Cinnamomum Burmanni Research Articles

Main and interactive effects of increased precipitation and nitrogen addition on growth, morphology, and nutrition of Cinnamomum burmanni seedlings in a tropical forest

Global change such as altered precipitation patterns and increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition will have significant impacts on seedling growth during plant recruitment. However, how interactive effects of increased precipitation and N deposition on forest seedling performance have not been well investigated. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment that manipulating precipitation amount (ambient rainfall and 25% increment during the wet season) and exogenous N addition (0 and 100 kg ha−1 yr−1) in a tropical secondary forest. Seedling growth, morphology and nutritional status of a dominant tree species (Cinnamomum burmanni) were measured. Results showed that increased precipitation had positive effects on seedling height, basal diameter growth, biomass production, height/basal diameter ratio (H/BD), and Dickson's quality index (DQI), but decreased N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the stems and roots of seedlings. Interactive effects between precipitation and N treatments on seedlings were significant. N addition only enhanced height, total biomass, and H/BD ratio of seedlings with increased precipitation. These results indicated that increased precipitation during the wet season caused by heavy rainfall events, together with elevated N deposition, potentially have profound influences on seedling performances during the early recruitment stage and plant community regeneration in the tropical forest.

The chloroplast genome of aromatic plants Cinnamomum burmanni (Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees et T. Nees) Blume is a valuable aromatic timber tree of the genus Cinnamomum Tree in the family Lauraceae. To better determine its phylogenetic location with respect to the other Cinnamomum species, the complete chloroplast genome of C. burmanni was sequenced. The total chloroplast genome size is 152,775 bp, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa/b) with a length of 20,092 bp separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (SSC) which are 93,687 and 18,903 bp, respectively. The overall GC content of the cp genome is 39.1%. Further, maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis with K3Pu + F+I model was performed using eleven complete plastomes of the Lauraceae, which revealed that C. burmanni is closely related to C. verum.

Effects of allelopathy and competition for water and nutrients on survival and growth of tree species in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations

Allelopathy and resource competition are considered to be two primary mechanisms responsible for loss of biodiversity in plantations of Eucalyptus species. However, these two processes are usually studied separately, and they have been rarely tested on native woody species. In this study, we used a bioassay to assess sensitivities of twenty broad-leaved tree species on roots, stem growth and seed germination to leaf aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake and categorized them into two types: inhibited and uninhibited (including stimulated and unaffected). To compare the relative importance of allelopathy and resource competition, we planted these two species groups into the E. urophylla plantation separately and treated with three gradients of irrigation-nutrients. The results showed that the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of E. urophylla were species-specific and could be inhibitory, neutral or stimulatory. Compared to the inhibited species, the uninhibited species grew faster and survived better after they were planted in an E. urophylla plantation for approximately 10 years, suggesting that allelopathy from E. urophylla is an important restraining factor on native woody communities. Individuals from both species groups grew faster following higher resource treatment at the early but not the late stage of growth. Saplings did not vary in their survival rates across resource gradients. This indicates that resource competition between E. urophylla and native woody species has only a limited role in reducing the diversity of native species in an E. urophylla plantation. We conclude that allelopathy is more important than resource competition in mediating the reduction in plant biodiversity in E. urophylla plantations. Our study suggests that mixing certain types of species (e.g. Helicia cochinchinensis, Pterospermum lanceaefolium, Cinnamomum burmanni, Machilus chinensis, Acmena acuminatissima and Castanopsis chinensis) in E. urophylla plantations can mitigate against plant diversity loss.

The Effect of Cinnamomum Leaves (Cinnamomum burmanni) Supplementation at Different Dosages on Growth and Survival Rate of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This trial was aimed to evaluate the effect different dossage of cinnamomum leaves (Cinnamomum burmanni) supplementation on the growth performance and survival rate of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). A 30-day feeding trial was conducted in 12 aquaria with water system. Ten fish with average body weight of 100 g were reared in 60 x 35 x 30 cm 3 of aquarium. Fish were randomly selected and stocked in each aquarium. The experiment was designed according to completely random design with three treatments and three replicates in each treatment. Experimental diets were prepared as dry pellet with Cinnamomum burmanni leaves of 0,25%, 0,5%,1,0% respectively, for 30 days. Fish were fed with experimental diets three times daily at satiation level. Result of the experiment showed that addition of 0,25%, 0,5%, 1,0% cinnamomum leaves (Cinnamomum burmanni) gave spesific growth rate (SGR) 2,55±0,34% a , 2.15±0.25% b and 2.21 ± 0.16% a respectively; feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1,29±0,24 a , 1,68±0,07% b , and 1,50±0,18% a respectively and survival rate (SR) all treatment were 100± 0,00%. If compared to control (SGR 1.87 ± 0.22% a , FCR 1.83±0.15% a and SR 100± 0,00% a ), it was concluded that cinnamomum leaves dietary gave a better result, especially the addition of 0,25% cinnamomum leaves gave a significant increase of growth and feed convertion of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ).

