Cinnamon Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties of Cinnamon, Cloves, Melia azedarach L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. Extracts against Fusarium oxysporum Isolated from Infected Vegetables in Mauritius.

Fusarium species, a group of economically destructive phytopathogens, are poorly studied in Mauritius where agriculture holds much significance. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of organic farming has prompted interest in alternatives to chemical fungicides. After gaining an overview of Fusarium prevalence in Mauritius fields through a survey, the pathogen was isolated from infected crops and identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Methanol and water extracts were then prepared from Melia azedarach, Ocimum gratissimum, cinnamon and cloves before determining their phytochemical profiles. Additionally, the antioxidant and antifungal effects of different concentrations of aqueous extracts were assessed. The isolate was confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum, and cloves inhibited its growth by up to 100%, especially at 60 and 90 g/L, with the results being significantly higher than those of the synthetic fungicide mancozeb. Over 50% inhibition was also noted for cinnamon and Ocimum gratissimum, and these effects could be linked to the flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids in the extracts. This study presented the aqueous extracts of cloves, cinnamon and Ocimum gratissimum as potential alternatives to chemical fungicides. It also confirmed the prevalence of Fusarium infection in Mauritius fields, thereby highlighting the need for additional studies on the pathogen.

Protective effect of cinnamon extract against cobalt-induced multiple organ damage in rats.

The role of oxidative stress and inflammation in cobalt (Co) toxicity has been the focus of previous studies. Cinnamon and its main components have been reported to have protective effects in various tissues with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the protective effect of cinnamon extract (CE) against possible Co-induced heart, kidney, and liver damage in rats was investigated biochemically. Eighteen albino Wistar-type male rats were categorized into three groups (n = 6 per group): control (CG), CoCL2-administered (CoCL2), and CE + CoCL2-administered (CE + Co) groups. The CE + CoCL2 group was administered CE (100mg/kg), and the CoCL2 and CG groups were administered distilled water orally by gavage. One hour after the administration, Co (150mg/kg) was administered orally to the CE + CoCL2 and CoCL2 groups. This procedure was repeated once daily for 7days. Then, biochemical markers were studied in the excised heart, kidney, and liver tissues. CoCL2 increased oxidants and proinflammatory cytokines and decreased antioxidants in heart, kidney, and liver tissues. Heart, kidney, and liver tissue were affected by Co damage. CE treatment suppressed the CoCL2-induced increase in oxidants and proinflammatory cytokines and decrease in antioxidants in heart, kidney, and liver tissues. CE treatment has been shown to attenuate cardiac damage by reducing serum troponin I (TpI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), renal damage by reducing creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and liver damage by reducing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Co induced the production of oxidants and proinflammatory parameters and antioxidant depletion in heart, kidney, and liver tissues of rats. Our experimental results show that CE protects heart, kidney, and liver tissues against oxidative and inflammatory changes induced by CoCLl2.

Insecticidal activity of essential oils and plant extracts on cowpea aphid

Aphid population’s reduction occurs through chemical management, but the indiscriminate use of these products can cause environmental impacts and health risks. This study aimed to determine the insecticidal effects of essential oils and plant extracts as an alternative for aphid control management. The experimental design was entirely randomised in a 5x5 factorial scheme with five replications. Essential oils of rosemary, citronella, corn mint, and hydroethanolic extracts of garlic and cinnamon at five concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 μL.L−1) were used. In the exposure period of 96 h, the cinnamon hydroethanolic extract and the essential oil of corn mint (Mentha arvensis) showed a greater effect on aphid mortality. The other products evaluated showed lower mortalities but with the potential to be effective with dosages above 80 μL.L−1.

Cryopreservation of bovine semen using extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants minimise oxidative stress and enhance sperm quality in the process of cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract as an additive during the post-dilution and post-thaw stages of Murrah buffalo semen cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The semen sample was diluted using Tris-Egg-Yolk-Citric-Acid-Fructose-Glycerol extender and subsequently divided into three groups: Group 1, TEYCAFG without any additives or controls (C); Group 2, TEYCAFG fortified with a 50 μg/mL aqueous extract of cinnamon (T1); and Group 3, TEYCAFG fortified with a 50 μg/mL ethanolic extract of cinnamon (T2). The evaluation included an assessment of progressive motility, live spermatozoa, sperm abnormalities, HOST, CMPT, and enzyme leakage (GOT and GPT) at both the post-dilution and post-thaw stages. RESULTS: The groups that received cinnamon supplementation demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p<0.05) in various parameters, including an increase in the progressive motility, live spermatozoa, and HOS-positive spermatozoa, as well as greater distance traveled by vanguard spermatozoa compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cinnamon-added groups exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the percentage of sperm abnormalities and lower enzyme leakage (GOT and GPT) in post-thawed semen. CONCLUSION: Aqueous extract of C. zeylanicum at a concentration of 50 μg/mL provides superior protection of sperm structures and functions as compared to both the ethanolic extract of C. zeylanicum at the same concentration and the control group.

