Cinefluorographic Study Research Articles

A cinefluorographic study of the temporal organization of articulator gestures: Examples from Greenlandic

Movement data on articulator gestures in West Greenlandic are presented in order to elucidate principles of articulator coordination, especially the domain of coarticulation (as distinct from the domain of assimilation), the handling of conflicting demands on articulators, and the relation of vowels to consonants. The present data are consistent with results previously obtained from Swedish and Bulgarian. The Greenlandic informant varied his domain of coarticulation by up to two phonemes either side of the current phoneme; potential gesture conflicts were resolved in accordance with the model of Kozhevnikov and Chistovich, oncoming gestures being delayed when they were antagonistic to ongoing gestures; finally, articulator gestures were organized according to the same principles for both vowels and consonants.

The gestural organization of vowels: A cinefluorographic study of articulator gestures in Greenlandic

Movements of individual articulators are analyzed to elucidate principles of gestural organization in vowels. Procedures for tracking articulator gestures from x-ray motion films, and results obtained on coarticulation in Swedish, Bulgarian, and Greenlandic are reported in Wood [J. Phon. 19, 281–292 (1991); Proc. 3rd Congr. I. C. P. L. A. 191–200, Helsinki (1994); Proc. 13th I. C. Ph. Sc. 1, 392–395, Stockholm (1995); J. Phon. 24, 139–164 (1996); Proc. 4th Speech Prod. Seminar 61–64, Grenoble (1996)]. Tongue body movement was organized as predicted from a spectrographic study of Greenlandic vowels in Wood [Working Papers 4, 58–94, Lund (1971)] and according to the principles reported for English and Arabic in Wood [J. Phon. 7, 25–43 (1979)]. Greenlandic has three vowel phonemes, but the allophonic variation means all four tongue body gestures (palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal) are utilized. All articulator gestures needed for a vowel converged on a typical configuration, those arriving earlier being held until all were in position. The configuration was held briefly before the articulators were withdrawn. Coarticulation was organized by queuing oncoming gestures that are antagonistic to current gestures, avoiding conflicts.

Patterns of tongue and jaw movement in a cinefluorographic study of feeding in the macaque

Tongue movements in three female Macaca fascicularis, with radio-opaque markers in the tongue, teeth and hyoid, feeding on apple, banana and monkey chow, were recorded using lateral projection cineradiography (± 100 f.p.s.) with synchronized frontal view cinephotography (50 f.p.s.). Marker positions were digitized and the resultant Cartesian coordinates manipulated: (a) to establish the gape time profile; (b) anteroposterior and dorsoventral movements of tongue and hyoid markers relative to an upper occlusal/palatal reference plane; and (c) expansion and contraction of tongue segments in selected sections of complete sequences. The relative timing of tongue and jaw movement events was established using interval analysis. In simple transport cycles (semisolid food), all parts of the tongue moved in synchrony, travelling forwards and expanding during early opening, and backwards and contracting during late opening and closing. In contrast, in simple chewing cycles with a power stroke (SC phase): (a) the tongue markers reached their most backward position before or at the beginning of the SC phase, travelling forwards until the teeth approached intercuspation, then paused until after the teeth had reached centric occlusion; (b) the markers moved asynchronously, so that the relation between each marker and jaw movement changed; (c) expansion and contraction was largely confined to the middle tongue segment. In complex chewing cycles, jaw movement in opening was linked to the behaviour of the anterior tongue segment: reversal from forward to backward movement of the anterior tongue marker occurred within 30 ms of the rate change at the SO (slow open)-FO (fast open) transition: the greater the amplitude of forward movement, the longer the SO phase. Hyoid (tongue base) movement occurred throughout masticatory sequences. A backward drift of the hyoid and posterior part of the tongue occurred in cycles preceding swallows. Linkages between tongue and jaw movements in feeding in macaques are more complex than those reported for non-primate mammals, as they change between successive jaw cycles. The changes observed during sequences, and between different foods, suggest that the effector systems involved are continuously modulated, and the jaw-movement profile during opening may be dependent on the pattern of tongue movement.

Swallowing dysfunction in the postpolio syndrome: a cinefluorographic study.

