Cinema Attendance Research Articles

Explaining Post-War Cinema Attendance in Great Britain

This paper models the interaction between cinema admissions and cinema supply in response to changes in exogenous variables, chiefly competition from television viewing. The relationship is estimated empirically by applying near Vector Autoregression (VAR) techniques to a long run of British annual data from 1950 to 1997. The results indicate that sustained negative shocks to cinema demand throughout most of the period reduced the supply of screens, inducing further falls in admissions and closures until a new equilibrium was attained. More recently, the introduction of multiplex cinemas has interrupted and partially reversed this downward demand-supply spiral.

'The Light of God's Law': Violence and Metaphysics in the '50s Widescreen Biblical Epic

AbstractThe essay offers a reading of two episodes from widescreen biblical epics of the 1950s: Henry Koster's CinemaScope The Robe (Twentieth Century Fox, 1952), the story of the Roman centurion who played dice for Jesus' robe at the foot of the cross, and Cecil B. De Mille's VistaVision The Ten Commandments (Paramount, 1957). Widescreen technology was developed in response to a catastrophic postwar slump in cinema attendance. In this respect, it was extremely successful: by 1960, De Mille's film was top of Variety magazine's all-time grossing list. More important, however, is the fact that it transformed the very nature of the cinema image. This article reassesses the historical and theoretical significance of the '50s biblical epic, and argues not only that the metaphysics of presence it inscribed within the Hollywood frame has not been adequately theorised, but also that its transcendental values anticipate the challenge to poststructuralist thinking that has been gathering momentum in Jacques Derrida's readings of Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas.

Cinema demand in Spain: a cointegration analysis.

In this paper we explain the decline in cinema attendance in Spain since 1968. We use a cointegration analysis to estimate an individual demand function for cinema, with annual data and in terms of average attendance per inhabitant. We find that cinema is a luxury good and that its demand is elastic with respect to its price. We also show that television acts as a deterrent with regard to cinema attendance.

Les chemins de la création cinématographique : une impasse dans le P.A.F. ?

From the turn of the century to the 80's, the economy of the film industry rested on the dynamic union between the movie and the movie-theatre. The fall in cinema attendance centered particularly on the French movie (whereas during the same time attendance at American movies remained steady) entailed a shaip decline in cinema box-office receipts : from this point on the French movie has needed to find financial resources other than the box-office. This evolution has entailed a new power-sharing in the decision making processes of creative film making. T.V. men now govern and impose their priorities.

The demand for cinema in the United Kingdom

J^emand functions for leisure activities such as sport (Cairns, Jennett & Sloane, 1986) and theatre-going (Moore, 1968, Withers, 1980, Kelejian & Lawrence, 1980) have been estimated by economists. Relatively little work has been done on the cinema (Spraos, 1962, Cameron, 1986, Cameron, 1988). Cinema attendances have fallen rapidly since the 1950's. As this accompanied a rapid growth in incomes we might suspect that the cinema is an inferior good. Higher income may have caused a switch to activities such as opera and ballet which might be superior goods (Browning & Sorrell, 1954, Halsey, 1972, Throsby and Withers, 1979). Household expenditure survey data for Australia (Throsby & Withers, 1979, p.104) and Great Britain (Cameron, 1986, p.52) shows a consistent increase in spending on cinema attendance as income rises suggesting that it is a normal good. Attempts to isolate the income elasticity of demand for cinema, using econometric methods, have failed to find anything of statistical significance whether using cross-section data (Spraos, 1962) or time series (Cameron, 1986, 1988). This paper uses pooled cross-section time-series data which provides a well defined positive income elasticity so long as a log-linear functional form is used.

The Motion-Picture Industry and Technology in the USSR

The development of cine technology in the USSR is governed at present by the wide interests of the motion-picture industry, by the high level of cinema attendance which requires a significant volume of film titles, by the need for films made for television, by the building of new theaters, and by the reconstruction of older studios.

The impact of video recorders on cinema attendance

Cinema attendances in the United Kingdom and the United States have been subject to severe declines in the post-war period. Fairly strong evidence (Belson, 1958) exists that the arrival and development of television contributed powerfully to the initial decline. As televisions now populate almost every home we would expect this influence to have worked itself out. The 1980's have seen the arrival of videos as a new threat to cinema takings. Analysts of the industry have been suggesting (Docherty et. al., 1986), (Variety, 1985) that the threat is more apparent than real with demographic factors and/or poor films being the cause of more recent audience declines. These claims derive from casual inspection of ticket receipts (Variety, 1985) or one-off surveys of consumer attitudes (Docherty et. al., 1986). To date there has been no concrete evidence offered for or against the impact of video. Such evidence is hard to gather because of data limitations. This is particularly the case for the U.S. where there is the added complication of diffusion of pay TV. The U.K. is free from this complication as pay TV is still extremely rare and monthly price and attendance figures are available until their publication ceased in May 1985. In this note we use a demand equation to discuss what ticket sales would have been in the period (January 1983 onwards) when video access began to gather impetus. Comparison of the equation results with actual ticket sales suggests a marked reduction which may tentatively be attributed to the VCR.

British cinema attendance in wartime: audience preference at the Majestic, Macclesfield, 1939–1946

(1987). British cinema attendance in wartime: audience preference at the Majestic, Macclesfield, 1939–1946. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 15-34.