Responses of seedling performance to altered seasonal precipitation in a secondary tropical forest, southern China

Abstract Given the intensified global climate change, understanding the responses of seedlings in tropical forests to changing precipitation patterns is critical for predicting plant community regeneration. In a field study, we investigated the potential effects of changes in seasonal precipitation on seedling establishment and growth of Cinnamomum burmanni, a dominant tree species in a secondary tropical forest, southern China. The field precipitation treatments included ambient rainfall (CT), increased precipitation (IP) in the wet season, and extended dry (ED) season without change in annual rainfall. For the IP treatment, 25% of the mean annual precipitation was added in the wet season using pumps and sprinklers. For the ED treatment, 60% of incoming throughfall was removed in March and April to extend dry season for two months using transparent roofs, and re-added back in October and November with the total annual rainfall amount not changed. The results showed that the IP treatment increased seedling height growth in June and August when extra water was applied. By the end of experiment, stem biomass was significantly greater in IP plots than in ED plots. Precipitation treatments also affected biomass allocation. Seedlings in ED plots had a lower root/shoot ratio and root mass to total mass ratio. Compared to the control, the IP treatment significantly increased leaf and stem nitrogen concentrations of the seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in stems and roots were much higher in IP plots than in ED plots, which might be explained by the increased NO3−-N and available phosphorus concentrations in soil. Our findings indicate that extended dry season without change in annual rainfall or increased precipitation in the wet season induced by climate change, is likely to affect soil nutrients, seedling biomass accumulation and partitioning, and nutrient uptake, and thereby impact regeneration dynamics and future community structure in tropical forests.

PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF A LOWER MONTANE FOREST ON MT. BATULANTEH, SUMBAWA, INDONESIA

MANSUR, M & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Phytosociology of a Lower Montane Forest on Mt. Batulanteh, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 77-92. — While Indonesia’s forests are globally known for their high species diversity but many regions remain little known to investigate the tree community in a lower montane forest at Mt. Batulanteh in Sumbawa. We subjectively laid out plots of 1,800 m2 each, two in secondary forests and one in a disturbed primary forest. All stems over 5 cm diameters were measured and identified. In the plot of 0,54 hectare, we recorded 723 individuals, representing 78 species, 60 genera and 33 families. Estimated volume of boles was 183.2 m3/0.54 ha, biomass was 220.1 tons/0.54 ha, carbon stock was 110.0 tons/0.54 ha and CO2 sequestration was 403.1 ton/0.54 ha. The forest at Mt. Batulanteh is classified as Garcinia-Cryptocarya association consisting of Micromelum-Cinnamomum subassociation. Dipterocarpus-Calophyllum subassociation and Garcinia-Syzygium subassociation. Dominant species were Micromelum minutum (IV=27.24), Mallotus philippensis (IV=26.2), Cryptocarya ferrea (IV=24.71) and Cinnamomum burmanni (IV=23.81) in Plot 1, Dipterocarpus retusus (IV=77.4) and Calophyllum soulattri (IV=24.21) in Plot 2, and Garcinia celebica (IV=34.86) and Syzygium sp. 1 (IV=34.76) in Plot 3. Dipterocarpus retusus was unique of having restricted distribution. Fagaceae, typical family in montane forests, was absent. Shannon’s diversity index was low (H '= 1.61). It can be concluded that the plots do not constitute a representative of Mt. Batulanteh and the surrounding forests, but they were sufficient to provide an illustration of the forests locally. The diameter class distribution indicated that the forests were regenerating. They were developing secondary forest and regenerating disturbed primary forest; slow successions were in the process and could be enhancedby ecological restoration. Further botanical explorations in poorly known regions of Sumbawa should be intensified further.

