely on vibration signals from a single location.

Analytical Modelling of the Quasi-Static Operation of a Monolithically Integrated 4H-SiC Circuit Breaker Device

In this work, an analytical model describing the quasi-static operation of a monolithically integrated SiC solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) device is rederived and refined. This SSCB is based on a 4H-SiC JFET technology offering a self-sensed blocking mechanism. The proposed model is solely based on physical parameters including the SSCB design parameters. With respect to the refinement, the proposed model is not limited to one-sided pn-junctions, considers incomplete ionization of dopants, and is able to represent breakdown characteristics. In this regard, the JFET gate breakdown characteristics are derived taking thermionic emission, space-charge-limited current and impact ionization into account. To calculate the SSCB output characteristics, a bisection-based optimization algorithm is applied carefully considering individual JFET operating states.

Ensembled methodology for the comtrade analysis regarding medium voltage side in wind park

This research proposes a methodology for automated COMTRADE analysis using ensembled algorithms for fault analysis in medium voltage circuits, specifically for wind park feeders. Traditional fault detection methods face significant limitations, such as CT saturation and DC offset, underscoring the need for improved approaches. The proposed methodology integrates Random Committee, XGBoost (XGB), and Light XGB algorithms, optimized through grid search, achieving an accuracy of 99.397 %. This ensemble approach significantly reduces classification errors, false positives, and false negatives compared to single algorithm methods. This research has the analysis of 3929 events for training and 829 fault events for test, it revealed a high correlation between current and fault spectra; the methodology demonstrated superior performance in fault location analysis, with terminal faults showing the most severe transient recovery voltage (TRV) peak values, while kilometer faults exhibited higher transient recovery restoration voltage growth rates. The fault location analysis was conducted by comparing simulation-derived overvoltage with standard TRV graphs, aligned with IEC 62271-100 standards. Circuit breakers exhibited higher TRV tolerance with lower fault currents. Terminal faults, particularly symmetrical three-phase faults, were identified as the most severe, typically occurring at peak TRV values. Its findings reduced classification errors, from 41 to 5 events, and decreased the false negative rate from 1.81 % to 0.24 % compared to Random Forest. Validation with virtual relays showed a reduction in RCE from 5.3 % to 0.63 %.

Circuit Breaker

In the realm of microservices architecture, ensuring reliability and resilience is paramount due to the distributed nature and interdependencies of services. A key pattern employed to enhance system robustness is the circuit breaker. When a microservice experiences failures, the circuit breaker pattern detects these faults and transitions between three states: closed, open, and half-open. During this period, requests are automatically redirected or fail fast, preventing additional strain on the troubled service. Once the service stabilizes, the circuit breaker transitions to the half-open state, where it allows a limited number of test requests to verify recovery. If these succeed, the circuit breaker closes, restoring normal operation. This abstract explores the implementation, benefits, and challenges of circuit breakers in microservices, emphasizing their role in maintaining high availability and robust performance in modern distributed systems.

Integrated Experimental and Simulation Investigation of Breakdown Voltage Characteristics Across Electrode Configurations in SF6 Circuit Breakers

This study investigates the breakdown voltage characteristics in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers, employing a novel approach that integrates both experimental investigations and finite element simulations. Utilizing a sphere-sphere electrode configuration, we meticulously measured the relationship between breakdown voltage and electrode gap distances ranging from 1 cm to 4.5 cm. Subsequent simulations, conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics, mirrored the experimental setup to validate the model’s accuracy through a comparison of the breakdown voltage-electrode gap distance curves. The simulation results not only aligned closely with the experimental data but also allowed the extraction of detailed electric field strength, electric potential contours, and electric current flow curves at the breakdown voltage for gap distances extending from 1 to 4.5 cm. Extending the analysis, the study explored the electric field and potential distribution at a constant voltage of 72.5 kV for gap distances between 1 to 10 cm, identifying the maximum electric field strength. A comprehensive comparison of five different electrode configurations (sphere-sphere, sphere-rod, sphere-plane, rod-plane, rod-rod) at 72.5 kV and a gap distance of 1.84 cm underscored the significant influence of electrode geometry on the breakdown process. Moreover, the research contrasts the breakdown voltage in SF6 with that in air, emphasizing SF6’s superior insulating properties. This investigation not only elucidates the intricate dynamics of electrical breakdown in SF6 circuit breakers but also contributes valuable insights into the optimal electrode configurations and the potential for alternative insulating gases, steering future advancements in high-voltage circuit breaker technology.

