Cinnamomum Burmanni Research Articles

Effect of Cinnamon Bark Extract (Cinnamomum Burmanii) 50% on Il-6 Levels in Gingiva of Male Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Induced by LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)

Periodontitis is a periodontal disease in the form of chronic inflammation of the dental support tissue caused by plaque bacteria. The process of periodontal tissue damage in periodontitis begins with the accumulation of plaque containing bacteria and toxins that are pathogenic. The interaction between plaque bacteria and their products and the body's response to host cells triggers an inflammatory response that can cause ulceration of the gingiva, connective tissue damage, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss. Periodontitis usually develops from gingivitis that has already occurred, although not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cinnamon bark extract on IL-6 levels. This research method used in vivo laboratory experiments on 32 white rats of the Wistar strain with a research design using a quasi-research model with a posttest only control group design which was randomized into two groups, namely the control group: induced LPS and given Tetracycline gel (Eryzol) topically, the treatment group: induced LPS and given a 50% cinnamon bark extract gel. From the comparative analysis test with the Independent T-Test, it was shown that the significant value of the decrease in IL-6 levels in each group, which was 0.194, was greater than 0.05. This means that there are differences between groups. From the results of the study, it can be said that cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum Burmanni) with a concentration of 50% has an effect on reducing IL-6 levels.

Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) as Promising Medicinal Resources: A Review

Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) as Promising Medicinal Resources: A Review

Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) as Promising Medicinal Resources: A Review

Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) as Promising Medicinal Resources: A Review

Re-sequencing of the complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume (Lauraceae) from Indonesia using MinION Oxford Nanopore Technologies

Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume (Lauraceae) belongs to the Magnoliids group and is mainly distributed in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. burmanni sampled from Indonesia was assembled and annotated for the first time in this study. The length of the cp genome is 152,765 bp with a GC content of 39%, and it consists of four subregions: a large single-copy (LSC) region of 93,636 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,893 bp and two inverted repeats (IR) regions (IRA 20,121 bp; IRB 20,115 bp) . The cp genome of C. burmanni encodes a total of 173 unique genes, which are 96 protein-coding genes, 19 rRNA genes, and 68 tRNA genes that can be utilized for advanced genetic and genomic studies of the species.

Reference Genes Selection and Validation for Cinnamomum burmanni by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.

In recent years, the field of biology has witnessed a surge of interest in genomics research due to the advancements in biotechnology. Gene expression pattern analysis plays a crucial role in this research, as it enables us to understand the regulatory mechanism of gene expression and the associated biological processes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) is an efficient method to analyze the gene expression patterns, for which accuracy relies on the standardized analysis of reference genes. However, numerous studies have shown that no reference gene is universal in all conditions, so screening a suitable reference gene under certain conditions is of great importance. Cinnamomum burmannii (C. burmannii) is rich in volatile components and has high medicinal and economic value. However, knowledge of the screening of reference genes for the gene expression analysis of C. burmannii is insufficient. Aiming at this problem, we evaluated and screened the reference genes in C. burmannii under different experimental conditions, including different abiotic stresses (Cold-treated, PEG-treated and Nacl-treated), different tissues, leaves at different developmental stages and different chemical types. In this study, different algorithms (∆Ct, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) were used to evaluate the stability of the candidate reference genes, and RefFinder further merged the output data to screen out the optimum reference gene under various experimental conditions in C. burmannii. The results showed that the optimal reference gene number for gene standardization was 2 under different experimental conditions. RPL27|RPS15 was the most suitable combination under the Nacl-treated and PEG-treated samples. RPL27|APT was the optimum combination under the Cold-treated samples. The optimal combinations of other samples were EF1α|ACT7 for different tissues, eIF-5A|Gllα for different borneol clones in C. burmannii, RPS15|ACT7 for leaves at different developmental stages and RPS15|TATA for all samples. Additionally, two terpenoid synthesis-related genes (CbWRKY4 and CbDXS2) were standardized to verify the feasibility of the selected reference genes under different experimental conditions. This study will be helpful for the subsequent molecular genetic mechanism study of C. burmannii.

Unpredictable Chemical Diversity of Essential Oils in Cinnamomum burmanni (Lauraceae) Living Collections: Beyond Maternally Inherited Phylogenetic Relationships.