Uji Aktifitas Tabir Surya Dan Stabilitas Fisik Formula Gel Semprot Dari Ekstrak Temugiring (Curcuma Heyneana Val.) Dan Ekstrak Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Burmanii Nees.) Dengan Kombinasi Karbopol Dan HPMC.

Abstract : Spray Gels, Sunscreens, Physical Stability, Rhizome Temugiring And Cortex Kayumanis. Excessive sun exposure can harm human skin, for skin damage can occur after exposure, namely in the form of burning or skin Erythema which is the onset of symptoms of degradation of cells and tissues. Sunscreen preparations have benefits to protect skin from exposure to ultraviolet rays and also contains antioxidants. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni Nees.) that has the activity of sunscreen, because it contains the compound sinamaldehid in addition also have activity as antioxidant. Rhizome temugiring (Curcuma Heyneana Val.) contain a flavanoid with fairly high antioxidant activity. Preparation of the gel has a number of advantages including not sticky and gels have a steady flow of tiksotropik and pseudoplastik i.e. solid gel when it is stored and will soon melt away when beaten. Spray technique is one of the new material has advantages which allow preparations sprayed with the dispersed evenly without needing to contact directly to flatten. Base that is often used in the making of gel karbopol and HPMC, among others. This type of Research design is a True Experiment. The formula that is used, there are three types with a combination of karbopol and HPMC. The research of spray gel extract kayumanis and extract temugiring on physical organoleptic stability Formula I red the typical smell of condensed form, kayumanis, part or a little murky, there are some air bubbles and cool on the skin when sprayed. Formula II, color of red brick the distinctive aroma preparations kayumanis, condensed form, no turbid and slightly cold when air bubbles, didispersikan to the skin; Test the viscosity Formula I 4000mPas, Formula II 1000 mPas, Formula III 1500mPas; Power test scatterplot latched into a Formula I attached did not drip to the formulation II is slightly attached and dripping, Formula III wasn't too attached to or flow; Test the spray pattern, the Formula I and II pattern that is formed is not round spread, Formula III pattern formed round spread; Its homogeneity test Formulation I, II, and III there are no particles; Irritation test Formulation I, II, and III the absence of symptoms of irritation. As for testing the stability of the antioxidant Formula I average IC50 values 1.21 SPF value average value, Formula II 10.48 IC50 value of 1.23 average average SPF 19.29, Formula III average IC50 values 1.18 SPF value average 12.51. Each formula no different IC50 values activity and SPF with the combination of karbopol and HPMC. Physical stability test and a good antioxidant formula III is with a combination of Karbopol 50% and 50% HPMC

Gc-ms analysis of active compounds of cinnamon leaf extracts (cinnamomum burmanni blume)

Gc-ms analysis of active compounds of cinnamon leaf extracts (cinnamomum burmanni blume)

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ASETON DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanni Blume) TERHADAP JAMUR FUSARIUM SOLANI PENYEBAB PENYAKIT BUSUK BATANG PADA BUAH NAGA (HYLOCEREUS SP.) SECARA IN VITRO

This research heads for examining the effectiveness of acetone extract of cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum burmanni Blume) to the growth of Fusarium soloni fungus. Cinnamon leaf which was used in this research grows in Bedugul village Tabanan regency Bali province. The extract effectiveness experiment of cinnamon leaf to the fungus experiment was carried out by well difusion method in Biopesticide Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty Udayana University, by using the complete random plan consists of 6 treatments and 4 times refrains. The concentration treatment of acetone extract of cinnamon leaf obviously (P<0.05) can impede the growth of colony, biomass and establishment of experiment fungus spore i.e. Fusarium soloni in accordance with in-vitro by PDA and PDB media. Extract minimum blocked energy of cinnamon leaf in experiment fungus i.e. 0,5%. The extract of cinnamon leaf obviously can impedethe growth of colony, spore establishment and biomass establishment of experiment fungus. In extract concentration treatment 0.5% obviously can impede the colony growth of experiment fungus, spore establishment and fungus biomass establishment i.e. each of them in amount of 17,3%, 41,45% and 7,94% if they are compared by the control. The higher extract concentration then the blocked energy is the bigger.

