Cipadessa Research Articles

Dry Deciduous Forests of the Poona District, Deccan, India

The deciduous vegetation grows in various ghats and hills in the Poona district. The present note describes the type from the Katraj ghats, on the south of Poona at a distance of 6 miles.The area consists of flat plateau at the top, eastern and western slopes and narrow valleys through which small rivulets flow during monsoons. The mountains are formed of trap rock, the strata of which dip towards east. Thus the eastern slopes are gentle with better developed soil but the western escarpments are steep comparatively dry with shallow soil. Seepage water is seen on eastern slope during monsoon. Alluvial soil deposits in the valley. The average rainfall is about 27".The following vegetation types are described:(I) Top of the plateau: They are mainly covered with Boswellia serrata which is regenerating profusely where biotic interference is excluded and the soil is dry shallow and gravelly.(II) The western slopes: These slopes bear a low type of forest. The following trees are common-Boswellia serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Diospyros montana and Largerstroemia parviflora. Shrubs-Acacia sp., Lantana camara, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Rhus mysorensis, Flacourtia, Cipadessa baccifera, Gymnosporia spinosa and Securinega sp.Herbs-Tridax procumbens, Leucas sp., Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Sida sp., Arisaema sp., Desmodium sp., Acanthospermum hispidum, Celosia sp. etc.This vegetation is also affected adversely by the biotic interference since lopping, coppicing and grazing are prevalent.(III) Eastern slope (top portion) ; It bears a community of Boswellia serrata-Diospyros montana-Lannea coromandelica on dry shallow and rocky soil. The commonest shrubs are Acacia sp., Zizyphus xylopyrus, Lantana camara, Cryptolepis buchanani, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cissuspallida and Securinega sp.The common herbaceous vegetation consists ot Locculus sp., Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Curculigo sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, etc.(IV) Eastern slope (lower portion): It bears a community of Tectona grandis-Lannea coromandelica-Diospyros-Boswellia serrata.Teak and Lannea coromandelica are predominant on the alluvial deposits towards the valley and higher up. Diospyros sp. and Boswellia become prominent in dry trap soil. Diospyros on alluvial soils is heavily infected by Viscum. But incidence of the parasite decreases in trees which are growing on dry trap rocks elsewhere in the area. Commonest shrubs in the community are Acacia sp., Clerodendron serratum, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Cissus pallida and Lantana camara. Commonest herbs are Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Hemidesmus indicus, Curcuma montana, Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Trichodesma sp., Crotalaria sp., Indigofera sp., Celosia sp., Aerva javanica, etc.Various stages of succession are seen in the area and regeneration of teak, Boswellta, Lagerstroemia. Lannea is common on different types of soils.

Unusual triterpenoids and steroids from Cipadessa baccifera and their biological activities

Five undescribed triterpenoids and steroids (1–5), as well as ten known compounds, were purified from the branches and leaves of Cipadessa baccifera. Notably, 1 and 2 are rare cipadesin-type limonoids with an unusual 8,30-epoxide ring and 1,8-ether linkage, respectively. Compound 5 possessed pregnane steroid skeleton with an uncommon 5/6/6/6/5-fused ring system. Their structures were constructed by extensive spectroscopic analysis (NMR, IR, UV, and HRESIMS), and their absolute configurations were confirmed by ECD calculations and quantum chemical calculations. All the isolates were in vitro assayed for their antimicrobial potentials against 6 pathogenic microorganisms and antiproliferation activities against five human cancer cell lines. As a result, compounds 5, 12, 13, and 14 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities (MIC: 25–50 μg/mL). Moreover, 5 showed cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 8.0 to 19.9 μM.

