Degradation Of Ciprofloxacin Research Articles

Red mud supported on rice husk biochar as sono-photo-Fenton catalysts for degradation of ciprofloxacin in water

To develop efficient methods to reuse red mud and rice husk waste to remove ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water, a simple and efficient Fenton catalyst based on red mud/rice husk biochar composite (RMR) was prepared using ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. The effects of initial solution pH, initial CIP concentration, contact time, and catalyst dose on the removal of CIP in water were studied. The results showed that at pH 3, RMR dose of 1.0 g/L, CIP concentration of 20 mg/L, treatment time of 180 min, and temperature of 50 °C, the degradation efficiency was the highest at 75.97 % for sono-Fenton (SF) and 95.65 % for sono-photo-Fenton (SPF) with in situ generation of H2O2 during processes, indicating RMR has a great potential application in the treatment of organic pollution in actual wastewater. Other factors such as the co-existing anions (NO3–, SO42−, Cl−) or water matrices and other antibiotics were also investigated to prove the good removal of CIP by RMR for practical applications.

The preparation of CONC/AC mesoporous materials based on artificial nano-compartment based on activated carbon holes and catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate for ciprofloxacin degradation

The preparation of CONC/AC mesoporous materials based on artificial nano-compartment based on activated carbon holes and catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate for ciprofloxacin degradation

Unraveling the Presence and Positions of Nitrogen Defects in Defective g‐C3N4 for Improved Organic Photocatalytic Degradation: Insights from Experiments and Theoretical Calculations

AbstractIn this work, nitrogen‐defective g‐C3N4 with different nitrogen defect densities is synthesized for ciprofloxacin photocatalytic degradation. Compared with pristine g‐C3N4, g‐C3N4 etched with NaBH4 for 1 h exhibits an approximately ten‐fold increase in the rate constant of ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. The combined experimental analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that nitrogen defects can be incorporated into g‐C3N4 in all nitrogen sites and that C─N═C is the most susceptible site. By incorporating nitrogen defects to induce defect states between the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB), the electronic and band structures are tuned. The induced defect states can be downshifted to approach the valance band, reaching increased nitrogen defect density within optimum ranges to accommodate excited electrons to narrow the bandgap, extend the light absorption capability, and enhance the charge carrier separation and transfer efficiency. The g‐C3N4 etched by NaBH4 for 2 h with over‐introduced nitrogen defects exhibits a declined performance due to a deteriorated structure, and the over‐downshifted defect states turn out to be a new recombination center for charge carriers.

Uniformly deposition of iron phosphide quantum dots on the microscopic spongy B-C3N4 and its efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin by photo-self-Fenton process

In this research, iron phosphide quantum dots (FeP QDs) are synthesized and anchored on the microporous spongy BxCN uniformly through a novel hydrothermal-phosphorization processes. FeP@BxCN shows excellent photo-self-Fenton capability and applies to eliminate CIP from aqueous solution. Results indicate both photocatalysis and self-Fenton processes contribute to CIP degradation (photocatalysis: 69.1 %; self-Fenton: 28.2 %). The decoration of FeP QDs could effectively suppress the recombination of photogenerated carriers and improve the photocatalysis performance. They also accelerate the transformation of in situ H2O2 to •OH radicals thus enhance the efficiency of self-Fenton process. Furthermore, FeP QDs shows pretty low consumption during the self-Fenton process because of the regeneration mechanism between cationic iron species, H2O2 and anionic phosphorus. The existence of intermediate valence iron (Feɛ+) and anionic phosphorus (Pɛ-) ensured the regeneration of Fe(II) and the circulation between Fe(II), Feɛ+ and Fe(III). Optimal CIP degradation efficiency could be achieved under neutral condition and the corresponding CIP removal efficiency are 97.3 % when the initial concentration is 30 mg•L−1 and reaction within 120 min. Results propose a meaningful exploration for antibiotics degradation via photocatalytic-self-Fenton technology.