English

English

Evaluation of growth and meat performance of Pangasianodon hypopthalmus which fed with Cinnamomum burmanni leaves enriched diet

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">This research was performed to evaluate growth performance and meat quality at different feeding period of striped catfish <em>Pangasianodon hypopthalmus</em> fed on cinnamon leaves <em>Cinnamomum burmanni</em> enriched diet. Twenty fishes at the average body weight of 21.24±2.39 g were distributed into 100×40×50 cm<sup>3</sup> of aquarium. Fish were fed on the diet contained <em>C. burmanni</em> leaves of either 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% respectively for 60 days. Fish were fed on those diets three times a day at satiation. Fish meat quality was evaluated by organoleptic test and proximate analysis at day-20, 40, and 60. The result showed that until day-40, fish fed on the diet contained 0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% cinnamon leaves had no significant difference on growth, hence still showed higher growth than fish fed at the dose of 1,5%. Meanwhile at day-60, fish fed on the diets contained either 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% cinnamon leaves significantly had lower growth than that fed on 0.0% cinnamon leaves. In accordance to the growth response, diet contained 0.5% cinnamon leaves given for 40 days has shown the best texture and the highest protein content of fish meat.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Keywords: cinnamon leaves, striped catfish, growth, meat texture</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan kualitas daging ikan patin <em>Pangasianodon hypopthalmus </em>yang diberi pakan mengandung tepung daun kayu manis <em>Cinnamomum burmanni</em> dengan dosis berbeda. Sebanyak 20 ekor ikan patin berukuran 21,24±2,39 g dipelihara dalam akuarium berukuran 100×40×50 cm<sup>3</sup>. Ikan diberi empat jenis pakan yang mengandung daun kayu manis masing-masing sebesar 0,0%, 0,5%, 1,0%, dan 1,5% selama 60 hari. Pemberian pakan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali sehari secara <em>at satiation</em>. Kualitas daging ikan diuji melalui uji organoleptik dan analisis proksimat pada hari ke-20, 40, dan 60. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sampai hari ke-40 pemeliharaan, pertumbuhan ikan yang diberi pakan mengandung 0,0%, 0,5%, dan 1,5% daun kayu manis menunjukkan kinerja pertumbuhan yang tidak berbeda nyata, tetapi bernilai lebih tinggi daripada ikan yang diberi dosis 1,5%. Berbeda halnya dengan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan pada hari ke-60, ikan yang diberi pakan 0,5%, 1,0%, dan 1,5% secara signifikan memiliki pertumbuhan yang lebih rendah dari ikan yang diberi pakan 0,0%. Sesuai dengan respons pertumbuhan, ikan yang diberi pakan 0,5% daun kayu manis selama 40 hari memiliki tekstur daging yang terbaik dan protein tertinggi.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Kata kunci: daun kayu manis, ikan patin, pertumbuhan, tekstur</p><p> </p>

Using quantitative indices to evaluate the cultural importance of food and nutraceutical plants: Comparative data from the Island of Bali (Indonesia)

Different quantitative indices were proposed to determine the cultural importance of ethnobotanically valuable plants in order to develop a tool for the evaluation of immaterial cultural heritage. These indices were applied to an ethnobotanical survey of food and nutraceutical plants traditionally consumed in Bali, Indonesia. The uses of the plants were grouped into 6 use categories. The Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI), use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), relative importance (RI), cultural value (CVs), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for a list of plants cited by fifty informants in different traditional villages on the island. This evaluation of the cultural importance of plants through different indices produced interesting variations. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott came highest in the preference ranking for RFC, UV and CVs. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. was in first place for CFSI and RI. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet and Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T. Ness) Blume were also high in the CFSI, RI, and CVs. The ICF results revealed a well-defined food tradition. The combined use of these indices, as opposed to any single index, makes it possible to quantify the role that a given plant plays within a particular culture.

Investigation of the biological properties of Cinnulin PF in the context of diabetes: mechanistic insights by genome-wide mRNA-Seq analysis

The accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) in type-2 diabetes, a chronic age-associated disease, has prompted the commercialisation of various supplemental forms of the spice. One such supplement, Cinnulin PF®, represents the water soluble fraction containing relatively high levels of the double-linked procyanidin type-A polymers of flavanoids. The overall aim of this study was to utilize genome-wide mRNA-Seq analysis to characterise the changes in gene expression caused by Cinnulin PF in immortalised human keratinocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, which are relevant with respect to diabetic complications. In summary, our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of action of Cinnulin PF in diabetes and diabetic complications. More generally, we identify relevant candidate genes which could provide the basis for further investigation.

Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus urophylla on ten tree species in south China

Aqueous leaf leachate and leaf volatile of Eucalyptus urophylla were used to investigate their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of seven native tree species (Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium) and three exotic tree species (Acacia confusa, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria). It was revealed that aqueous leaf leachate suppressed the seed germination and seedling growth of Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. In case of Cryptocarya concinna, leaf leachate decreased only the seed germination. Leaf volatile concentration beyond 250 g per desiccator had a significant suppression effect on germination of Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. The seedlings growth for most species was affected at concentration of 50 g and above, with the exception of Cryptocarya concinna, Pygeum topengii and Albizia falcataria which were not obviously suppressed at 50 or 150 g leaf weight. However, the growth of Pterospermum lanceaefolium remained uninhibitory till when volatile at the concentration of 350 g leaf weight was applied. From the result it can be concluded that the allelochemical effects of the donor varies with the dose applied, and species respond differently to allelochemical released by the Eucalyptus.

Evidences and implications of vegetation damage from ceramic industrial emission on a rural site in the Pearl River Delta of China

Community structure characteristics and vegetation damage degree were investigated and analyzed in a forest around village, which had been long term exposed to ambient atmospheric pollution stress, to study the influence of airborne pollutant emissions from the concentrated ceramic industries on vegetation. Field survey was carried out in a semi-natural secondary forest on hilly land, Nanhai District of Guangdong Province, for the tree layer in ten quadrates with the total area of 10×(10 m×10 m), and for shrub and herb layers in eight subquadrates with the total area of 4×(5 m×5 m). Results showed that exotic Eucalyptus exserta and Eucalyptus urophylla were dominated over the community, followed by native tree species, Schefflera octophylla and Bambusa gibba, with the importance value (Iv) of 26.75, 17.08, 16.27 and 11.50, respectively. Among all tree species, Eucalyptus exserta and Pinus massoniana were most severely damaged with nearly 100% damaged rate. Bambusa gibba and Dalbergia balansae were injured with damaged rate of 85.1%–68.3%, however, Eucalyptus urophylla, Celtis sinensis, Helicia cochinchinensis, Cinnamomum burmanni and Vitex negundo revealed moderate injuries (45%–57.5%). Most of other indigenous species including Schefflera octophylla, Viburnum odoratissimum, Desmos chinensis, etc. showed less injured symptoms under the pollution stress. Compared with species in tree layer, damages of undergrowths were largely less. These results suggested that attention and concern should be paid on those introduced Eucalyptus species which had ever been widely used for forest restoration in degraded hilly lands of south China since 1970–1980s, due to their fast growing aspect. The results also demonstrated the potentials and perspectives by developing native species as target plants for restoration of degraded area at similar polluted location, which may provide scientific base for scientists to study and understand the functional aspects of native species and process-based interactions with pollution stress.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN LEAVES OF CINNAMOMUM BURMANNI GROWN UNDER ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC NH3 CONCENTRATIONS AND SUPPLIED WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOIL N

We investigated the effects of different forms of soil nitrogen additions (NO - 3-N, NH + 4-N or NH 4NO 3-N) and exposure to elevated atmospheric NH 3 concentrations on photosynthesis, nitrogen utilization and nitrogen allocation in photosynthetic components in leaves of Cinnamomum burmanni. The results showed that maximum rates of carboxylation (V cmax) and maximum rates of potential electron transport (J max) were achieved in plants grown with additions of NO - 3-N and under elevated atmospheric NH 3 concentrations compared to plants growing under ambient conditions. Both J max and V cmax declined in plants supplied with NH + 4-N or NH 4NO 3-N and grown under elevated atmospheric NH 3. Regardless of the different forms of nitrogen supply, leaf nitrogen content on an area basis (N a) significantly increased under elevated atmospheric NH 3 concentrations (p0.05). Thylakoid nitrogen (N T), Rubisco nitrogen (N R) and nitrogen associated with electron transport (N E) increased significantly in plants supplied with NO 3 --N and exposed to the elevated atmospheric NH 3 when compared to plants grown under ambient condition (p0.05); however, N a, N T, N R and N E all decreased in plants supplied with NH + 4-N or NH 4NO 3-N. These results suggest that increased atmospheric NH 3 promotes the utilization of nitrogen for the synthesis of photosynthetic components, but inhibits the partitioning of nitrogen to N T, N R, and N E in plants supplied with NH + 4-N or NH 4NO 3-N. The organic nitrogen content per unit dry mass increased in plants that were supplied with NO - 3-N or NH 4NO 3-N (but not NH + 4-N) when exposed to increased atmospheric concentrations of NH 3. The soluble protein nitrogen content also increased in plants grown with NO - 3-N additions but not in plants grown with additions of NH + 4-N. The results suggest that increased atmospheric NH 3 concentration enhances nitrogen absorption and utilization and promotes photosynthesis in plants supplied with NO - 3-N additions but inhibits photosynthesis and nitrogen in plants supplied with NH + 4-N or NH 4NO 3-N.