Ethnomedicinal Value, Phytochemical Evaluation, and Pharmaco-Toxicological Profiling of Cipadessa Baccifera (Roth) Miq. among Communities of Bokod, Benguet

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq was studied for its traditional use, phytochemical properties, and pharmaco-toxicological properties. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study to describe the traditional use of the medicinal plant, and the experimental quantitative method was used to determine the plant’s components and capabilities. Assays such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM), Brine Shrimp Assay, and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Assay were done to profile the C. baccifera. Based on the results, traditionally, the plant parts were used as a treatment for diarrhea, toothache, cough, colds, indigestion, flu symptoms, dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, bleeding and swelling of gums, skin rashes, lowering blood sugar, dandruff, natural family planning, animal farm deworming and skin diseases. Its phytochemical contents include anthraquinones, anthrones, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and essential oils. Furthermore, the CAM vascularity inhibition of Cipadessa baccifera concentrations increased with concentration, indicating that the inhibition of vascularity increased with concentration. Similarly, the brine shrimp cytotoxicity test revealed that the number of shrimp deaths increased as the concentration of plant extract increased. Furthermore, the plant extract’s calculated LC50 was 434ppm. Microscopic analysis of the zebrafish embryo exposed to the ethanolic extract of the plant sample, on the other hand, revealed malformation in the larvae exhibiting scoliosis at 100ppm extract concentration. Additionally, at plant extract concentrations ranging from 250ppm to 1000ppm, retarded and coagulated embryos were observed. Given the findings of the research study, it is highly recommended that future studies include the ecology and biology of C. baccifera in the Philippines to establish a further taxonomic classification of C. baccifera endemic to the country. Keywords: Pharmaco-toxicological properties, phytochemical analysis, CAM Assay, Embryotoxicity, Philippines

In vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Meliaceae Plants Collection of Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden


 
 
 Meliaceae are popularly used to produce terpenoid and limonoid compounds. These compounds have the potential as antioxidants, antimicrobials, insecticides, antipyretics, and anthelmintics. This research aims to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Meliaceae leaves extract of Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden plants collection. The dried leaves of 15 species of Meliaceae were extracted by methanol. In vitro antimicrobial tests were carried out on agar media inoculated by selected microbe. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity was assayed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. As a result, Aphanamixis polystachya against Aspergillus niger (35.21 mm) and Cladosporium sp. (46.21), Toona hexandra against Fusarium solani (37.31 mm), Dysoxylum cauliflorum against Candida albicans (38.19 mm), Chisocheton pentandrus against Salmonella typhimurium (39.53 mm), Sandoricum koetjape against Staphylococcus aureus (50.07 mm), and Toona hexandra against Streptococcus nutans (42.25 mm) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the antioxidant screening showed that Cipadessa baccifera, C. pentandrus, and Sandoricum koetjape exhibited strong antioxidant activity, while T. ciliata showed a very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 33.64 μg/mL. This study reveals an initial screening of the potential of various types of Meliaceae as a source of antioxidants and antibacterials. Furthermore, this information can be used as a new alternative for pharmaceutical companies and the industrial sector in the development of new products.
 
 

Larvicidal potential ofCipadessa bacciferaleaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors

AbstractMosquitoes are important vectors, which transmit many communicable diseases throughout the world. Synthetic insecticides, such as organophosphate and pyrethroids, are commonly used for their control in the vector control program. Insecticidal compounds from natural sources, notably from plants and synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are promising tools for managing such vectors. Hence, the study aimed to analyze the insecticidal potentiality of leaf extract ofCipadessa bacciferaand synthesized ZnNPs against three major mosquito vectors. The results recorded from UV-Vis spectroscopy show the peak absorption spectrum at 420 nm. In FTIR, the maximum peak value is 562.85 cm−1assigned to the N–H group (amide group). The EDAX analysis shows a peak around 63.29, which confirms the binding intensity of selenium. In the scanning electron microscopy analysis, the synthesized ZnNPs sizes were ranging from 49.21 to 65.43 nm. The synthesized ZnNPs produced high mortality againstCulex quinquefasciatusLC50= 0.049653 mg·mL−1; LC90= 0.9842 mg·mL−1),Anopheles stephensi(LC50= 0.053421 mg·mL−1and LC90= 0.027761 mg·mL−1), andAedes aegyptiLC50= 0.55214 mg·mL−1and LC90= 0.7456 mg·mL−1). These results suggest that theC. bacciferaleaf extract-mediated biosynthesis of ZnNPs has the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach toward the control of mosquito vectors at early stages.