A metal-free Z-scheme PPy/MCN heterojunction for antibiotic removal via synergism of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate activation

Developing an active and synergistic system based on photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation is considered an effective strategy for efficient removal of antibiotics. However, photocatalytic heterojunctions generally comprise metallic catalysts that can cause metal leaching and secondary pollution, and a clear understanding of the synergy between photocatalysis and PMS activation is still missing. Herein, a metal-free Z-scheme polypyrrole (PPy)/melamine-derived graphitic carbon nitride (MCN) heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized via calcination and in-situ loading for catalyzing the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and other emerging pollutants in a visible light-emitting diode (LED)/PMS synergistic system, which showed a significantly higher activity than the single LED and PMS systems. The optimal 0.5 %PPy/MCN (0.5 % is the mass ratio of PPy in the mixture of PPy/MCN) performed well under a wide pH range (3–11), while exhibiting superior anti-interference for common water constituents and outstanding reusability and stability. The 0.5 %PPy/MCN/LED/PMS synergistic system showed the highest kinetic constant (0.0643 1/min), which increased 3.00, 6.77 and 2.91-fold over the 0.5 %PPy/MCN/PMS, 0.5 %PPy/MCN/LED, and MCN/LED/PMS system, respectively. Mechanistic investigation and theoretical calculations revealed that PPy, with its high conductivity and strong light absorption ability, facilitated the generation and separation of e−/h+ in the 0.5 %PPy/MCN/LED/PMS system and activated PMS for generating reactive species such as 1O2, which degraded cCIP together with h+. Furthermore, electron transfer pathway (ETP) was elucidated using electrochemical characterizations. CIP was degraded via ring opening, cleavage hydroxylation, ammonia oxidation and elimination reactions, which substantially reduced the toxicity of CIP. Overall, this study may help the rational design of metal-free catalysts and provide a deep insight for the LED/PMS synergistic mechanisms.

Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized via Microwave Assistance on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.

In this study, the optimal microwave-assisted sol-gel synthesis parameters for achieving TiO2 nanoparticles with the highest specific surface area and photocatalytic activity were determined. Titanium isopropoxide was used as a precursor to prepare the sol (colloidal solution) of TiO2. Isopropanol was used as a solvent; acetylacetone was used as a complexation moderator; and nitric acid was used as a catalyst. Four samples of titanium dioxide were synthesized from the prepared colloidal solution in a microwave reactor at a temperature of 150 °C for 30 min and at a temperature of 200 °C for 10, 20, and 30 min. The phase composition of the TiO2 samples was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to determine the specific surface area and pore size distributions using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The band-gap energy values of the TiO2 samples were determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The distribution of Ti and O in the TiO2 samples was determined by SEM-EDS analysis. The effects of adsorption and photocatalytic activity of the prepared TiO2 samples were evaluated by the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) as an emerging organic pollutant (EOP) under UV-A light (365 nm). The results of the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were compared to the benchmark Degussa P25 TiO2. Kinetic parameters of adsorption and photocatalysis were determined and analyzed. It was found that crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles with the highest specific surface area, the lowest energy band gap, and the highest photocatalytic degradation were the samples synthesized at 200 °C for 10 min. The results indicate that CIP degradation by all TiO2 samples prepared at 200 °C show a synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation in the removal process.

Performance of Iron-Doped Titanium Dioxide-Loaded Activated Carbon Composite Synthesized by Simplified Sol–Gel Method for Ciprofloxacin Degradation under Ultraviolet Light

Performance of Iron-Doped Titanium Dioxide-Loaded Activated Carbon Composite Synthesized by Simplified Sol–Gel Method for Ciprofloxacin Degradation under Ultraviolet Light

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in wastewater with red mud: Characterization and performance