DAYA ANTIFUNGAL DEKOK KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanni) TERHADAP Candida Albicans SECARA IN VITRO

<p>Candida albicans is the most oportunis fungi that cause flour albus. Cinnamomum burmanni have been widely known as therapy for flour albus. This efect caused by its chemical compound such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, limonene, cathecin, coumarin, linalool, and tannin. This research aims was to know the comparison of antifungal potency of Cinnamomum burmanni on Candida albicans in vitro. The design was true experimental. The decoction concentrations of Cinnamomum burmanni that were used were 8%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125% with three time repetition. The data was analized with One-way ANOVA test with convidence interval 95% (p < 0.05). One-way ANOVA test gave result Cinnamomum burmanni had antifungal potency against Candida albicans. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Cinnamomum burmanni was 1%. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of Cinnamomum burmanni was 2%. The conclusion was Cinnamomum burmanni had antifungal potency against Candida albicans in vitro.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>

Development of oil and mucilage cells inCinnamomum burmanni. An ultrastructural study

SUMMARY The development of oil and mucilage cells in the shoot apex and young leaves in Cinnamomum burmanni is described. Three arbitrary developmental stages are distinguished. At stage 1, the cells differ from the surrounding cells by the absence of osmiophilic deposits in the vacuoles and the presence of distinct small plastids with reduced thylakoids. At stage 2, a suberized layer is deposited in the cells. At stage 3, the oil or mucilage secretion has started in the cells. For both oil and mucilage cells, three intergrading stages (3a, 3b, 3c) are recognized. In oil cells, the subdivision is based on the thickness of the inner-wall layer, the composition of the cytoplasm and the extent of the oil cavity. The thickness of the inner-wall layer increases with development. The oil cavity, enclosed by the plasmalemma and attached to the wall by a cupule, enlarges. Oil formation presumably takes place within the plastids and apparently results in the disintegration of the plastids. In mucilage cells, the substages are distinguished based on the amount of mucilage deposited between the suberized layer and the plasmalemma, and the composition of the cytoplasm which contains an increasing amount of dictyosome vesicles. For the first time, cupule-like wall structures are reported in mucilage cells. Therefore, the number of similarities in both oil and mucilage cells increases to four: the presence of a suberized layer, an extraplasmatic accumulation of the secretory product, and the presence of a cupule and characteristic plasmodesmata. These resemblances strongly support their hypothesized homology.

Studies on commercial cinnamon and allied barks. VI. Cinnamon and allied barks in Jawa Market. (author's transl)

Histological examinations were made on cinnamon and allied barks in the market of Jawa, Indonesia. Barks marketed as"kayu manis"and"manis jangan"have a sweet taste and smell of cinnamaldehyde. Barks commercially designated as"sintok"or"kayu sintok"are pungent and/or astringent. Fourteen samples of such a bark were examined and classified into six types, with one of them further divided into two subtypes. Types A-α and A-β were identified respectively as the Tjibodas type and Padang type of Cinnamomum burmanni BL., and types B and C were identified as the bark of C. cassia PRESL. and C. sintoc BL., respectively. The remaining three types, D, E, and F were not identified.

Studies on commercial cinnamon and allied barks. V. Variation in inner structure of the barks of Cinnamomum burmanni Bl. (author's transl)

Studies on commercial cinnamon and allied barks. V. Variation in inner structure of the barks of Cinnamomum burmanni Bl. (author's transl)