Types Of Cigarettes Research Articles

A New Type of Expanded Graphite-Based Heat-Conducting Glue and Its Application in Heat-Non-Burning Cigarette

With the popularity of heat non-combustible cigarettes, a new type of tobacco product, higher requirements have been put forward for the thermal conductivity of tobacco materials compared to traditional tobacco. In order to make the tobacco uniformly heated, adding high thermal conductivity materials to the tobacco to improve the thermal conductivity of the tobacco in the heat-non-burning smoke is a conventional practice. Therefore, this article introduces expanded graphite with high specific surface area and high thermal conductivity as the main material of thermal conductivity, and the polymer obtained by esterification reaction of biomass material polylactic acid, citric acid and diol are utilized as the adhesive glue. Research shows that this material enhances the heating performance of tobacco in heat non-combustible cigarettes. The thermal conductivity measured by adding 3 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml of the expanded graphite viscous mixture to the filter paper spacer increased sequentially both at room temperature and at 100 degrees Celsius, and all of them were higher than that of the blank filter paper. This method effectively realized the fixation of the expanded graphite thermal conductive material on the surface of the tobacco, which greatly improved the thermal conductivity performance of the tobacco and made this new type of heat cigarettes more uniformly heated.

Classification of Cigarette Types Using Computer Vision: An Analysis of Smoke Aggregation Features

Classification of Cigarette Types Using Computer Vision: An Analysis of Smoke Aggregation Features

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Remaja Melalui Games Edukasi tentang Rokok Pada Siswa SMPN 01 Lalonggasumeeto Kabupaten Konawe tahun 2023

Cigarettes contain tobacco leaves which are very harmful to health. Currently, cigarettes are found in all circles, including adolescents. This service aims to increase the knowledge of SMPN 01 Lalonggasumeeto students of Konawe Regency about smoking through an educational game created, namely the MANGKOK game. Students who are willing to be respondents are 46 students. The service process is carried out by giving serial numbers to respondents then every time a game will be called 7 respondents who will be asked questions. Education was given when the respondents were in the game arena when each respondent finished answering the questions. Knowledge was measured using pretest and posttest questionnaires and processed using the Epi Info application. The results of the Paired Sample T-Test test showed that there was an increase in knowledge after being given the MANGKOK game to adolescents at SMPN 01 Lalonggasumeeto with a p-value (0.000) < alpha (0.05). From the question and answer session, students were hesitant in answering the questions given. Although there was an increase in knowledge, but for the types of questions about the types of cigarettes, their effects, and how to prevent them, there were still some students who were wrong in answering. This service was carried out for 21 days.

THE COMPARISON OF MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC) VALUES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND ELECTRIC SMOKERS IN KEMBARAN DISTRICT

Smoking is a frequent and hazardous activity for health as it can lead to various diseases include lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is known to cause an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values. With the advancement of time, types of cigarettes can be classified into conventional and electric cigarettes. This study aims to compare the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values between conventional and electric smokers in Kembaran District. This study uses an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consists of 26 male respondents, aged 17-25 years, who are conventional smokers and electric smokers in Kembaran Sub-District, selected using purposive sampling. MCHC values were measured using a hematology analyzer and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results of this study show a comparison of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values in conventional smokers and electric smokers in Kembaran District. This is evidenced by the p-value of 0.000 (p 0.05).

The impact of tax and price reforms on companies’ prices in a complex cigarette tax system

ABSTRACT This study analyzes how changes in various aspects of excise tax systems, including minimum price laws and differential price tiers for excise taxation jointly rather than independently, influence firms’ pricing decisions. We apply our model to Indonesia, where the tobacco excise tax system is complex, with several excise tax tiers within and across cigarette types. We use a comprehensive database of prices over the past decade for all cigarettes manufactured and sold in Indonesia, obtained from Indonesian Customs. We find that the impact of excise taxes on prices hides important effects of other pricing policies that are typically ignored in research, which either focus on the independent impacts of excise tax or do not distinguish between cigarette types. Specifically, minimum price policies have a larger impact than excise taxes on pricing decisions for machine-made clove cigarettes (kretek), while excise tax changes have a larger effect on prices for machine-made, non-clove (white) cigarettes. For cigarette types and brands that are more likely to feature a relatively more elastic demand (hand-rolled kretek), companies keep prices close to the minimum price. The results imply that a multi-tiered tobacco excise tax system likely generates distortions that limit government policies’ effectiveness in reducing tobacco consumption.

The activity of 210Pb in cigarette smoked in Kazakhstan.