Degradation of limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde in soil, and detection of their metabolites by UHPLC and GC-HRMS

Two commercial biopesticides were studied to determine their persistence in two soil types, such as sandy clay loam and clay loam soils. For this purpose, an orange oil–based biopesticide was used, being limonene its main ingredient. The other biopesticide was based on cinnamon extract and trans-cinnamaldehyde as its main component. Degradation of these compounds was monitored, and transformation products or metabolites were detected. Limonene and its metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and trans-cinnamaldehyde by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Both techniques were coupled to a high-resolution mass (HRMS) analyzer, such as quadrupole (Q)-Orbitrap. Limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde were rapidly degraded as result of first-order kinetics. Possible metabolites such as thymol, cymene, isoterpinolene and cymenene for limonene, and hydroxycinnamic acid for trans-cinnamaldehyde were tentatively identified. Moreover, four other metabolites of trans-cinnamaldehyde, some of them not previously described, were also detected.

Effect of plant extracts on the reduction of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural formation in French fries

Acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are by-products of the Maillard reaction that occur during the frying process. These substances are toxic and pose a potential health risk because they are consumed in high amounts in Western diets. We investigate using plant extracts, including cinnamon, clove, curry leaf, mint, and turmeric, to reduce these harmful compounds while preparing French fries. Our results demonstrate the significant potential of curry leaf and mint leaf extracts, which have not been previously explored in this context, in effectively inhibiting AA and HMF formation. We observe that eugenol and cinnamic acid in cinnamon and clove extracts suppress HMF and AA formation, although to a lesser extent than other extracts. Notably, we establish an inverse relationship between the reducing properties of the extracts and the formation of toxicants. Furthermore, our research emphasize the crucial role of blanching, which, when combined with soaking, proves more effective in reducing AA and HMF content than soaking alone. Overall, this research highlights the promising application of natural plant extracts and the significance of blanching in enhancing food safety and quality while preparing fried potatoes.

Investigation of Anticancer Properties of Cinnamon Phytochemicals on Protein expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines (U87-MG)

Natural products are appealing as anticancer agents because of their low toxicity profiles. Cinnamon is a naturally occurring component with a variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties for cancer cell apoptosis. Therefore, the current studies were performed to investigate Anticancer Properties of Cinnamon Phytochemicals on Protein expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines (U87-MG) since the proteins are directly involved in cell survival and function.Hot and cold extraction for Cinnamon performed from Cinnamon verum followed by phytochemicals tests. The Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines U87 was subjected to cell viability by MTT Assay with Addition of cinnamon extract. The protein content was determined by spectrometric assay and its expression was investigated by SDS PAGE.The aqueous Cinnamon extract found to be positive for Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids (only for Hot extract), Phenols and Reducing sugars (only for Cold extract). The cell viability at cinnamon extract concentration of 0.051 mg/100μl is shown to be highest and cell death at maximum cinnamon extract concentration of 1.65 mg/100μl is highest. Further these phytochemicals together showed less protein content on cultured U-87 cells and displayed lower protein expression in gel band pattern when compared to their control. The Cinnamon extract phytochemicals showed significant anticancer properties for reduced U87 cell viability with IC50 0.729. Thus positive phytochemicals result has shown to play an important role in inhibiting cancer properties.by showing less protein content and its expression for cinnamon phytochemicals treated U87 cell lines.

Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil Emulsion Drink with The Addition of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii)

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to analyse the antioxidant activity and to determine the maximum concentration of cinnamon extract that can improve sensory attributes of VCO emulsion drink. The research method used is a completely randomized design (CRD) with five concentrations of cinnamon extract, i.e., 0% (P1), 2% (P1), 4% (P2), 6% (P3), and 8% (P3). Each treatment was triplicated. The results showed that all treatments exhibited stable emulsion with 0% creaming index. VCO emulsion drink with cinnamon extract contained total phenol ranged from 19.88 mg GEA/100 g to 28.58 mg GEA/100 g, with increasing antioxidant activity, expressed as percentage of inhibition, where P1: 80.35%; P1: 85.59%; P2: 86.38%, P3: 87.43%, and P4: 88.54%, respectively. It was concluded that cinnamon extract could increase the antioxidant activity of VCO emulsion drinks. Increasing percentage of cinnamon extract can increase the total phenol content, hence increase the inhibitory power on the formation of peroxide compounds. The addition of 6% cinnamon is the maximum limit that can improve the panellists’ liking for the overall sensory attributes of the VCO emulsion drink. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; cinnamon; VCO emulsion

Synergistic Potential Sof Cinnamon Extracts, Antibiotics, and Alum on Selected Clinical Microbes

Antibiotics are natural or synthetic substances used to inhibit or kill susceptible microorganisms. Due to the increase rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, there is the need to venture in other methods involving the coalescence effect of antibiotics and other substances such as cinnamon and alum to effectively eradicate these pathogenic organisms using less concentrated conventional antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the selected antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth dilution method, following standards and procedures set by the national council of clinical laboratory standards (NCCLS). The synergistic potentials of all the antimicrobics used were analyzed by the checkerboard assay. The MIC values of 25, 0.25, 0.75,25mg/ml were obtained for cinnamon extracts, gentamicin, penicillin G, and aq. Alum respectively against S. aureus. For E. coli O157H:H7, the MIC values of cinnamon extracts, gentamicin, penicillin G, and aq. Alum were 12.5, 0.25, 0.75 and 25mg/ml respectively,s while the MIC values of cinnamon extracts alum and fluconazole for C. albicans were 12.5, 25 and 0.05mg/ml respectively. There is a reduction in the MIC values for the various combinations against the same clinical microbes. All the antimicrobics used in this study inhibited the growth of the clinical microbes. All the microbes used in this study inhibited the tested microbes in dose dependent manner. The combinations of these agents resulted in reduction in MIC and MBC values, with an additive, indifference, and antagonistic effects using checkerboard assay which resulted to a fractional inhibitory concentration index which ranged from 0.56 to 7.9. Therefore, application of cinnamon, alum, and their combinations with conventional antibiotics can be used as treatment measure against infections caused by S. aureus, E. coli O157H:H7, and C. albicans.

Development of spray-dried yogurt with addition of cinnamon extract as a functional drink

The addition of cinnamon extract was done to improve the functional properties of yogurt. The limiting factor of yogurt is the difficulty of maintaining the quality in the distribution process. Spray drying technology is suitable for maintaining the quality of yogurt during distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and antioxidant activity of yogurt with the addition of cinnamon extract before and after spray drying process. Research was conducted using factorial pattern of complete randomize design 2×3 (levels of extract and type of yogurt). The samples were evaluated for its pH, water activity, viscosity, titratable acidity, total lactic acid bacteria, antioxidant activity by DPPH inhibition, total phenolic compound (TPC), nutrient content and sensory properties. Yogurt powder obtained from spray drying process were analyzed for its visual appearance using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pH, viscosity, titratable acidity, viable lactic acid bacteria, protein and ash content were significantly affected by spray drying process, while moisture content and TPC were significantly affected by both spray drying and type of yogurt. Overall, after spray drying process, rehydrated cinnamon-yogurt still had antioxidant capacity and quality that met the requirement according to Indonesian Standard and CODEX.

Green synthesis and characterization of Zirconium Oxide with antimicrobial activities

Green synthesis methods have garnered considerable attention due to their eco-friendly and sustainable nature. In this study, we report a green synthesis approach to fabricate Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) using cinnamon extract and citric acid as reducing and stabilizing agents. The green synthesis process was carried out through a sol-gel reaction method. The obtained ZrO2 NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis, XRD and FTIR. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of crystalline ZrO2 NPs with a narrow size distribution and the presence of functional groups from cinnamon and citric acid on the NP surface. The synthesized ZrO2 NPs were further investigated for their antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi. The results demonstrated potent antibacterial and antifungal activities of the green-synthesized ZrO2 NPs. Overall; this study showcases a green and sustainable approach to synthesize ZrO2 NPs using cinnamon extract and citric acid as reducing and stabilizing agents. The resulting ZrO2 NPs exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them potential candidates for various biomedical and environmental applications, particularly in the development of novel antimicrobial agents and coatings.