As a kind of solid waste, red mud (RM) contains various metal oxides, which have been proven to be effective as catalysts in different reactions. This study investigates the impact of RM on the catalytic ozonation for degrading ciprofloxacin (CIP). Compared to the single O3 system, the RM/O3 system improved CIP and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal rates by 44.8 % and 21.6 %, respectively, under identical conditions, and exceeded catalytic ozonation by most oxides. The influence factors, CIP degradation products, and reaction mechanisms were discussed in detail. The redox pairs of Fe2+/Fe3+ promoted the formation of oxygen vacancies (Ovac), and the hydroxyl groups and Ovac on the surface of RM were the active sites, facilitating ozone decomposition to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The scavenging experiments confirmed the presence of hydroxyl radical (·OH), peroxyl radical(·O2−), and singlet oxygen (1O2) in the RM/O3 system. Furthermore, toxicity assessment indicated reduced toxicity of intermediate products compared to the parent compound CIP. The catalytic performance of RM remained relatively stable after 5 cycles of experiments, with CIP removal remaining at 100 % and TOC removal decreasing by 5.3 %. This study offers a novel perspective on utilizing RM as an efficient catalyst in CIP ozonation, beneficial for both RM treatment and antibiotic pollution mitigation.

Uncovering fabrication approach impact on photocatalytic ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic degradation of brookite TiO2

Solar-driven antibiotic degradation by semiconductor photocatalysis technique offers a promising route to tackle with the environmental issue we are currently facing. Herein, three kinds of brookite TiO2, TiO2-Glycerol (GL)/NaOH (OH−), TiO2-Ethylene glycol (EG)/Ethylenediamine (EDA), and TiO2- Ethylene glycol (EG)/NaOH (OH−), are prepared by changing fabrication approaches from as-prepared two different Ti-polyol precursors. The composition and structure of the above brookite nanocrystals is studied in detail, and the effects of different synthesis methods on their optical properties, surface areas and wettability, and photocatalytic degradation activities are discussed. The photocatalytic ciprofloxacin (CIP) remediation evaluation shows that the TiO2-EG/EDA enriched amine group confirmed by FTIR and XPS measurements has the highest dark adsorption as well as subsequent photocatalytic degradation activities compare with the other two types of brookite. Subsequently, the unveiling on how the TiO2-EG/EDA effectively degrades the CIP molecules is achieved. Indeed, on the basis of a series of characterizations, the good CIP adsorption capacity resulted from the weakest hydrophilicity, the largest specific surface area, the unique chemisorption effect by surface amine group, combining with the smallest band gap, the fastest photogenerated charge transport speed, the longest photogenerated electron lifetime and the most active sites, contribute to the rapid degradation of CIP upon the TiO2-EG/EDA. In addition, the CIP degradation pathway is proposed by HRMS analysis, and the EPI suite program predicts the intermediate molecules have no biotoxicity for the environment. It is expected this work could provide useful reference for highly-efficient photocatalytic antibiotics-degradation in terms of experimental design and materials fabrication.

Photocatalytic reaction pathways and mechanisms investigation for effective organic pollution degradation via in-situ construction of BiOCl/UiO66-NH2 heterostructure

Constructing heterostructured photocatalysts is a desirable strategy for the enhanced degradation performance of pollutants from wastewater. In this work, BiOCl/UiO66-NH2 photocatalysts were constructed by in-situ solvothermal method. The composites presented enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and Rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated sunlight. The formation of the porous structure via the introduction of UiO66-NH2 not only enhances the adsorption ability of the catalyst but also promotes light harvesting, which enables the samples to exhibit high photocatalytic performance. In addition, the probable photodegradation pathways and mechanisms were studied in detail. This work provides an effective route for removing various pollutants in wastewater with heterojunction photocatalysts.