The genus Cinnamomum encompasses diverse species with various applications, particularly in traditional medicine and spice production. This study focuses on Cinnamomum burmanni, specifically on a high-D-borneol-content chemotype, known as the Meipian Tree, in Guangdong Province, South China. This research explores essential oil diversity, chemotypes, and chloroplast genomic diversity among 28 C. burmanni samples collected from botanical gardens. Essential oils were analyzed, and chemotypes classified using GC-MS and statistical methods. Plastome assembly and phylogenetic analysis were conducted to reveal genetic relationships. Results showed distinct chemotypes, including eucalyptol and borneol types, with notable variations in essential oil composition. The chloroplast genome exhibited conserved features, with phylogenetic analysis revealing three major clades. Borneol-rich individuals in clade II suggested a potential maternal inheritance pattern. However, phylogenetic signals revealed that the composition of essential oils is weakly correlated with plastome phylogeny. The study underscores the importance of botanical gardens in preserving genetic and chemical diversity, offering insights for sustainable resource utilization and selective breeding of high-yield mother plants of C. burmanni.

Re-sequencing of the complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume (Lauraceae) from Indonesia using MinION Oxford Nanopore Technologies

Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume (Lauraceae) belongs to the Magnoliids group and is mainly distributed in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. burmanni sampled from Indonesia was assembled and annotated for the first time in this study. The length of the cp genome is 152,765 bp with a GC content of 39%, and it consists of four subregions: a large single-copy (LSC) region of 93,636 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,893 bp and two inverted repeats (IR) regions (IRA 20,121 bp; IRB 20,115 bp) . The cp genome of C. burmanni encodes a total of 173 unique genes, which are 96 protein-coding genes, 19 rRNA genes, and 68 tRNA genes that can be utilized for advanced genetic and genomic studies of the species.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Cinnamomum burmanni Bark Extract on Leucocyte Differentiation of Mice (Mus musculus) In Diabetes Mellitus Model

Diabetes mellitus frequently coexists with infection, leading to an immunological response characterised by an elevation in leukocyte levels. This research aimed to assess the immunomodulatory activity of an extract derived from the bark of Cinnamomum burmanni on the differentiation of leukocytes in a diabetes mellitus model using mice (Mus musculus). Prior to the administration of therapy, the glucose levels of all mice were assessed. Subsequently, groups K (+), P1, P2, and P3 were administered STZ at 0.2 ml per individual. The blood glucose levels (post-STZ blood glucose) were checked once more on the seventh day. In the event of a rise in blood glucose levels over (>200 mg/dL), subjects belonging to groups P1, P2, and P3 were administered Cinnamomum burmanii extract under the prescribed dosage. The intervention was administered for 14 days, and blood glucose levels were assessed on the final day of experimentation. On the final day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the mice's tails in order to prepare blood preparations. The findings indicate that the methanol extract derived from cinnamon bark possesses immunomodulatory properties, as evidenced by its ability to decrease the population of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes while concurrently increasing the amount of neutrophils.

Molecular Mechanism of DLBS3233 Bioactive Fraction in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: Network Pharmacology and Docking Study

Although several antidiabetic agents are currently available, they commonly have undesirable effects and are not fully effective in reducing blood glucose. Therefore, since a long time ago, some Indonesians have preferred herbal medicine to cure and prevent diseases such as Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. and Cinnamomum burmanni. (Nees & T.Nees) Blume, plants from Indonesia, are believed to be able to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both herbs are present in DLBS3233 bioactive fraction, a standardized herbal extract that acts as an insulin sensitizer like thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, the molecular mechanisms, the bioactive compounds, and the target proteins involved remain unclear. To understand more about the potential molecular mechanism of DLBS3233 in treating T2DM, this network pharmacology study is conducted for the first time. Quercetin, kaempferol, and ellagic acid were discovered to have antidiabetic effects in this study as selected compounds of DLBS3233, primarily on eight core target proteins, including AKT1, EGFR, GSK3B, IL6, PTK2, RELA, SRC, and VEGFA. We also found that they exhibited ligand-receptor binding activity comparable to pioglitazone in the molecular docking study. Concisely, as a reference for furthering the development of this bioactive fraction, this study provides novel information on DLBS3233 in T2DM treatment that was not shown in prior studies.