Impact of 8-week cold-and warm water swimming training combined with cinnamon consumption on serum METRNL, HDAC5, and insulin resistance levels in diabetic male rats

ObjectiveNumerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of exercise and the use of herbal supplements in improving type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. However, there are still many unanswered questions about the effects of cold and hot water, exercise, and herbal supplements on meteorine-like protein (METRNL), which is considered one of the key factors influencing insulin resistance improvement in this condition. Hence, the current study aimed to address these knowledge gaps and investigate the effects of 8 weeks of warm and cold-water swimming exercise with cinnamon consumption on serum levels of METRNL, histone deacetylase-5 (HDAC5), and insulin resistance in diabetic male rats. MethodsFor this purpose, 70 diabetic male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (10 rats in each group) H ealthy control (HC) , Diabetic control , swimming training in cold water (temperature 5 °C) , swimming training at 5‌‌ °C + cinnamon consumption (200 mg/kg body weight) , swimming training in warm water (temperature 36-35 °C) , swimming training in warm water (temperature 36-35 °C) + consumption of cinnamon, and consumption of cinnamon only. ResultsThe present study revealed a significant increase in serum METRNL concentration in the cold-water swimming + cinnamon consumption group (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in insulin levels and HOMA-IR across the different groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, noteworthy findings included a significant reduction in HDAC5 levels in both the cold-water swimming group and the cold-water swimming + cinnamon consumption group, as well as a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels in all groups compared to the HC group (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe results of the present study demonstrate that the combination of cold-water swimming exercises and cinnamon extract consumption led to notable increases in serum METRNL concentration. Additionally, significant reductions were observed in HDAC5 and FBS levels. These findings highlight the potential effectiveness and benefits of the combination of cold-water swimming exercises and cinnamon extract consumption as an approach to improve diabetes-related indices.

An in vitro study elucidating the synergistic effects of aqueous cinnamon extract and an anti-TNF-α biotherapeutic: implications for a complementary and alternative therapy for non-responders

BackgroundTumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine, and its abnormal production is associated with several immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Biological anti-TNF-α therapy includes treatment with monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab which have proven successful and are well-tolerated in most patients. Unfortunately, some patients may not respond to therapy (primary non-responders) or may lose sensitivity to the biological agent over time (early and late secondary non-responders). Natural products can reduce inflammation and act synergistically with small molecules or biologics, although evidence remains limited. This study aimed to investigate whether complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) could play a role in infliximab non-responders. Reportedly, cinnamon can help manage chronic inflammatory conditions owing to its anti-inflammatory properties.MethodsWe studied the synergistic effects of cinnamon and infliximab in vitro using a two-step approach. First, we investigated whether cinnamon and infliximab act synergistically. Second, we selected conditions that supported statistically significant synergy with infliximab and studied the mRNA expression of several genes involved in non-response to infliximab. We used aqueous cinnamon extract (aCE) from Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cinnamomum loureiroi and bioactive trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA), cinnamic acid (CA), and eugenol to study the synergy between infliximab and aCE/bioactive compounds using bioassays in fibroblast (L929) and monocytic (U937) cell lines, followed by qPCR for molecular-level insights. TCA, C. cassia aCE, and C. zeylanicum aCE demonstrated a dose-dependent synergistic effect with infliximab. Moreover, we saw differential gene expression for adhesion molecules, apoptotic factors, signaling molecules, and matrix remodelers in presence and absence of aCE/bioactives.ResultsCAM supplementation was most effective with C. cassia aCE, where a synergistic effect was observed for all the tested genes specifically for MMP-1, BcL-xL, Bax and JAK2, followed by TCA, which affected most of the tested genes except TLR-2, MMP1, MMP3, TIMP-1, and BAX, and C. zeylanicum aCE, which did not affect ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, MMP1, MMP3, TIMP-1, and STAT3.ConclusionIn conclusion, cinnamon acted synergistically with infliximab to mitigate inflammation when used as an extract. Purified bioactive TCA also showed synergistic activity. Thus, aCE, or cinnamon bioactive may be used as a CAM to improve patients’ quality of life.