Twenty patients with a remote history of poliomyelitis and recent or progressive dysphagia were evaluated with cinefluorography. Radiographic abnormalities were present in the pharynx in varying degrees in all but one of the patients. Findings included atrophy of the prevertebral soft tissues, unilateral or bilateral weakness of the tongue or soft palate, paresis or paralysis of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle, incomplete or absent epiglottic tilt, poor laryngeal elevation, poor laryngeal closure with laryngeal penetration, aspiration (often without a cough), and luminal narrowing at the cricopharyngeal level. Other structural lesions included a Zenker diverticulum in one patient, bilateral pharyngeal pouches in five, and a unilateral pouch in one. Additional structural lesions contributing to dysphagia were found in two other patients, including a focal stricture in the cervical esophagus in one patient and two stenotic rings in the distal esophagus in another. In four patients (one of whom had the Zenker diverticulum), the inferior constrictor muscle contracted forcibly above a prominent cricopharyngeus muscle, perhaps contributing to the formation of the diverticulum. It is important to examine postpolio patients with dysphagia carefully with dynamic imaging to assess the severity of decompensation and to detect other lesions that may be treatable. The information derived can be used to guide management.

A cinefluorographic study of hyoid bone movement during deglutition

A quantitative study was performed to analyze movement of the hyoid bone on swallowing in 71 patients with pharyngo-laryngeal neurosis (44 males, 27 females), who had no abnormal findings either morphologically or functionally. The lateral X-ray cine (30 frames/sec) was taken while the patients swallowed the contrast medium in the upright position, and precise movement of the hyoid bone was examined using a motion analyzer. The movement was divided into 5 phases; initial slow elevation from the resting position (1st elevation phase), then a quick upwards shift to the highest position (2nd elevation phase), where the hyoid bone remained temporarily (static phase), followed by rapid and slow descending shifts towards the resting position (1st and 2nd descending phase, respectively). The resting position of the hyoid bone is significantly lower in males than in females and it seemed to get lower with age in both sex. When compared to the younger group (age 10-30), the older group (age 60-70) had significantly more distance and longer duration of deglutition in the 1st elevation phase, whereas the 2nd elevation phase did not differ among the age group. The results of this study indicate that prolongation of the time and distance of the 1st elevation phase are more significant in the older group, which may well explain the cause of delayed of deglutition.

A cinefluorographic study of hyoid and laryngeal movements during deglutition

A cinefluorographic study of hyoid and laryngeal movements during deglutition

“Compensatory articulation” in hearing impaired speakers: a cinefluorographic study

Data from three hearing-impaired subjects were compared with data from three hearing subjects to study the effect of constraining the jaw during speech on tongue shape and position for the vowels /i/, /æ/ and /u/. The results showed that although the three hearing-impaired speakers showed more variable tongue shapes and positions in both bite-block and nonbite-block conditions, the bite-block had little effect in altering the areas of maximum constriction between the tongue dorsum and maxilla associated with the vowels studied. Two of the hearing-impaired speakers showed less differentiation in tongue shape and position for the vowels /u/ and /æ/ in both jaw-fixed and jaw-free conditions. A third hearing-impaired speaker differentiated the vowels but the tongue positions observed were different from those of normal hearing speakers. The bite-block was shown to have no systematic effect on intelligibility for any of the hearing-impaired speakers. These findings are interpreted in terms of current thinking on sensorimotor integration and movement control with particular reference to “target-based” theories.

Cinefluorographic Study of Movements of the Mouth Floor in Chewing and Swallowing

Cinefluorographic Study of Movements of the Mouth Floor in Chewing and Swallowing

Effects of contrast medium on left ventricular pressure and volume with emphasis on coronary artery disease

Forty-one patients had left ventricular angiography repeated 3 minutes after an initial study in order to evaluate the effect of angiographic contrast medium on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (EDP) and volume (EDV). Seven patients had no evidence of heart disease (normal group) and 34 patients had coronary artery disease. Single-vessel diseae was present in 10, double-vessel disease in 10, and triple-vessel disease in 14 patients. Seven other patients with radiopague epicardial clips previously attached to the left ventricle underwent cinefluorographic studies to determine end-diastolic intraclip distance at various intervals after a left ventricular angiogram. In all the groups studied there was a significant increase (p less than 0.005) in both the left ventricular EPD and EDV in the second angiographic study as compared to the first. This increase in EDV (deltaV) was similar in all groups. However, the increase in EDP (deltaP) was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in patients with double- and triple-vessel disease as compared to the normal and single-vessel disease groups. Ejection fraction, per cent shortening of the heart axis, and contractile pattern in the normal subjects were not singnificantly different when the second angiographic study was compared to the first. In nine of 34 patients with coronary artery disease the second angiographic study demonstrated impairment in left ventricular contractile pattern not present in the first angiographic study. Cinefluorographic study demonstrated an increase in end-diastolic intraclip distance after the left ventricular angiogram. The change in intraclip distance corresponded directionally and temporally to the changes in left ventricular EDP. The present study revealed that the increase in left ventricular end-diastolic press-re associated with the injection of angiographic contrast medium can be explained by an increase in EDV and that such changes last for over 15 minutes and may be associated with alterations in the contractile pattern of the left ventricle.