Investigation of The Antioxidant Activity of Cinnamon Bark Extracted with Different Solvents

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane for the extraction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanni) (CB) on the contents of the total phenolic, total flavonoid and its 1,1,-diphonyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. CB samples were ground with grinder machine in one mm sieve and extracted with treatments to determine parameter measured. All CB samples were extracted using different treatments. Parameter measured were total phenolic, total flavonoid and DPPH. CB was ground and extracted by using three treatments, data collected was statistical analysis and followed with Duncant Test, The highest total phenolic content found when CB extracted with methanol with the value of 111.43 mg gallic acids equivalent (GAE)/g DW while the lowest amount detected in hexane with the amount of 57.23 mg GAE/g dry weight (DW). It was significantly different (P<0.05) from those extracted with ethyl acetate and hexane. There was significant (P<0.05) different for the content of flavonoid among all treatment groups. Methanol was the highest solvent and hexane was the lowest with the amount of 286.27 and 64.73 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g DW respectively. There was significantly different (P<0.05) for scavenging activity among all treatment. Using methanol in extracting CB showed the highest scavenging activity of 69.59 % among all other treatment groups. It could be concluded that Methanol was the best solution in extracting CB

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL KAYU MANIS

Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanni) is one of the cheap and easy traditional medicinal herbs and is widely used to treat toothache. The largest content of cinnamon bark is essential oil which contains the main compounds cinnamaldehyde (60.72%), eugenol (17.62%) and coumarin (13.39%). The content has potential as an antibacterial. Cinnamon bark extract affects the growth of Streptococcus mutans which is the main bacterium that causes dental caries (Puspita et al., 2013). This research was continued to the toothpaste formulation stage where people can use this plant as an anti-plaque comfortably. The development of extracts into paste preparations requires safety or toxicity data within a certain period of time. This study uses an experimental design. The test rats were divided into 4 groups consisting of the normal group (CMC Na 0.5%), the EEKM group at doses of 300 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW. Toxic symptoms observed included behavioral changes such as tremors, slow walking, urination, defecation, motor ability tests such as stage tests, catalepsy, hanging and death. Changes in toxic symptoms were observed intensively every 30 minutes in the first 2 hours after administration of the test preparation and followed up to 14 days after administration. Based on the results of the study showed that EEKM at doses of 300 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW did not show a toxic effect on the physical behavior of the test animals. EEKM is included in the practically non-toxic criteria, where at a dose of 5000 mg/kg bb there is no death, the LD50 value is greater than 5000 so it is included in the practically non-toxic criteria.

Population and autecology of the endangered Rafflesia meijeri in Batang Gadis National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Rambey R, Saputra N, Rambe IF, Nopandry B, Zunaidi S, Christy EL, Setiawan T, Afifuddin Y, Hartanto A. 2023. Population and autecology of the endangered Rafflesia meijeri in Batang Gadis National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1845-1852. Indonesia is renowned for its tropical forests, which harbor high biodiversity. One of the notable flora found in the Indonesian forest is the holoparasitic plant Rafflesia, which attaches to its host, Tetrastigma spp. Among the 30 species of Rafflesia, 11 species have geographical distribution in Indonesia, specifically in Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan. Rafflesia is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List, highlighting the conservation importance of this plant group. The objective of this study was to determine the number of individuals, ecological conditions, and structure of plant species composition in the habitat of Rafflesia meijeri Wiriad. & Sari in two localities (i.e. Sopotinjak and Pagar Gunung) in Batang Gadis National Park. Population and autecology data of R. meijeri were collected using the nested plot method and the vegetation community was analyzed in terms of the Importance Value Index (IVI), biodiversity and richness indices. The results of the study indicated that in Sopotinjak there was one individual of R. meijeri in the bract phase, two individuals in the ruptured copule phase, and 13 individuals in the round copule phase. In Pagar Gunung, there were 19 individuals in the late blooming phase, seven individuals were in the bract phase, three individuals were in the copule phase, and two individuals were in the ruptured copule phase. Species with the highest IVI in the vegetation community around the habitat of R. meijeri from seedling, sapling, pole to tree level in Pagar Gunung were Litsea firma (Blume) Hook.fil., Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume, and Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC., respectively. Species that were significantly associated with R. meijeri in Sopotinjak were Kyllinga brevifolia, Melastoma malabathricum L., Calamus paspalanthus Becc, Calamus rotang L., and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth. The discovery of nine specimens of the host plant Tetrastigma papillosum (Blume) Planch. in Pagar Gunung and Sopotinjak indicates the importance conservation efforts aimed at conserving R. meijeri, as well as the flora and habitats that are intricately linked to it.