Exploring cinnamon extract’s potential as a green corrosion inhibitor for X65 carbon steel in sulfuric acid: a comprehensive investigation

The effectiveness of cinnamon extract as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for X65 carbon steel (X65CSt) in a 1 mol/L H2SO4 solution was examined using electrochemical, chemical, and computational techniques. This inhibitor has many advantages, it is safe, environmentally friendly, harmless to human health, and economically feasible. The anticorrosion efficacy rises with rising the concentration of the cinnamon extract and reducing temperature and reaches 95.83% at 450 mg l−1 of cinnamon extract using potentiodynamic polarization. All the investigated methods confirm the anticorrosion ability of cinnamon extract as indicated by the reduced the corrosion current density values and mass loss as well as the greater charge transfer resistance. In addition, the values of the pitting potentials were also transformed in a more noble direction implying the resistance of pitting attack. The polarization technique categorized the cinnamon extract as a mixed inhibitor. The mechanism of inhibition was demonstrated in terms of adsorption of the main components of cinnamon extract onto the surface of X65CSt. of the adsorption of the main components of the cinnamon extract on the surface of the X65CSt and this adsorption is of combined type between both physical and chemical modes, as determined by the computed values of free energy of adsorption, which range between −46.96 and −37.42 kJ. mol−1. The adsorption is exposed to Langmuir isotherm. The four components of cinnamon extract were investigated through density functional theory, Monte Carlo, and Molecular dynamic simulation. The quantum parameters and the adsorption of these components on the Fe(110) reveals that cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid inhibitors are more effective as corrosion inhibitors.

Synthesis of Gold Clusters and Nanoparticles Using Cinnamon Extract-A Mechanism and Kinetics Study.

In this work, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes and selected experimental conditions were used to screen the colloidal system. The obtained results complement the established knowledge regarding the mechanism of nanoparticle formation. The process of gold nanoparticles formation involves a two-step reduction of Au ions to Au(0); atom association and metastable cluster formation; autocatalytic cluster growth; ultra-small particle formation (1-2 nm, in diameter); particle growth and larger particles formation; and further autocatalytic crystal growth (D > 100 nm). As a reductant of Au(III) ions, a cinnamon extract was used. It was confirmed that eugenol as one of the cinnamon extract compounds is responsible for fast Au(III) ion reduction, whereas cinnamaldehyde acts as a gold-particle stabilizer. Spectrophotometry studies were carried out to track kinetic traces of gold nanoparticle (D > 2 nm) formation in the colloidal solution. Using the Watzky-Finke model, the rate constants of nucleation and autocatalytic growth were determined. Moreover, the values of energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation for stages related to the process of nanoparticle formation (Index 1 relates to nucleation, and Index 2 relates to the growth) were determined and found to be E1 = 70.6 kJ, E2 = 19.6 kJ, ΔH1 = 67.9 kJ/mol, ΔH2 = 17 kJ/mol, ΔS1 = -76.2 J/(K·mol), ΔS2 = -204.2 J/(K·mol), respectively. In this work the limitation of each technique (spectrophotometry vs. HRSTEM) as a complex tool to understand the dynamic of the colloidal system was discussed.

CoSn(OH)6 nanocubes as a solid sorbent for the effective preconcentration of copper ions in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extract

This study was aimed at developing a simple and efficient CoSn(OH)6 nanocubes-based preconcentration method for the preconcentration of copper ions from cinnamon extracts for determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The cube-shaped sorbent was synthesized using the simple stoichiometric co-precipitation method under ambient conditions. Experimental factors of the method were evaluated with a comprehensive optimization approach to maximize the extraction efficiency for the analyte. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and linear dynamic range were recorded as 0.98 µg/L, 3.28 µg/L, and 4.0–75 µg/L, respectively. The enhancement factor was calculated as 101.6-fold by comparing the LODs of the optimized and direct analysis systems. Percent recoveries were found to be within an acceptable range (77.6–115 %), with high repeatability using matrix matching calibration strategy. Results validated the proposed method as a highly efficient extraction approach for the monitoring of copper ions in herbal cinnamon extracts.

Formulation, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity of modifications of Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. anti-acne cream

IntroductionSeveral studies have reported the ability of Bawang Dayak cream to inhibit Cutibacterium acnes, but the lack of specific formulations has led to its ineffectiveness. This is indicated by a smaller inhibition zone and the predominant scent of the plant. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of two modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream. MethodsTwo modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream were prepared, namely M1 (containing peppermint water) and M2 (comprising peppermint water, cinnamon extract, and honey). Each formulation had four concentrations: 5% (F1), 10% (F2), 15% (F3), and 20% (F4). The physical characteristics were then examined. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the disc-diffusion method against acne-causing bacteria. ResultsThe addition of peppermint water to the cream formula masked the odour of Bawang Dayak. All the formulas examined met the requirements of the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. However, the adhesion test showed that only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirement. The results also showed that M1 had better antibacterial activity compared to M2. ConclusionsThis study found that all the formulas observed passed the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. Only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirements of the adhesion tests. M1 exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the M2. F1 of M1 showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Further investigation was needed to evaluate the effectiveness of M2 against S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as assess the stability.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products.