A hybrid multi-port HVDC circuit breaker that improves interruption and reset time through shared energy dissipation and fault current regeneration

This paper proposes a Hybrid Multi-Port DC Circuit Breaker (HMPDCCB) design that addresses the limitations of existing hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCBs), such as high cost, complexity, and slow response to high fault current and voltage demands. The HMPDCCB is based on a common breaker, energy dissipation, and regeneration branch for all connected HVDC lines, reducing interruption time to 1.8 milliseconds. It effectively manages fault energy through Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) of the main breaker branch with parallel surge arrester, reducing energy losses and enhancing power system efficiency. The HMPDCCB provides selective protection for all connected DC lines at a lower investment cost and incorporates current-limiting inductors (CLIs) to slow the rise of fault currents. The proposed HMPDCCB has been rigorously modelled and simulated using MATLAB Simulink®/Simpowersystems, and the simulations show that it achieves a fault current interruption time of 1.8 milliseconds and a reset time of fewer than 3 milliseconds, outperforming existing models.

State-of-the-art on advanced technologies of solid-state circuit breaker for reliable and sustainable power supply: A bibliometric analysis and future guidelines

This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometricanalysis of solid-state circuit breakers, including technological developments and control methods in electric power distribution systems. By compiling and analyzing data from the Scopus database, the most cited papers in the field of protection system mechanisms can be identified. These papers, published in influential journals from various countries, covered different subject areas and case studies. Notably, 77.64 % of the articles focused on technological development and experimental control methods, while 22.35 % were review-based studies. This underscores the increasing interest among researchers in advancing the sustainability and reliability of protection devices in electric power distribution systems. The paper aims to identify and analyze the highly cited published articles on the respective field to provide future research direction on the technological development and control methods towards solid-state circuit breaker protection devices. The review also underlines numerous factors, issues, challenges, and difficulties that next-generation power semiconductor should overcome with in regards to system sustainability. Thus, this analysis will strengthen the scopes and provide context for the development of technology and control in the main protection devices in order to achieve an efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable power supply.

Accounting for modern slavery risk transparency in Nigerian businesses: Institutional context, disclosure and the way forward

This paper examines the state of engagement of Nigerian companies with modern slavery risk and how current accounting and reporting might be better enabled to contribute towards ending modern slavery practices. Crane's (2013) theoretical framework is used to guide understanding of the contexts behind modern slavery risk disclosure in Nigeria, including industry, socioeconomic, regulatory, cultural and geographic factors. Cross-sectional content and thematic analysis are undertaken, as published in the annual reports, sustainability reports and websites of top companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. In line with Crane (2013), supply chain codes of conduct and collaboration are identified as a possible first-stage intervention moderator between industry context and ending modern slavery in Nigeria. However, a second moderator, affordable micro-credit, is notably absent from disclosures, and a third moderator, private or civil regulators, as a substitute for government, is considered ineffective. Management capability mediators as circuit breakers, reducing accounting opacity, require further research. This is the first paper to present evidence about modern slavery supply chain risk disclosures in Nigeria and to develop possible contextual, moderating and mediating variables aimed at policies and actions to end modern slavery practices in Nigeria.

Zero-shot fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers: fusion of phase space reconstruction and attribute embedding methods

Zero-shot fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers: fusion of phase space reconstruction and attribute embedding methods