Repellent Activity Test Of Essential Oil Gel Of Cinnamommum Burmanii Bi Leaves Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes

Cinnamomum burmanni BI leaf is known to have high eugenol content, eugenol able to resist the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito as a vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Research on test of repellent activity of gel oil Cinnamomum burmanni BI leaf to Aedes aegypti mosquito is done to know its activity as a repellent preparation against Aedes aegypti mosquito. In this research made the gel of essential oil of Cinnamomum burmanni BI leaf with base karbopol 940 made in 3 formula, F1 (7,50%); F2 (15,00%); F3 (30,00%) and use Positive Control repellent supply on the market and contains DEET. The three formulas produce a good gel in terms of physical stability, organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and scattering, but all formulas cause irritation. The test of repellent activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito done for 4 hours with 5 repetitions showed Cinnamomum burmanni BI leaf oil formula F3 (30,00%) had repellent activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito with high protection 94,01% for 4 hours.

Bioactivities and Chemical Compositions of Cinnamomum burmannii Bark Extracts (Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum burmanni has antifungal and antibacterial properties, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and essential oil content of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and safrole. This study aims to determine the antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, antioxidant, and flavonoid content of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) extracts from C. burmanni bark. This study began with the MAE extraction of C. burmanni, followed by qualitative phytochemical tests on the alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoid groups. Furthermore, using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method, a quantitative phytochemical test was performed to determine the levels of flavonoids. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) method was used for the antioxidant test, the agar dilution method for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the paper disc diffusion method for the width of the inhibitory area (LDH). The positive antifungal control was nystatin, while the antibacterial control was amoxicillin, and both negative controls were 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The antifungal and antibacterial components were found to be 3% n-hexane extract from the bark of C. burmanni, with an inhibitory area width (IAW) of 13.83 mm. The best antioxidant results were the ethanol extract with a very active category IC50 of 8.533 ppm, 5.90%, and the highest ethanol extract containing flavonoid test results.

The Effect Of Giving Cinnamon Aromatherapy On Primary Dysminore In Adolescent's Class 3 Junior High School In SMPN 1 Bekasi City

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological complaint that women experience, especially when entering their teens. This study was aimed to determine the effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmanni) aromatherapy by inhalation on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea in female students of SMPN 1 Bekasi. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental or quasi-experimental design which is an experimental activity aimed at seeing an effect or symptom that appears due to a certain treatment, using a sample of 30 samples. Of the 30 respondents, the average score before the intervention was 6.067 while after the intervention the average score was 3.100.

Potential and characteristics of dadiah processed into products-like nuggets with addition of cinnamon bark flour (Cinnamomum burmanni)

Dadiah is a natural fermentation of buffalo milk from West Sumatra, which has a distinctive smell and flavor. This causes the dadiah to be less liked, so it is necessary to diversify the processed of dadiah. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding cinnamon flour (Cinnamomum burmanni) in the processing of nugget-like products on antioxidants, cholesterol, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria and organoleptic values. This research used 2000 grams of dadiah and cinnamon bark flour (15 g). The variables observed were antioxidants, cholesterol, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria and organoleptic values. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments in this study were the addition of cinnamon flour namely A (0%), B (0.5%), C (1%), D (1.5%). The results of this study indicated that the addition of cinnamon flour to nugget-like products had a significant effect (P<0.05) increasing antioxidant levels and decreasing cholesterol levels, not significantly different (P> 0.05) on the total colony test of lactic acid bacteria and the organoleptic test of taste, texture and flavor. The addition of cinnamon flour to nugget-like products in treatment D (1.5%) gave the best results with antioxidant levels of 73.24%, cholesterol levels of 20.32 mg/dl, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria 1.48x107 CFU / ml and taste organoleptic value 3.44, texture 3.68 and flavor 3.80.

The commercial potential of forest trees as medicinal and health ingredients

Abstract. Hidayat S, Zuhud EAM, Widyatmoko D, Bahruni, Batubara I. 2021. The commercial potential of forest trees as medicinal and health ingredients. Biodiversitas 22: 2795-2804. Indonesian forests contain many trees that belong to medicinal plants classified as non-timber forest products (NTFP). Although these plants have been used from generation to generation by several ethnic groups and even some of them have become commercial goods, many species have not received special attention in terms of their cultivation. This study aimed to explore the commercial value of forest trees as medicinal ingredients and obtain a recommended ranking for their cultivation. The method used was market surveys to herbal stores and questionnaires to experts related to medicinal plants. The results showed that there are 59 species of forest trees used as medicinal ingredients and health supplements. Cinnamomum burmanni, Morinda citrifolia, and Moringa oleifera have the most diverse commercial products in drugs and health stores. These three species also have active ingredients that potentially substitute for chemical drugs. Following the advice of medicinal plant experts, these three species are also included in the ten species recommended for immediate cultivation.