Cinnamomum verum (syn C. zeylanicum) is considered 'true' cinnamon. However, it is reported that less expensive sources of cinnamon from C. cassia (syn C. aromaticum), C. loureiroi, and C. burmannii (toxic coumarin) may be used in the place of C. verum. We lack the quality assurance tools that are required to differentiate C. verum from other cinnamon species when verifying that the correct species is sourced from ingredient suppliers. The current research on cinnamon species authentication using DNA tools is limited to a few species and the use of high-quality DNA extracted from raw leaf materials. The cinnamon bark traded in the supply chain contains much less DNA and poorer-quality DNA than leaves. Our research advances DNA methods to authenticate cinnamon, as we utilized full-length chloroplast genomes via a genome skimming approach for C. burmannii and C. cassia to facilitate the design of optimal mini DNA markers. Furthermore, we developed and validated the use of NMR fingerprints for several commercial cinnamon species, including the quantification of 16 molecules. NMR fingerprints provided additional data that were useful for quality assessment in cinnamon extract powders and product consistency. Both the new mini DNA markers and NMR fingerprints were tested on commercial cinnamon products.

Antibacterial Effect of Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles against Salmonella typhi in Small Buffalo

Salmonella typhi is one of the most significant public causes of diarrhea in young animals. Bacterial colonies were first diagnosed by bacteriological methods. The aim of this article is to study the antibacterial effect of green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles against salmonella typhi in small buffalo. From 60 fecal samples of diarrhea, Salmonella typhi consisted of 21(35%) Salmonella paratyphi 9(15%), Escherichia coli 10(16,66%), Shigella 8(13,33%) and Staphylococcus aureus 12(20%). Cinnamon extract was utilized for the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The characterization of green SeNPs was detected using: UV–Visible Spectroscopy. The absorption peak appeared at 298 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the formed Se-NPs were highly crystalline. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of N-C– and –C-C stretching groups, amines, and Carbohydrates in the composition of SeNPs, by SEM the Se-NPs had a virtually spherical form. The size of the Se-NPs was made from cinnamon extract in the ranges of 34.5 to 45 nm. The antibacterial activity of the cinnamic ethanolic extract and synthesized SeNPs each one alone was investigated against salmonella typhi by using the agar well diffusion method and tested by using a concentration of (25,50,100 μg/mL). The results indicate that Se-NPs gave a good inhibition at 100 mg/ml, which was 14.33 mm, while the cinnamon extract at the same concentration gave an inhibition of 12.33 mm. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the MIC and MBC. MIC values recorded 200 and 25 μg/mL for cinnamon extract and SeNPs Respectively. Additionally, MBC values were recorded at 800 and 200 μg/mL for cinnamon extract and for SeNPs respectively. The RT-PCR was used for the detection of Bss and Bssr gene expression before and after being treated with green synthesized Se-NPs.The results show that the expression of the BssS and BssR gene after treatment with a combination of SeNPs and cinnamon extract increased in the cycle number and gave high gene expression.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Extract Hepatoprotection Activity Against Isoniazid Induced Rat Serum Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Levels

Hepatotoxicity is a condition of liver cell damage that is often caused by drugs such as isoniazid. Isoniazid (INH) is an anti-tuberculosis drug that, when used excessively can cause an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and trigger oxidative stress thereby inducing cell necrosis, especially in the liver. Cinnamon is a plant contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and essential oils that are useful as antioxidants and have the potential to have hepatoprotective effects. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) and its effective dose as hepatoprotection on aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in isoniazid-induced male rats. This study was a post-test only control group design laboratory experiment with sample of 25 male Wistar rats consisting of five groups: the normal control group was given aquabidest (K1), the positive control was induced with 200mg/kg isoniazid (K2), and three treatment groups were induced with 200mg/kg isoniazid and given cinnamon ethanol extract at a dose of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg for 14 days. At the end of the study AST levels were measured. Data were analyzed using the One-Way Anova test and Tukey's Post Hoc Test. The results showed that the ALT levels of the group given cinnamon at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05), that are 93,20 ± 8,55, 85,60 ± 8,23, and 71,20 ± 3,56 U/L, respectively. Cinnamon ethanol extract could prevent increases in isoniazid-induced AST in rats, thus having a hepatoprotective activity.