EMG study of the coarticulation of lip rounding

The extent of both anticipatory and carryover coarticulation is of central importance to theories of speech organization. One articulatory gesture whose anticipation has been studied repeatedly is vowel lip rounding. Daniloff and Moll [J. Speech Hear. Res. 11, 707–721 (1968)], reporting the results of a cinefluorographic study of lip rounding, describe vowel lip rounding as being initiated with the beginning of a preceding consonant string, for strings up to four segments long. Preliminary results of an EMG experiment in which /u/ was preceded by a one‐ or two‐consonant string show activity for the rounding gesture beginning at the same time before the vowel onset for all conditions regardless of the position of the syllable boundary. Parallel results were obtained for carryover coarticulation.

Cinefluorographic study of selected allophones of English /1/.

Abstract The purpose of this cinefluorographic study of a number of allophonic variations of English /l/ was to describe the articulatory characteristics of these variations and to assess factors which may be responsible for the variations. Three subjects produced a speech sample containing English words and phrases while the high speed cinefluorographic films were made. The observed variability centered around two allophone groups, the prevocalic and the post-vocalic, having different articulatory characteristics. The pre-vocalic productions showed a more anterior lingual position and faster speed of movement than was observed for the post-vocalic group. Consequently, the pre-vocalic allophones showed no undershoot of the anterior lingual contact, while the post-vocalics did show undershoot of this position. The syllabic /l/ productions displayed lingual configurations like the post-vocalic group and movement characteristics like those shown when /l/ is articulated in a pre-vocalic cluster. Variation within the three major allophone groups can be explained within current concepts of coarticulation and articulatory undershoot.

Cinefluorographic study of the aortic ball-cage prosthetic valve: Phonocardiographic, hemodynamic and angiographic correlates

Cinefluorographic evaluation of the Starr-Edwards aortic prosthetic valve (model 2320) was performed in 41 patients. The aortic pressure pulse, obtained with a catheter-tip manometer, the electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously on cine film and photographic paper. The patients were classified into three groups on the basis of the behavior of the poppet during ejection. In Group I (20 patients) the poppet remained in a relatively fixed position at the apex of the cage throughout the ejection period. Ascent of the poppet at the beginning of ejection was associated with an opening sound and occurred simultaneously with the increase In aortic pressure. An ejection click occurred on Impact of the poppet against the apex of the cage. Descent of the poppet at the end of ejection started 50 msec before the incisura, at a time when supraaortic angiograms demonstrated reflux of contrast material into the left ventricle. Final closure occurred on inscription of the incisura and was associated with a closure sound. In Group II (11 patients) the poppet bounded away from the apex of the cage early during the ejection period and promptly returned to the apex for the remainder of the period. The double impact of the poppet early during ejection was associated with a double ejection click. In Group III (10 patients) premature partial closure of the valve occurred during ejection. After striking the apex of the cage during early ejection, the poppet descended almost one half the distance toward the base of the valve and remained in a relatively fixed, partially closed position during the rest of the ejection period. In this group, unlike Groups I and II, the high frequency component of the closure sound was almost half the amplitude of the ejection click. In three patients a slight tilt of the prosthetic valve in relation to the ascending aorta was noted. This tilt was not observed in Groups I and II. The behavior of the poppet in the three groups can be explained by the hydrodynamic principle of resistance of a solid body in a fluid stream. The angiographic findings indicate that in all patients final closure of the prosthetic valve was due to backward aortic flow.

Cinefluorographic Study on the Movements of the Mouth Floor

Cinefluorographic Study on the Movements of the Mouth Floor

Mechanism of closure of the mitral prosthetic valve and the role of atrial systole: Phonocardiographic and cinefluorographic study

