Cinnamomum Iners Research Articles

The leaf essential oils of four Vietnamese species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)

The leaf essential oil compositions of four Cinnamomum species from Vietnam were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main compounds of Cinnamomum sericans Hance were the sesquiterpenes spathulenol (14.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.3%), β-caryophyllene (7.1%) and bicyclocgermacrene (6.0%). The monoterpenes were represented by α-pinene (9.3%) and sabinene (8.0%). However, monoterpenes were the dominant class of compounds in Cinnamomum durifolium Kosterm comprising mainly of ρ-cymene (15.6%), limonene (13.9%) and α-phellandrene (9.2%). Spathulenol (7.4%) among the sesquiterpenoids and benzyl benzoate (6.5%), an aromatic ester were also present. The leaf oil of Cinnamomum magnificum Kosterm was devoid of monoterpene compounds, while the major sesquiterpenes were bicyclogermacrene (33.9%), β-caryophyllene (25.5%), bicycloelemene (7.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.5%). β-Caryophyllene (35.9%), caryophyllene oxide (12.6%) and spathulenol (5.2%) were the dominant compounds of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume. The low content of (E)-cinnamaldehyde in the Cinnamomum species is typical for majority of species already reported from Vietnam.

Antimicrobial activity of some saprobic fungi isolated from Magnolia liliifera and Cinnamomum iners leaves

Six saprobic fungal isolates were assayed for the in vitro antimicrobial activity against nine pathogenic microorganisms. The results showed that four fungal isolates including Clonostachys rosea MFLU10-0261, Fusicoccum aesculi MFLU10-0260, MFLU10-0266, and Ophioceras cf. leptosporum MFLU10-0281 were effective inhibitors against some test microorganisms. Of these, Ophioceras cf. leptosporum MFLU 10-0281 and Fusicoccum aesculi MFLU10-0260 exhibited a maximum inhibition zone of 15 ± 1 mm and 11 ± 1.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466 and Candida albicans TISTR 5779, respectively. These fungi also act as strong decomposers on leaves of Magnolia liliifera during the decay process from previous study. The results suggest that saprobic fungi could be a promising resource of useful bioactive compounds.

Fungi on decaying leaves of Magnolia liliifera and Cinnamomum iners show litter fungi to be hyperdiverse

School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, 57100 Chiang Rai, Thailand School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand 5 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

Review on pharmacological activities of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume

This review describes the morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume (Lauraceae). The plant grows wild in the lowland of Malaysia, India, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Brunei and Philippines. This plant is commonly used for its carminative, analgesic and antipyretic properties, for postpartum treatment, rheumatism and digestive ailments. This article enumerates an overview of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects that is useful to researchers for further exploration necessary for the development of this potential herb.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Antioxidant Potency of Various Extracts of Cinnamomum iners Bark

Evaluation of Analgesic and Antioxidant Potency of Various Extracts of Cinnamomum iners Bark

Radical Scavenging Activity, Total Phenol Content and Antifungal Activity of Cinnamomum Iners Wood

The study was done to investigate the antioxidant, total phenol content and antifungal characteristics of phenolics compounds of extracts from Cinnamomum iners (Reinw. ex Blume-Lauraceae) wood. Radical scavenging activity method of DPPH was used to determine antioxidant activity of the extracts. Four fungus, namely white fungi (Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes versicolor , Fomitopsis palustris) and brown fungi (Gleophyllum trabeum) were used to determine the antifungal activity of the Cinnamomum iners extracts. The results showed that ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 14.96 µg/mL followed by chloroform extract with EC 50 >30 µg/mL while water extract did not show any significant antioxidant activity. For total phenolics content, ethanol extract resulted on the highest value of 56.23%, followed by chloroform extract and water extract having total phenolic values of 51.13% and 7% respectively. On the other hand for antifungal assay, ethanol extract produce the widest inhibition zone followed by chloroform extract and water extract respectively.

Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic activity and constituents–activity relationships of the leaves of Cinnamomum iners (Reinw. ex Blume-Lauraceae)

The leaves of Cinnamomum iners (Reinw. ex Blume-Lauraceae) have been refluxed successively with chloroform and alcohol to get chloroform extract and alcoholic extract. Both the extracts have been assayed for cytotoxicity against human colorectal tumour cells. The chloroform extract exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 31 µg mL−1 (p < 0.01). However, ethanol extract was found to be much less cytotoxic with IC50 > 200 µg mL−1. The chloroform extract has been further proceeded for chemical analysis by GC-TOFMS and 178 components were identified including acids, amines, amides, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, benzene derivatives, bicyclic compounds, terpenes, hydrocarbons, naphthalene derivatives, furan derivatives, azulenes, etc. Nine components representing 51.73% of the total chloroform extract were detected as major components. Caryophyllene (14.41%) and Eicosanoic acid ethyl ester (12.17%) are the most prominent components of the chloroform extract. β-Caryophyllene (14.41%) as most abundant compound supports potent cytotoxicity as shown by chloroform extract.

An Antimicrobial Compound Isolated from Cinnamomum Iners Leaves with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum iners standardized leave methanolic extract (CSLE), its fractions and isolated compounds. CSLE and fractions were subjected to disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests using different Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and yeast. Within the series of fractions tested, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, particularly against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli, with MIC values of 100 and 200 µg/mL, respectively. The active compound in this fraction was isolated and identified as xanthorrhizol [5-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methylphenol] by various spectroscopic techniques. The overall results of this study provide evidence that Cinnamomum iners leaves extract as well as the isolated compound xanthorrhizol exhibit antimicrobial activity for both Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens, especially against MRSA strains.