VALIDATION OF ABORIGINAL KNOWLEDGE ON PESTICIDAL FLORA IN SOUTHERN AND HIGH PRECIPITATION ZONE OF TAMIL NADU AGAINST Spodoptera litura (F). (NOCTUIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)

In vitro experiments were conducted against Spodoptera litura to assess the antifeedant and insecticidal potential of aqueous extracts of twenty five plants collected from the southern and high precipitation zone of Tamil Nadu. It was identified that Wrightia tinctoria exhibited maximum potency with the concentration of 5% to give 87.24% antifeedancy accompanied by Cipadessa baccifera (85.51%) and Dodonaea viscosa (81.03%). Insecticidal activity was more pronounced in Glorisa superba and Wrightia tinctoria caused 99.99 and 99.99 % larval mortality at 2% concentration respectively.

Identification of Suitable Plant Species for Vegetation Restoration at Manthali, Nepal

The present study aims to find out the suitable native plant species for restoring degraded land in the mountain from 450 m asl to 819 m asl in Khurkot of Manthali. Altogether thirty quadrats were laid to observe frequency, density and coverage of plant species present there, and ultimately, IVI was calculated. Eight plant species – 3 trees like Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos and Annona squamosa; 3 shrubs like Rhus parviflora, Cipadessa baccifera and Abrus precatorius (woody climber), and 2 herbs like Uraria lagopodiodes and Polypogon monospeliensis were considered for the detailed study based on their high IVI values. Altogether fourteen traits (growth form, life-span, phenology, Raunkiaer’s life-form, canopy height, stem density, mean ramet distance, leaf size, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, seed mass, propagules mass, seed shape and nitrogen fixation) were studied in those eight species. Based on these traits, through this protocol, the plants were again categorized into five syndromes, i.e., establishment syndrome, dispersal syndrome, biomass producing syndrome, persistence syndrome and effect on environment syndrome. From this study, Annona squamosa and Abrus precatorius can be suggested as candidate species for early succession. Similarly, Aegle marmelos, Acacia catechu, Annona squamosa, Rhus parviflora and Abrus precatorius can be recommended to plant for restoration of degraded bushy lands, which are in the phase of secondary succession.

Plant-microbe interactions implicated in the production of camptothecin – An anticancer biometabolite from Phyllosticta elongata MH458897 a novel endophytic strain isolated from medicinal plant of Western Ghats of India

Endophytic wild fungal strain Phyllosticta elongata MH458897 isolated from medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera from the Western Ghats region of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Forest. This endophytic fungus has potential of effective anticancer drug Camptothecin (CPT). Endophytic fungi act as key symbionts in-between plants and ecosystem in the biosphere. This recently identified microbial population inside the plants produces many defence metabolites against plant pathogens. Among these defense metabolites, CPT gained much attention because of its effective anticancer activity. The maximum yield of CPT produced by optimizing the various factors like DEKM07 medium, pH 5.6, incubation time using Response Surface Methodology based on Central Composite Design. Extracted CPT is characterized using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray ionization-Mass spectrometry. The highest yield of CPT was 0.747 mg/L was produced at optimized factors of dextrose – 50 g L−1, peptone – 5.708 g L−1, magnesium sulphate – 0.593 g L−1, and incubation time – 14 days. In-vitro MTT assay revealed the CPT derivatives were cytotoxic to A-549 cancer cell line (IC50 58.28 μg/ml) as nearly compared to the (IC50 51.08 μg/ml) standard CPT. CPT producing strain P. elongata from C. baccifera has the potential of CPT biosynthesis, and could be an effective anticancer bio metabolite. This compound has been described in the literature to be an effective anticancer metabolite. Our findings support the novel lifesaving anticancer drug from endophytic fungus in forest ecosystem concludes effective utilization of key symbionts will safeguard the humans and forest ecosystem.

Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators.

BackgroundInsecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus.MethodFive plant extracts were prepared using different solvents. The batches of eggs were exposed to different concentrations of each solvent extract comparatively to synthetic IGR. The hatched eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations. The first instars that emerged from the eggs were counted daily. The egg hatching inhibition was observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs post treatment. The desiccation median time (DT50 and DT90) was calculated.ResultsThe percent egg hatching inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. The morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed the highest ovicidal activity. The changes in eggshell morphology were observed. The maximum ovicidal activity was observed in acetone extracts with DT50 value of 1.70 hrs (0.91–2.22). The methanol plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 compounds.ConclusionThese results suggest that the acetone extracts of C. baccifera have the potential to be used as an ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. The biodegradability of the extracts has the advantage of being eco-friendly.

Rapid identification of limonoids from Cipadessa baccifera and Xylocarpus granatum using ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS and their structure-fragmentation study

Limonoids found to be chemotaxonomic markers from the plants of the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families. In the present study, rapid identification of limonoids from Cipadessa baccifera and Xylocarpus granatum were achieved using fast and simple electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode. Although the structures of these compounds were found to be similar, Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) mass spectrometric analysis of these protonated/sodiated molecules indicated different fragmentation patterns by which the structures were confirmed. The fragment ions were formed due to the loss of neutral components like H2O, CO2, methanol, as well as McLafferty rearrangement and Retro-ene reaction. Furthermore, MS/MS spectra revealed different fragmentation pathways for different classes of limonoids which further aided dereplication.

Cipaferoids A–C, Three Limonoids Represent Two Different Scaffolds from Cipadessa baccifera

Three limonoids cipaferoids A–C (1–3) representing two different scaffolds were isolated from Cipadessa baccifera. Their structures were completely assigned by spectroscopic data, CD exciton chirality method, and X‐ray crystallography. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited moderate antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 9.3±0.1 and 14.7±4.8 μmol•L–1, respectively.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver mediated Nanoparticles using the Leaf extracts of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Nanotechnology is one of the emerging fields of the scientific world. Various physical and chemical methods have been formulated for the synthesis of nanoparticles of desired shape and size. These methods are not eco friendly and economically feasible. In the present study, rapid, simple, eco-friendly approach was applied for synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cipadessa baccifera aqueous leaf extract. The phytosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, X-RD and SEM analyses. FT- IR used to study the functional group present in the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the crystalline nature of the particles. The morphology and crystalline phase of the nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results suggested that protocol is simple, rapid, one step, eco-friendly, non-toxic and alternative conventional physical/chemical methods. The formation of brown color at room temperature within a stipulated time takes place without the involvement of any hazardous chemicals.

New seco-limonoids from Cipadessa baccifera: Isolation, structure determination, synthesis and their antiproliferative activities

A comprehensive reinvestigation of chemical constituents from CHCl3-soluble extract of Cipadessa baccifera led to the isolation of two new limonoids 1, 2 together with six known compounds 3–8. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic (IR, MS, 2D NMR) data. Further, a series of cipaferen G (3) derivatives were efficiently synthesized utilizing Yamaguchi esterification (2, 4, 6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, Et3N, THF, DMAP, toluene) at the C-3 position of the limonoids core, which is being reported for the first time. The anti-proliferative activity of the isolates and the synthetic analogues were studied against HeLa, PANC 1, HepG2, SKNSH, MDA-MB-231 and IMR32 cancer cells using the sulphorodamine B assay. Among the tested compounds, 13d and 13h manifested potent activity against IMR32, HepG2 cell lines with GI50 0.013 and 0.01μM, respectively.