The radon decay product 210Pb is a known component of tobacco. In this study, the activity concentration of 210Pb in the most popular cigarette brands (six samples) for Kazakhstan consumers was determined by beta spectrometry. The activity levels of 210Pb ranged between 2.69 ± 0.27 and 27.42 ± 2.74mBq per cigarette. Higher activity concentrations for 210Pb were found in Sample No.4 and showed an excess of the world average by 1.8 times. The average activity concentrations of 210Pb in cigarette tobacco were 10.42 ± 1.04mBq cig-1. The daily activities inhaled in the lungs of a smoker, and the resulting effective doses due to cigarette smoking were calculated. Effective doses per year due to cigarette smoking were calculated assuming that 42.13% of the 210Pb in tobacco were retained in the lungs of the smokers. It is concluded that for a smoker in Kazakhstan, the average effective dose ranges from 9.1 ± 0.9 μSv/year to 92.8 ± 9.3 μSv/year for a cigarette consumption of one pack of cigarettes per day. The results indicate that the annual effective doses from inhalation of 210Pb due to smoking one pack of cigarettes per day are from 7 to 58 times (for different types of cigarettes) greater than the annual effective doses from ingestion of radionuclides via the diet.

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Objectives : Cigarette smoking is an important factor in human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Machine-smoking methods have been devised to evaluate inhalation exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke. However, there have been only a few studies that have employed these methods for PAH monitoring in Korea.Methods : Total particulate matter samples were collected from the mainstream smoke of five different cigarette types using the ISO 3308 standard smoking method. The samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) following extraction and clean-up procedures.Results and Discussion : The 16 PAH levels of cigarette samples ranged from 87.1 ng/cig to 247.4 ng/cig with an average of 135.4 ng/cig. The average fractions of PAHs classified by the number of rings were as follows: 15% (2 rings), 37% (3 rings), 43% (4 rings), 4% (5 rings), and 1% (6 rings). Diagnostic ratios suggested that the characteristics of PAH pollution in mainstream cigarette smoke were similar to those of biomass burning but different from those of ambient air. The carcinogenic risks of PAHs exceeded the risk threshold of the US EPA (1.0E-06) for the 10%, 30%, and 20% exposure groups of adult males, adult females, and all adults, respectively.Conclusion : This study highlights the significance of mainstream cigarette smoke in examining human inhalation exposure to PAHs and carcinogenic risks, which are primarily influenced by cigarette smoking rather than ambient air. These findings can contribute to a comprehensive assessment of inhalation exposure to PAHs and provide guidance for the development of environmental health policies aimed at reducing such exposure.

Effect of combined tobacco use and type 2 diabetes mellitus on prevalent fibrosis in patients with MASLD.

Several studies have investigated the independent effect of cigarette smoking or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on MASLD. However, the interaction effect between tobacco consumption and T2DM on MASLD severity remains underexplored. In this study, we assessed the combined effect of tobacco use and T2DM on hepatic fibrosis in MASLD. We conducted a single-center retrospective cross-sectional analysis of eligible participants from the Mass General Brigham Fibroscan© database. The participants were divided into 3 groups: those with T2DM and a history of tobacco use (primary exposure group), those with T2DM but no history of tobacco use (secondary exposure group), and those without T2DM and no history of tobacco use (reference group). An additional model was developed, which included a fourth group, participants with a history of tobacco use but no T2DM. The likelihood of fibrosis was determined using a defined fibrosis-4 index cutoff value of 1.3. In addition, we computed the estimated marginal means for liver stiffness measurement and compared the values among the exposure groups. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between the exposure groups and the risk for hepatic fibrosis. Overall, 598 individuals were enrolled in the study. The bivariable logistic regression model revealed a significant independent association between T2DM, combined smoking and T2DM, and the outcome of interest, fibrosis. Age, sex, metabolic syndrome, aspirin use, statin use, hemoglobin A1C (A1C), and total bilirubin level were also significantly associated with fibrosis. In the adjusted fibrosis-4 multivariable model (comparing exposure groups to controls), cigarette smoking and T2DM interaction had higher odds of prevalent fibrosis (aOR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.62-5.76), compared to those with T2DM alone (aOR 2.28; 95% CI, 1.37-3.85). The continuous liver stiffness measurement comparison across the exposure group showed an estimated marginal means of 6.26 (95% CL: 5.58-6.94), 7.54 (95% CL: 6.78-8.30), and 7.88 (6.78-8.99) for the reference group, T2DM only group, and tobacco-T2DM group, respectively. The diabetes-only group and the combined tobacco-T2DM group had statistically significant associations with liver stiffness measurement (p values: 0.013 and 0.014, respectively). Although diabetes is independently associated with hepatic fibrosis in patients with MASLD, the combination of tobacco consumption and diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of fibrosis. Therefore, lifestyle change through tobacco use cessation in patients with diabetes could be beneficial in reducing the incidence of liver fibrosis among individuals with MASLD.