Growth Increments of Indigenous Species Planted in Secondary Forest Area*

Evaluation on the growth of five indigenous timber species was performed after nine years after planting. The selected species was Azadirachta excelsa, Cinnamomum iners, Hopea pubescens, Intsia palembanica and Shorea leprosula planted under open area planting technique on secondary forest area were carried out in Pasoh Forest Reserve Area, Negeri Sembilan. The assessment involving measurements of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height of the species and the survival rate were carried out. An experimental design of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adapted. The result shows that the higher growth increments for the DBH were found at A. excelsa (1.06 cm year-1) and the lowest at, I. palembanica (0.97 cm year-1). For the height increment, A. excelsa was 1.38 m year-1 which was the higher and the lowest was the C. iners (0.77 m year-1). However, the survival rate found higher at C. iners (76.3%) and the lowest was at the S. leprosula (20.7%). This indicates that some indigenous species can be adapted to rehabilitate secondary forest area.

Characterizing Soil Nutrient Status and Growth Performance of Planted Dipterocap and Non-Dipterocarp Species on Degraded Forest Land in Peninsular Malaysia

This study aims to assess the soil nutrient status and growth performance of selected six dipterocarp species namely Dryobalanops aromatica, Hopea nervosa, Neobalanocarpus heimii, Shorea parvifolia, S. assamica and S. leprosula and three non-dipterocarp species of Azadirachta excelsa, Cinnamomum iners and Intsia palembanica were performed six years after planting on degraded forest land in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. This assessment consists of determining soil nutrient status based on physico-chemical properties both in rehabilitated and adjacent secondary forests along with measurement of diameter at breast height and height and survival rate. The results showed that rehabilitating degraded forest land with dipterocarp and non-dipterocarp species had improved both soil nutrient status and valuable timber stocks. The soils were acidic with low levels of organic matter and exchangeable bases associated with high level of Al saturation. The negative charges derived from the organic matter and clay minerals play an important role in retaining soil nutrients and probably influence the soil nutrient status. Principal component analysis revealed three most important PC scores which explained 73.8% of total variation. PC1 represents cation retention capacity and soil organic matter. PC2 infers soil acidity, while PC3 related to physical properties of the soils. In the case of growth performance, A. excelsa and C. iners showed significantly high mean annual increments in diameter and height and survival rate at six years after planting. Irrespective of different ages after planting, the growth performance and survival rate of planted dipterocarp species especially S. leprosula and S. parvifolia were comparable to similar species grown at other planting trials in Malaysia. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Cinnamomum Iners as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MKK1) Inhibitor

Novel inhibitors targeting signal transductions have emerged for cancer therapies. Cinnamomum species have been reported to inhibit the proliferation of various cell lines. In this study, the methanol and acetone extracts of Cinnamomum iner’s leaves demonstrated significant anti-kinase activity against MKK1 in the signal transduction pathway at quantity as low as 1 and 6 mg respectively. Both of the extracts were found to contain polyphenol and flavonoid with potent anti-oxidation activity against DPPH free radicals (IC50=0.2 and 0.3 mg/mL respectively). In conclusion, the extracts may serve as potential MKK1 inhibitors which can be developed into anti-cancer drug.

Microwave-Assisted Isolation of Essential oil of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: Comparison with Conventional Hydrodistillation

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was used to isolate an essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl., and the results compared with those obtained by conventional hydrodistillation. The composition of the oil from both methods was found to be similar, and (-)-linalool was found as the main component (30-50%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained by both methods was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and lipid peroxidation methods, all of which indicated the same but insignificant activity.

Growth Performance of 9-Years-Old selected 5 Indigenous Wood Species Planted on Degraded Forest Land

Studies on the growth performance on five selected indigenous trees species of Azadirachta excelsa, Cinnamomum iners, Hopea pubescens, Intsia palembanica and Shorea leprosula under open area planting technique on degraded forest area were carried out in Pasoh Forest Reserve Area, Negeri Sembilan. Evaluation on the growth and survival of these species were performed nine years after planting. An experimental design of Randomized Complete Block Design was adapted. The result shows that the survival rate of species planted ranged from 20.7 to 74.1% with C. iners attaining the highest survival rate followed by A. excelsa and the lowest was recorded by S. leprosula. A. excelsa exhibited the highest growth increment in terms of diameter at breast height (DBH) and height followed by S. leprosula and the lowest was recorded for I. palembanica. This indicates that some indigenous species can be adapted to rehabilitate degraded forestland. © 2007 Academic Journals.

Structure of a new arabinoxylan from the bark of Cinnamomum iners

Two polysaccharide fractions, water-soluble (24%) composed of d-xylose and l-arabinose, and alkali-soluble (15%) composed of l-arabinose, d-xylose, and d-glucose, have been isolated from the delignified bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The water-soluble fraction gave an arabinoxylan (60%) composed of l-arabinose and d-xylose in the molar ratio 1.45: 1.00. Methylation analysis, together with the isolation of the oligosaccharides 3- O-α- d-xylopyranosyl- l-arabinose, 4- O-β- d-xylopyranosyl- d-xylose, O-β- d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-β- d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- d-xylose, and O-β- d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-β- d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- d-xylose after partial hydrolysis with acid, suggested that the polysaccharide contained a backbone of (1 →4)-linked β- d-xylosyl residues each of which was substituted both at O-2 and O-3 with l-arabinofuranosyl and 3- O-α- d-xylopyranosyl- l-arabinofuranosyl groups. Very mild hydrolysis with acid gave a degraded polysaccharide, containing 10% of l-arabinose and 90% of d-xylose, which was essentially a (1→)-linked β- d-xylan carrying a limited number of branches at O-2 and O-3. These results together with those from periodate-oxidation and Smith-degradation studies support the proposed structure.