Construction of a gelatin aerogel catalyst functionalized with LaCoO3 and g-C3N5 for efficient ciprofloxacin degradation via adsorption and peroxymonosulfate activation

Three-dimensional porous gelatin-based aerogels functionalized with LaCoO3 and nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N5) were successfully fabricated via a freeze-drying approach. Herein, the gelatin-based aerogels served as excellent adsorbents and catalysts activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to efficiently degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solutions. In comparison to the pristine gelatin aerogel (GA), the optimized functionalized aerogel (GA–LCCN-1.5) demonstrated a 17.0% superior CIP adsorption performance. Remarkably, GA–LCCN-1.5 exhibited 95.7% removal efficiency for CIP, attributed to the effective generation of •OH, SO4•−, and 1O2 via PMS activation. In addition, high degradation efficiencies over 84.1% were maintained throughout a broad pH range of 3–9. Notably, GA–LCCN-1.5 demonstrated outstanding stability and reusability, with 93.2% CIP removal efficiency even after five reuse cycles indicating significant promise in real applications. Radical quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis suggest that CIP degradation was dominated by radical and non-radical routes through GA–LCCN-1.5 catalyzed PMS decomposition. Besides, the plausible CIP degradation mechanisms were systemically analyzed and proposed. The toxicities of CIP and the intermediate by-products were evaluated and reported. The findings of this study and insights demonstrate a facile construction of a biopolymer-based aerogel catalyst for synergistic and efficient PMS activation for the removal of antibiotics in water.

Enhancing production of hydrogen and simultaneous degradation of ciprofloxacin over Sn doped SrTiO3 piezocatalyst

The combination of hydrogen production from water and degradation of organic pollutants into a single reaction system is an attractive and promising solution for renewable energy generation and wastewater treatment. Herein, the piezocatalytic production of hydrogen coupled with simultaneous piezocatalytic degradation of organic antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) was successfully achieved using Sn doped SrTiO3 as the highly efficient and robust piezocatalyst through harvesting vibration energy. Results showed that 5 mol% Sn doped SrTiO3 (SrSn0.05Ti0.95O3) showed the highest piezocatalytic production rate of hydrogen (101.46 μmol g−1h−1) in water. And SrSn0.05Ti0.95O3 also exhibited remarkable piezocatalytic activity in solution containing ciprofloxacin with 151.03 μmol g−1h−1 of H2 evolution rate and 77.5 % of ciprofloxacin degradation efficiency within 60 min. In this process, the doping of Sn largely enlarged the distorted structure and conductivity of SrTiO3 to improve the piezocatalytic activity, and the organic ciprofloxacin mainly acted as the electron donors to synergistically improve the reduction process for H2 evolution. This work establishes the relationships between the piezoelectric property and the piezocatalyst structure, and provides an approach of advanced piezocatalytic technology for wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation.

A novel approach of photo-charging and dark-discharging mechanisms by using V2O5 / g-C3N4 photocatalysts for ciprofloxacin degradation

Day and night photocatalysis offers a novel approach by integrating the electron storage principle to ensure effectiveness even in the absence of light. A groundbreaking vanadium pentoxide / graphitic carbon nitride (V2O5 / g-C3N4) composite photocatalyst functioned as g-C3N4 absorbs and utilizes visible light, while V2O5 transfers and stores more photo-generated electrons. The composite with a 2 % loading ratio showed the highest CIP removal efficiency: 91 % during daytime and 75 % at night. Successful nighttime degradation was due to stored electrons in V5+/ V4+ pairs, confirmed by XPS analysis of the reduction of V5+ to V4+. The study proposes detailed mechanisms for charge generation, reactive species action, and reactions during both day and night photocatalysis. This has significance for water treatment in real environmental settings with lower energy requirements, overcoming light-related limitations.

Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by MOF derived CoS2@C for degradation of ciprofloxacin

The cobalt disulfide/carbon composite CoS2@C was successfully synthesized using cobalt metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with different ligands as templates by pyrolysis method. The as-prepared CoS2@C were applied as catalysts of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of antibiotics. The CoS2@C-3, which was prepared using Co-MOF-74 as self-template, exhibited extraordinarily high activity to PMS, more than 90 % of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was degraded in 10 min with a rate constant of 0.249 min−1. Furthermore, the CoS2@C-3/PMS system demonstrated exceptional resistance to humic acid (HA), significant environmental stability, and a wide range of pH adaptation. The SO4•−, ·OH, and 1O2 induced from heterogeneous and homogeneous activation of PMS were identified as reactive oxygen specieses (ROSs) responsible for oxidation of CIP. In addition, electron transfer and Co(IV) = O also participated in the CIP degradation process. According to the results, a plausible catalytic mechanism for PMS by CoS2@C was elucidated, in which S is crucial to the regeneration of ≡Co(II) in situ. Four potential degradation pathways were proposed after the CIP intermediate products were analysed by HPLC-MS. The findings of this study might offer us some insight into how metal sulfides made from MOFs can be effectively used to eliminate contaminants by activating PMS.

Europium/Graphite Phase Carbon Nitride Composites: Preparation and Photocatalytic Degradation Potential of Different Drugs

AbstractGraphene‐like materials were prepared by thermal copolymerization using melamine as a precursor, and chemical methods successfully synthesized Eu/g‐C3N4 composites containing different europium elements. Degradation rates of 64.3 %, 91.9 %, and 72.8 % were observed in the photocatalytic degradation of Pefloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin under visible light (λ>550 nm). Determine the photocatalytic activity of the composite. When the doping amount was Eu/g‐C3N4‐2 with k=0.0135 min−1, four times greater than that of g‐C3N4, the best photocatalytic effect was obtained. Repeated studies revealed that the Eu/g‐C3N4 composite samples had good cycle stability, and a potential degradation process was postulated.

Enhanced adsorption and visible-light photocatalytic degradation of CIP by CdS QDs‐Decorated Mn-doped NH2-UiO-66

CdS Quantum dots (QDs) interspersed on the surface of Mn-UiO-66-NH2 (hereafter abbreviated as CdS QDs@Mn-UiO-66-NH2) Z-scheme heterojunction composites were synthesized by solvothermal method for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation. The influences of the doping content of Mn and the initial concentrations of CIP on the adsorption capacity and photocatalytic performance were investigated in detail. Compared to the pristine CdS and Mn-UiO-66-NH2, the fabricated CdS QDs@Mn-UiO-66-NH2 composites exhibited enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic capabilities, especially for the CMU-5 with 10 % Mn doping showing around 52.5 % adsorption removal efficiency and about 92 % photocatalytic removal efficiency for CIP (30 mg/L). Various technologies such as XPS, TG and UV–vis DRS have confirmed that the superior catalytic performance of CMU-5 is ascribed to the d-d transitions improving the utilization of visible light after the coordination of the transition metal and the presence of a heterojunction with a tight interfacial structure enhancing the charge transfer. The possible intermediates in the photodegradation process of CIP were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Fabrication and characterisation of B-ZnO nanoparticles for photodegradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic and textile dyes

ABSTRACT The study is centred on the synthesis of B-ZnO photocatalysts via a straightforward mechanochemical combustion method using various weight percentages of B. The synthesised photocatalysts were characterised by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XPS, UV-DRS, and BET. Biopersistent ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation efficiency was investigated with the synthesised B-ZnO. Among the compositions, 4%B-ZnO exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency in degrading CIP under both natural sunlight and UV-C. The excellent catalytic activity was attributed to the increased surface area of 4% B-ZnO determined through BET analysis. Under optimised conditions (CIP: 10 mg/L, pH: 6.3, photocatalyst dose: 0.4 g/L), the highest CIP photodegradation efficiency was 92.05% over only 60 min of sunlight irradiation and 90.95% under 80 min of UV-C irradiation. The degradation products of CIP exhibited no antibacterial activity against random soil bacteria. The degradation of CIP followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.023 min−1. Scavenger tests implied •O2 − radicals’ involvement in photodegradation. CIP mineralisation by 48.53% over 3 h under sunlight was observed. After undergoing four cycles of sunlight exposure, the degradation efficiency reached 84.89%. Additionally, during 80 min of UV-C irradiation, the photodegradation efficiency of the dyes turquoise blue and Congo red was 77.91% and 98.92%, respectively.