Situation Analysis of Smoking Behavior and Tobacco Control in Blitar City

Background: The problem of smoking is still a national problem that is continuously being addressed, because it involves various aspects of problems in life, namely economic, social, political aspects, especially health aspects. The death rate from smoking is still very high. Tobacco abuse is a preventable cause of death but there are still many people who are difficult to escape from the bondage of the dangers of smoking. Purpose: The City of Blitar has committed to implementing a tobacco control program through the Regional Regulation (perda) of the City of Blitar Number 1 of 2019 concerning Smoking Free Areas. The implementation of these local regulations requires data as a basis for developing strategies to achieve goals. Methods: This study uses a mix method approach (quantitative and qualitative). The approach is used to facilitate a variety of specific research objectives. Research on smoking behavior and attitudes of tobacco workers towards tobacco control uses a quantitative approach. While research on regional income from the cigarette industry and the condition of cigarette advertisements in public places uses a quantitative approach. Results: Teenage respondents 300 respondents were dominated by male gender, smoking status there were 221 respondents who stated that they were smokers. Most of the respondents' ages were in the range of 17-20 years and at the junior and senior high school levels. With the results of this study it can be concluded that the incidence of smoking in adolescents is still high with a percentage (70.3%) of smoking status which is dominated by men. Adult respondents note that all male respondents have a tendency to smoke. Most of the respondents were in the range of 19-23 years with the most education at the high school level. Conclusion: The type of cigarettes consumed by adolescents is white cigarettes, consuming at least less than 5 cigarettes and at most more than 15 cigarettes per day. Most of the costs spent by teenagers to shop for cigarettes range from IDR 50,000 to IDR 100,000 and above. Among the 189 smokers respondents, only 83 of them had the desire to quit smoking. It is known that most of the adult respondents at the age of 15 years were the age when they first smoked.

Analysis of Tobacco Consumption Behavior in Adolescents at Kediri Regency

Background: The prevalence of adolescent smokers in Indonesia is very worrying, with an estimated number of 70 million children in Indonesia and making Indonesia the third country with the highest number of smokers in Asia. The tendency of adolescents who want to try smoking causes health problems. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to know the description of smoking habits among adolescents in Kediri Regency. Method: This research is a survey research with a population of all adolescent groups in Kediri Regency. Samples were taken purposively by 300 respondents. The data collection method in this study used a questionnaire. This study uses a quantitative descriptive technique by describing several variables including pocket money, the role of health workers, information on the dangers of smoking, cigarette advertisements, knowledge, attitudes, smoking status. Results: The majority of adolescent smokers in Kediri Regency are male with an age range between 14-16 years with junior high school education. The average number of cigarettes consumed is between 1 to 4 cigarettes, spending an average of Rp. 300,000 per month for the type of cigarette consumed, the majority of which are white cigarettes. The first time they got to know cigarettes at the age of 14 to 15 years was 123 people (79%). They know cigarettes through exposure to internet media. Conclusion: The Adolescents have various reasons behind their smoking behavior. They tend to have great curiosity. The habit of smoking for students begins because they are consumed by advertisements and persuaded by friends.

Waterpipe tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Despite an increasing proportion of smokers who use non-cigarette products, the harmfulness of these is inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of waterpipe tobacco (WTP) smoking on all-cause mortality. A prospective cohort study followed up on 35 646 participants from 2007 to 2019 in Northern Viet Nam. Data for each type of cigarette and WTP smoking were collected based on demographic lifestyle and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Smokers were categorized as current smokers and former smokers who were lifetime ever smokers but stopped smoking >6months before the interview. Data on all-cause mortality (2449 deaths) were obtained from medical records at the state health facilities. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mortality were estimated using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Compared with non-smokers, ever smokers had a higher all-cause mortality risk (HR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.16-1.43). Current WTP (HR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.19-1.57), current cigarette (HR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.22-1.60) and former WTP smokers (HR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.10-1.76) showed an elevated risk of dying. The mortality risk was significantly elevated in dual smokers using WTP and cigarettes (HR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.35-1.79) and exclusive WTP smokers (HR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.21-1.57). Elevated risk was observed for the main targeted attractions of cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. Smoking cessation of >10 years decreased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.44-0.85) and cancer (HR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.11-0.52). WTP smoking increases the risk of all-cause mortality. A unique programme to control exposure to WTP should be a high priority in Viet Nam and other countries.