Bornyl Diphosphate Synthase From Cinnamomum burmanni and Its Application for (+)-Borneol Biosynthesis in Yeast.

(+)-Borneol is a desirable monoterpenoid with effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that is known as soft gold. (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase is the key enzyme in the (+)-borneol biosynthesis pathway. Despite several reported (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase genes, relatively low (+)-borneol production hinders the attempts to synthesize it using microbial fermentation. Here, we identified the highly specific (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase CbTPS1 from Cinnamomum burmanni. An in vitro assay showed that (+)-borneol was the main product of CbTPS1 (88.70% of the total products), and the Km value was 5.11 ± 1.70 μM with a kcat value of 0.01 s–1. Further, we reconstituted the (+)-borneol biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After tailored truncation and adding Kozak sequences, the (+)-borneol yield was improved by 96.33-fold to 2.89 mg⋅L–1 compared with the initial strain in shake flasks. This work is the first reported attempt to produce (+)-borneol by microbial fermentation. It lays a foundation for further pathway reconstruction and metabolic engineering production of this valuable natural monoterpenoid.

The ethnobotanical perspective of indigenous herbs and spices of Tabaru ethnic group in Halmahera island, Indonesia

Herbs and spices have been used for many years as an important source of food ingredients. Recently, herbs and spices have been used as the source of medicinal materials due to its rich-bioactive compounds content. However, the knowledge about the scientific background of these herbs and spices uses in the local community is based on limited data. This work aims to study the perspective of the Tabaru ethnic group toward the use of herbs and spices as an additional food source. This study was conducted between November and December, 2018 in Halmahera Island. The data and information about the use of herbs and spices were collected from 48 locals whose ages ranged between 40 and 89 years. The main occupation of respondents was farming of mainly nutmeg, clove, and coconut. The data were analyzed based on plant uses which included spices, food, and drug use. Data on plant species were analyzed using the Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI) formula. The results showed that the Tabaru ethnic group used approximately 14 plant species as herbs and spices. According to the CFSI values,herbs and spices in very high significance group include Curcuma longaL. (value of CFSI, 460.8), Cinnamomum burmanni(Nees &amp; T. Nees) Neeex Blume, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Curcuma domestica Valeton, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (CFSI, 259.2). Moreover, in the high significance category, Capsicum annuum L. is listed with high CFSI score reaching 86.4. In the moderate significance category, we found about four species, namely Ocimum americanum L. and Ocimum americanum L. (CFSI, 48.6), Etlingera heliconiifolia(K. Schum.) AD Poulsen (CFSI, 24.3), Alpinia galanga(L.) Willd. (CFSI, 23,625). Finally, two species of Etlingera elatior(Jack) R.M.Sm. (CFSI, 17.82) and Alpinia eremochlamys K.Schum. (CFSI, 15.53) were in the low significance group. In conclusion, the value of CFSI has a positive correlation to the utilization and the conservation level of herbs and spices of Tabaru ethnic group in Halmahera Island.

Optimation and Sensory Profile of Functional Drink from Cinnamon and Cardamom

Functional drinks can be made from local herbal ingredients that are often used for spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) and cardamom (Amomum compactum). The purpose of this study is to determine the best formulation of cinnamon and cardamon as a herbal drink based on moisture content, ash content , and sensory evaluation. Raw materials were dried at 50 °C until reached a maximum moisture content 10% and were reduced in size. The formulations were made of comparison between cinnamon and cardamom which were A (100: 0)%; B (80:20)%; C (60:40)%; D (50:50)%; E (40:60)%; F (20:80)%; and G (0: 100)%. The moisture content of all formulas is between 7.12-7.33% (&lt;10%) and the ash content of all formulas is between 4.83-5.06%. The results of sensory analysis showed that formula B had the best acceptance for color (3.03) and aroma (3.17). Thisproducthad moisture 7.23 % and ash content 4.83 %.