Correlation between Media Variables and Birth Rate

The study purpose was to use the technique of cross-lagged correlation to investigate the following hypothesis: media development with regard to newspapers television radio and cinema has more of an influence on birth rate than birth rate has on media development. The expected influence should be negative with increases in the mass media variables leading to decreases in birth rate. Data were taken from U.N. Statistical Yearbooks for 1955 1965 and 1975. The 3 time points were chosen somewhat arbitrarily but in the belief that at least 10 years would be necessary for changes in the mass media to have an impact on birth rate. Data from 76 countries were gathered for the following variables: daily newspapers/1000 population television receivers/1000 population radio receivers/1000 population annual per capita cinema attendance and crude birth rate. In addition data were gathered for the following variables to be used as possible control variables: literacy rate education employment and per capita annual income. 12 different cross-lagged correlations described the relationships between birth rate and each mass media index with all 4 of these examined for 1955 versus 1965 1965 versus 1975 and 1955 versus 1975. Only 7 of the 12 cross-lagged correlations show a difference in the direction that would support the hypothesis and in most of these the difference is statistically significant when tested by the Pearson-Filon formula for cross-lagged correlations i.e. the relationship between radio and birth rate for 1955 versus 1965. The difference indicates that radio in 1955 is influencing birth rate in 1965 more than birth rate in 1955 is influencing radio in 1965. When zero order correlations between birth rate and the 4 media variables for each of the 3 years were analyzed there were significant negative correlations between media variables and birth rate for only 6 of the 12 instances examined. Newspapers had the predicted relationship with birth rate in 1955 and 1965 but not in 1975. Television did not have the predicted relationship with birth rate for any of the 3 years. Radio had the predicted relationship with birth rate in 1955 and 1975 but not in 1965. Cinema had the predicted relationship with birth rate in 1955 and 1965 but not in 1975. Introducing control variables by means of partial correlation found almost all of these relationships to be spurious.

Cinema attendance of a sub‐elite Latin American group

Cinema attendance of a sub‐elite Latin American group

THE EFFECTS OF CINEMA ATTENDANCE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF ADOLESCENTS AS SEEN BY THEIR CONTEMPORARIES

British Journal of Educational PsychologyVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 53-61 THE EFFECTS OF CINEMA ATTENDANCE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF ADOLESCENTS AS SEEN BY THEIR CONTEMPORARIES W. D. WALL, W. D. WALL University of Birmingham Institute of Education: Department of Research and Higher Degrees.Search for more papers by this authorW. A. SIMSON, W. A. SIMSON University of Birmingham Institute of Education: Department of Research and Higher Degrees. This paper is based in part upon that read by Mr. W. A. Simson before the British Association in September, 1948. The gathering of the material, its statistical analysis, the discussion and evaluation of the results have been the work of a small group of post M.A. students of which the writers are chairman and secretary respectively. We have been responsible for the preparation of the material of this article for publication; the conduct of the main research of which this is a section, has been a piece of team work in the planning and execution of which all members of the group have played a part.Search for more papers by this author W. D. WALL, W. D. WALL University of Birmingham Institute of Education: Department of Research and Higher Degrees.Search for more papers by this authorW. A. SIMSON, W. A. SIMSON University of Birmingham Institute of Education: Department of Research and Higher Degrees. This paper is based in part upon that read by Mr. W. A. Simson before the British Association in September, 1948. The gathering of the material, its statistical analysis, the discussion and evaluation of the results have been the work of a small group of post M.A. students of which the writers are chairman and secretary respectively. We have been responsible for the preparation of the material of this article for publication; the conduct of the main research of which this is a section, has been a piece of team work in the planning and execution of which all members of the group have played a part.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1949 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1949.tb01607.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue1February 1949Pages 53-61 RelatedInformation

TAXATION OF TOBACCO, BEER AND CINEMA ATTENDANCES.

Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & StatisticsVolume 5, Issue 2 p. 35-39 TAXATION OF TOBACCO, BEER AND CINEMA ATTENDANCES. J. GOLDMANN., J. GOLDMANN.Search for more papers by this author J. GOLDMANN., J. GOLDMANN.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 30, 1943 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1943.mp5002003.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume5, Issue2January 30, 1943Pages 35-39 RelatedInformation

Statistics of the British Cinema Industry

AT the meeting of the Royal Statistical Society on December 17, Mr. S. Rowson read a paper entitled “A Statistical Survey of the Cinema Industry”. When the figures disclose that in 1934 there were 957 million admission tickets sold for the sum of £40,950,000 (the average price of a ticket thus being 10.3c?.), and when one further considers the character and splendour of the modern cinema together with the fact that four out of every five people visiting the cinema pay not more than one shilling for a ticket, the cinema is shown to be as one of the sociological wonders of the century, meriting attention and investigation. Of the year's revenue from admissions, the Government claimed £6,800,000 in entertainment duty. The average weekly cinema attendance throughout the year is about 18£ millions. At the end of 1934 there were 4,305 cinemas in Great Britain, with an average of 900 seats in each. In the London postal area alone, there were 401 cinemas. Of the various districts Lancashire had the greatest number with 699, Midlands next with 585, and Yorkshire and district next with 534. North Wales had the smallest number with 62 as opposed to 259 in South Wales. In the London area there was one seat for every 14 of the total population; in the Lancashire area one to nine; in the eastern counties one to nineteen; in South Wales one to ten. Eliminating the population under 15 as infrequent cinema-goers the number of persons per seat were: in London, 10.9; in the Eastern Counties, 14; in the Midlands, 9.6; in Yorkshire, 8.0; in Lancashire, 7.0; and in South Wales, 7.6. It will be seen from the foregoing that the problem of redundancy or overbuilding is now becoming serious.