Health implications forecast for electronic cigarette users

Electronic cigarettes have rapidly gained popularity in the tobacco market, primarily among young adults. Marketers exploit the lack of evidence regarding their health effects and label them as a safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Our study aims to expand the existing body of evidence on their impact on the human body. Objective: To identify the most significant characteristics of individuals using electronic cigarettes based on statistical analysis of clinical and laboratory examination data. Materials and Methods. The study included 102 participants (main group – 66 individuals using electronic cigarettes as an alternative form of smoking; control group – 36 individuals who did not use electronic or industrial cigarettes) aged 20 to 35 years. Each participant provided written informed consent to participate. Patient examinations included the following parameters: height, weight, body mass index (BMI) calculation; measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, and respiratory rate; throat swab collection. Results. According to our data, individuals in the main group had higher height, weight, and BMI values. A higher BMI may be associated with excessive stimulation of salivary glands and, consequently, increased gastric secretion and appetite stimulation. Electronic cigarette users had significantly higher blood pressure levels compared to the control group. Users of nicotine delivery systems in throat swabs had significantly higher levels of mucus, coccal flora, and neutrophil percentage, indicating the presence of bacterial agents in the oral cavity mucosa. This may be related to bacterial agents’ dissemination through nicotine delivery devices. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis with potential patient characteristics. Conclusions. Electronic cigarette users are characterized by higher height, weight, BMI, blood pressure levels compared to non-smoking peers, as well as reduced adaptation potential and a prevalence of parasympathetic nervous system regulation. It was found that a typical electronic cigarette user is a male (OR = 15.9364) with reduced IFZ – adaptive potential of functional abilities (OR = 7.8128) and an abnormal amount of oral cavity flora (OR = 1.7748).

Hubungan Perilaku Merokok dengan Tekanan Darah Sistolik dan Tekanan Darah Diastolik pada Masyarakat di Kecamatan Kamanre Kabupaten Luwu Sulawesi Selatan

Smoking behavior is a lifestyle that affects blood pressure in a person suffering from hypertension. Cigarettes contain nicotine which can make a person dependent by stimulating dopamine in the brain and increasing the hormone adrenaline which triggers the heart to work harder so that it has an impact on high blood pressure or hypertension in the sufferer. This study aims to identify the relationship between smoking behavior and systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in communities in Kamanre District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. This research is a quantitative study that uses a correlation analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 96 respondents. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The results of the study were analyzed using the chi-square test. Based on the chi-square test, there is a meaningful relationship between the number of cigarettes and blood pressure where (p value < 0.05) p = 0.016 for systolic blood pressure and p = 0.014 for diastolic blood pressure. The results of the chi-square test between cigarette type and blood pressure did not have a meaningful relationship p = 1,000 for systolic blood pressure and p = 0.294 for diastolic blood pressure. And the chi-square test results between smoking duration and systolic blood pressure there is a meaningful relationship p = 0.027 and diastolic blood pressure p = 1,000 there is no meaningful relationship.

The evaluation of taste sensitivity between conventional and electric smokers

Background: Taste has an important role in human life because of the sense of taste, humans have an ability to taste various flavors of food. Decreased taste sensitivity can affect the quality of life and cause a person to consume excessive taste substances. One of the factors associated with decreased taste sensitivity is smoking. Currently, a new type of cigarette (electric cigarette or e-cigarette) is being developed which is favorable to young people because it has a different content, shape, and taste compared to conventional cigarettes. E-cigarettes are considered safer because aerosol does not contain the tobacco content of conventional cigarettes and is an alternative to smoking cessation programs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference in taste sensitivity between conventional smokers and e-smokers.
 Method: This research is an analytical observational study using a cross-sectional design. The research subjects were conventional and electric smokers who were students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The research subjects were obtained by purposive sampling, a total of 32 people who had met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis used frequency tables for univariate data and an-independent sample T-test for bivariate data.
 Result: The results of the bivariate analysis showed a significant value between conventional and electric smokers with p = 0.036 (< 0.05) for sweet, salty, and sour tastes, while for bitter tastes p = 0.031 (< 0.05).
 Conclusion: Taste sensitivity in conventional smokers is less sensitive than in electric smokers. Sensitivity to bitter tastes in both treatment groups is less sensitive than sweet, salty, and sour tastes.