Phonocardiographic and Cinefluorographic methods were used to study the mechanism of closure of the Starr-Edwards mitral prosthetic valve (model 6320) in 41 patients with a normal QRS interval. Atrial fibrillation was present in 23 patients and normal sinus rhythm in 18. The following intervals were measured: QRS to mitral closing click (Q-Mc), QRS to onset of closure (Q-Oc) and QRS to completion of closure (Q-Cc) of the prosthetic valve. Ball travel time was measured as Q-Cc minus Q-Oc. Mean Q-Oc was shorter in the group with normal sinus rhythm. In 8 patients in this group, Q-Oc occurred before ventricular systole and, in 2, completion of closure occurred before the QRS interval. Early closure in the group with normal rhythm was related to a prolonged P-R interval. In this group, values for Q-Mc and Q-Cc intervals did not differ significantly. Q-Cc in the groups with atrial fibrillation and normal sinus rhythm were not significantly different. Ball travel time was significantly longer in the latter group. Long R-R intervals in the group with atrial fibrillation may be associated with partial and occasionally complete premature closure of the valve. Q-Mc was inversely related to the R-R interval in this group. This study indicates 3 mechanisms for closure of the mitral prosthetic valve. Atrial or ventricular contraction alone may close the valve. The contribution of each is dependent on the time interval separating the contraction of these chambers. Spontaneous partial or complete closure may occur before ventricular systole during a prolonged R-R interval.

Long-term results following correction of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: a clinical and cinefluorographic study.

<h2>Abstract</h2> Between the years 1945 and 1955, 120 babies survived primary repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula at The Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. During the first decade after repair 35%–50% of patients have problems with stricture.¹ Esophageal dysfunction has also been reported.^2–6 Most of these studies, however, were done on children or on small groups of patients. We undertook this study to extend the follow-up into the second and third decades following repair, and to investigate the nature of the disordered motility by cinefluorography.

Cinefluorographic Study of Coarticulation of Pre- and Postvocalic Allophones of /l/ in Consonant Clusters

Lateral cinefluorographic films were taken of three subjects at a speed of 150 frames/sec. The subjects, natives of the midwestern U. S. and judged to possess a dialect typical of that region, produced words in which an /l/ allophone was a part of a pre- or postvocalic consonant cluster. Articulatory movements were analyzed by a frame-by-frame tracing of the structural contours through the phonetic sequences under investigation. In prevocalic clusters, articulation of the [l] was shown to coarticulate with the articulatory movement associated with the phonetic element immediately preceding the [l]. The articulation of the phonetic element immediately following the postvocalic [l] coarticulated with the movements associated with the [l]. The degree of overlap or the timing of the sequence of articulatory movements in the clusters was variable.

Cinefluorographic Study on Mandibular Positions during Speech

Cinefluorographic Study on Mandibular Positions during Speech

A Cinefluorographic Study of the Emphatic-Nonemphatic Feature in Arabic as a Correlate of the English Tense-Lax Feature

Previous investigations [Klatt and Stevens, “Pharyngeal Consonants,” QPR 93, 207–216 (1969)] show that there are well-defined places of articulation with distinctive acoustic properties which take place when the vocal tract constriction is made within the regions between the velum and the glottis. These sounds are traditionally known as emphatic and are found in the Semitic languages, in particular, Arabic. The high-speed cinefluorographic films made of three native speakers of Arabic answer several questions concerning the fine details of physiological activities which involve the tongue root with respect to the velum and the interior pharyngeal wall during articulating certain sounds, namely the emphatic and their nonemphatic counterparts in Arabic. The study also investigates the timing differences for other major articulator movements which serve to differentiate classes of sounds. [This project was supported, in part, by a Public Health Service research grant, the National Institute of Dental Research.]

Cinefluorographic study of functional adaptation of the oropharyngeal structures.

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the Orthodontic Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. Aided, in part, by research grant DA-131 from the Medical Research Council.

Electromyographic and cinefluorographic study on motility of the residual stomach after gastrectomies

The present study was made to investigate the details of gastric emptying mechanism in man.For this purpose thrity-four patients with surgical diseases of the stomach who underwent proximal gastrectomy, resection of the gastric body, and antrectomy in our department were studied.Bipolar needle electrode was sewn into the pyloric wall muscle under the serosa after the gastrectomies. Electrical activity of the pylorus and cinefluorographic image of the residual stomach using barium food were simultaneously recorded by means of cine-oscillo-synchronizing unit on the 7th through 22nd day after operation.The results obtained are as follows:1. In the groups of proximal gastrectomy and resection of the gastric body electrical activity of the pylorus was accelerated and gastric emptying was also promoted when the patient exchanges his posture from lying his back to standing upright.2. In the group of antrectomy, however, both the electrical activity of the pylorus and the gastric emptying were not influenced by the same postural exchange as above.From these results it is conceivable that mechanical stretch cued of food on the pyloric antrum is a factor promoting the gastric emptying mechanism.