Molecular Diversity of <i>Cipadessa baccifera</i> (Roth) Miq Based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeats

Medicinal plants are nature’s gifts and used in different traditional medicinal systems of India. Most of the medicinal plants are obtained from forest without proper management and knowledge of collection. For the authentication of medicinal plants from the substituted materials, a genetic diversity study is necessary. In the present investigation molecular diversity of <i>Cipadessa baccifera</i> was carried out using dominant ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) markers in four different accessions of Western Ghats of South India. Five primers were selected from a total of ten primers based on the reproducibility of the bands. The number of polymorphic loci was 13 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 56.52. The genetic distance among the populations ranged from 0.0910 to 0.3629 and the genetic identity ranged from 0.6087 to 0.9130. The overall observed and effective number of alleles was about 1.5652 and 1.3913. Nei’s overall genetic diversity and Shannon information index were 0.2283 and 0.3349. The dendrogram was constructed based on the UPGMA method and the clusters formed depending upon the genetic characters.

Does River Flow Regulation Change the Composition and Diversity of Riverine Vegetation

River regulation as a result of construction of dams caused global-scale ecological changes toriverine ecosystems. Studies have shown that vegetation alterations may take place due tochanges in the water flow, flooding frequencies, and fluctuating water table associated due todam construction. The Accelerated Mahaweli Project (AMP) which started in 1970’sinvolved construction of five major dams across the Mahaweli River. However, no study hasbeen undertaken so far to assess the dam-induced impacts on downstream riverine forests.The present study was aimed to investigate any dam-induced impacts on the riverinevegetation in the immediate downstream areas of the AMP. In order to achieve this objective,a stretch of Mahaweli River with a regulated water flow (in Minipe area) and a tributary ofMahaweli river with an unregulated water flow Badulu Oya was selected for the study. Acomplete vegetation sampling was carried out using eight 10 m x 30 m belt transects laidperpendicular to the river flow. Each belt transect was divided into three 10m x 10m zones(hereafter named as lower, mid and upper slopes). The vegetation was quantified under threecategories canopy vegetation, understory and ground vegetation. Paired t-test (95% CI) inMinitab 16.0 revealed that the canopy vegetation abundance in the lower slope issignificantly higher (p ≤ 0.039) at Badulu Oya than that of Minipe. However, no significantdifference was observed in other two zones in between the two rivers. The lower slopeshowed similar trend in terms of canopy vegetation diversity though it was not significant.Terminalia arjuna and Ficus racemosa dominated the canopy vegetation in Badulu Oya andMinipe, respectively. Both abundance and diversity of the understory vegetation wassignificantly higher at Badulu Oya than that of Minipe and this effect is more prominent inthe lower- and mid-slopes than in the upper slope. Dimorphocalyx glabellus dominated theunderstory vegetation at Badulu Oya while at Minipe it was Cipadessa baccifera. Riverinevegetation in both rivers was dominated by native species, however no significant differenceobserved in the abundance of invasive plants. Interestingly, at Badulu Oya the abundance ofthe riverine vegetation decreased towards the upper slope but at Minipe no such trend wasobserved. The preliminary findings of the research indicate that the regulation of riversthrough damming can have long-term impacts on the riverine vegetation by changing itscomposition and diversity. However, further studies will authenticate this inference.

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ABSTRACT Cipadessa baccifera Miq., Melia dubia (Cav.) (Meliaceae); Clausena dentata (Rutaceae) and Dodonaea angustifolia (Sapindaceae) are common medicinal plants found in Western Ghats and are used traditionally for various purposes. The petroleum ether, chloroform, hexane, acetone and water extracts of the leaves were investigated for their ovicidal property against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). The different extracts of the test plants differed significantly in their efficacy. Among the four plants tested for ovicidal activity, Clausena dentata reduced the egg hatchability and proved to be highly ovicidal compared to others. Among the age of eggs, it was clear that the early stage of the eggs namely 24 h old eggs, to be highly susceptible to all the treatments.