Ag/Ag2S plasmonic heterostructure promotes piezoelectric photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3 nanofibers for degradation of ciprofloxacin and energy conversion

Piezoelectric effect, plasma effect and semiconductor heterostructure are important strategies for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Herein, we developed a novel heterostructure piezoelectric photocatalyst, Ag/Ag2S/BiFeO3 (AAS/BFO), for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin from water. Experimental results verified the enhancement of combining heterostructure piezoelectric polarization effect, which promotes efficient migration and separation of photogenerated carriers due to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect of Ag nanoparticles. Additionally, the introduction of Ag2S constructs a new heterostructure, that enhances the electron transport rate and improves the separation efficiency on electron-hole pairs. Under ultrasonic stimulation and visible light irradiation, the degradation efficiencies of 15 %-AAS/BFO towards ciprofloxacin, methyl orange and methylene blue are significantly enhanced compared to pure BFO fibers. The demonstrated AAS/BFO material based on the synergistic piezoelectric effect and plasmon heterostructure shows potential in efficient organic pollutants water treatment and transforming mechanical energy into chemical energy.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Properties of Sol-Gel Ce-TiO2 Films

In this study, nanostructured cerium-doped TiO2 (Ce-TiO2) films with the addition of different amounts of cerium (0.00, 0.08, 0.40, 0.80, 2.40, and 4.10 wt.%) were deposited on a borosilicate glass substrate by the flow coating sol-gel process. After flow coating, the deposited films were dried at a temperature of 100 °C for 1 h, followed by calcination at a temperature of 450 °C for 2 h. For the characterization of sol-gel TiO2 films, the following analytic techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sol-gel-derived Ce-TiO2 films were used for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The influence of the amount of Ce in TiO2 films, the duration of the photocatalytic decomposition, and the irradiation type (UV-A and simulated solar light) on the CIP degradation were monitored. Kinetics parameters (reaction kinetics constants and the half-life) of the CIP degradation, as well as photocatalytic degradation efficiency, were determined. The best photocatalytic activity was achieved by the TiO2 film doped with 0.08 wt.% Ce, under both UV-A and solar irradiation. The immobilized catalyst was successfully reused for three cycles under solar light simulator radiation, with changes in photocatalytic efficiency below 3%.

Solar photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin using biochar supported zinc oxide- tungsten oxide photocatalyst.

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. It is not completely broken down during conventional wastewater treatment processes and can persist in the environment, leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study focuses on the solar photocatalytic degradation CIP using biochar-supported photocatalysts. The photocatalysts developed by combining ZnO and WO3 in different ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) were supported on hemp herd biochar. The photocatalyst made with a ratio of 2:1:1 of ZnO:WO3:biochar (Z2W1H) reported the highest CIP degradation efficiency of 87.3% and TOC removal efficiency of 43.1% at a catalyst dosage of 2g/L, initial CIP concentration of 3mg/L, and treatment time of 150min. Subsequently, the effects of operating parameters on CIP degradation were investigated using central composite design (CCD). About 85.4% degradation efficiency of CIP was obtained at optimum conditions (pH ∼8.4, initial CIP concentration ∼4.4mg/L, catalytic dosage ∼3.4g/L) within 90min. A quadradic model was developed to interpret the linear and interactive effect of operating parameters on the CIP degradation efficiency with 2.24-4.59% error. The adsorption-desorption study showed around 42.21% of adsorbed CIP was desorbed from Z2W1H. Scavenger studies demonstrated that the CIP breakdown was notably done by the superoxide radical (O2•-). The mechanism of CIP degradation was adsorption on biochar and subsequent degradation by photocatalyst. The prevalent degradation reactions such as C-N bond cleavage, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, defluorination, and ring opening lead to formation of various intermediates. The Z2W1H reusability test showed ~ 4.2% decrease in CIP removal efficiency after three cycles.