The effects of different types of smoking on recovery from attack in hospitalized multiple sclerosis patients

BackgroundSeveral studies demonstrated the association between tobacco smoking and higher risk and increased progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Data about the effect of smoking during the recovery from MS attacks is limited. Furthermore, different types of tobacco exposures such as water pipe and passive smoking are not well assessed separately. So this study evaluated the effect of different types of smokes, cigarette and water pipe as well as passive smoking on the function recovery of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) attacks MethodsThis cohort study evaluated the adult patients with RRMS and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) < 5 in the attack phase. Patients were divided into two groups: smokers and non-smokers. The smokers included those who use cigarette, water pipe as well as passive smokers as subgroups for more analyses later. EDSS was monitored after relapse and two months after relapse. Change of EDSS considered as the criteria for functional recovery. The correlation between the amount of consumption and disability level was assessed among smokers by Pearson’s correlation test. While, the difference of EDSS between smoker and non-smoker were assessed by Independent samples T-test. Results142 patients were evaluated. 79 (55.6%) were smokers (43% male) while 63 (44.4%) were non-smokers (36.5% male). There was a statistically significant difference in change of EDSS between smoker and non-smoker groups, which change of EDSS was higher in non-smoker (−2.62 ± 0.90 non-smoker vs. −1.75 ± 0.76 smoker, P < 0.001). Also, only there was a significantly lesser decline in EDSS after two months in the cigarette smokers in subgroups analyses (P < 0.001). A correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the number per day of cigarette smoking and EDSS after relapse (r = 0.3, P = 0.03) and a significant positive correlation between minutes per month of smoking of water pipe and EDSS two months after relapse (r = ‎0.6‎‎, P > 0.001). ConclusionTobacco smoking especially cigarette smoking is associated with a negative effect on recovery from the attack in patients with RRMS.

A Comprehensive Study on the Acidic Compounds in Gas and Particle Phases of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Acidic compounds constitute a group of chemicals present in mainstream cigarette smoke, among which organic acids contribute to flavoring. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the constituents of acidic compounds in both the particulate and gaseous phases of the mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes, and to delineate the difference between two types of cigarettes, the yields of acidic constituents from nine cigarettes of two commercial brands (L- and M-types) were collected and analyzed in detail by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results identified and quantitatively analyzed 46 compounds, grouped according to the substituent groups. Compositional differences between the two cigarette types were evaluated with statistical approaches. Comparison between individual, grouped, and total acid contents, between the particulate and the gaseous phases, and between the commercial L- and M-type tobaccos were conducted and characterized by the p values obtained from Student’s t-test. Multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models to identify the acids that enable a reliable differentiation of the two types. Seventeen acidic compounds whose p &lt; 0.05 and variable importance in projection (VIP) &gt; 1 were identified as key components that could discriminate between the two groups of commercial cigarettes. This study may be beneficial for the development of non-combusted tobacco products, which could serve as alternatives to traditional cigarettes.

How has Expenditure on Nicotine Products Changed in a Fast-Evolving Marketplace? A Representative Population Survey in England, 2018-2022.

In the last 5 years, there has been a dramatic shift in the types of nicotine products being purchased. This study aimed to estimate how much users spend on types of cigarettes and alternative nicotine products (e-cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), heated tobacco, and nicotine pouches) and describe changes between 2018 and 2022. Monthly representative cross-sectional survey in England. 10 323 adults who smoked cigarettes or used alternative nicotine reported their average weekly expenditure on these products, adjusted for inflation. Smokers spent £20.49 [95% CI = 20.09-20.91] on cigarettes each week (£27.66 [26.84-28.50] and £15.96 [15.49-16.28] among those who mainly smoked manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes, respectively), e-cigarette users spent £6.30 [5.99-6.55] (£8.41 [7.17-9.78], £6.42 [5.58-7.39], and £5.93 [5.64-6.30] among those who mainly used disposable, pod, and refillable devices, respectively), NRT users £6.11 [5.53-6.69], and heated tobacco users £13.87 [9.58-20.09]. Expenditure on cigarettes grew by 10% from September 2018 to July 2020, then fell by 10% from July 2020 to June 2022. These changes coincided with a 13% reduction in cigarette consumption and a 14% increase in the proportion mainly smoking hand-rolled cigarettes. Expenditure on e-cigarettes was stable between 2018 and late 2020, then rose by 31% up to mid-2022. Expenditure on NRT increased slowly in 2018-2020 (+4%) and more quickly thereafter (+20%). Inflation-adjusted expenditure on cigarettes has fallen since 2020, such that the average smoker in England currently spends the same on cigarettes each week as in 2018. This has been achieved by smoking fewer cigarettes and switching to cheaper hand-rolled cigarettes. Expenditure on alternative nicotine has increased above inflation; users spent around a third more on these products in 2022 than between 2018-2020. People in England continue to spend substantially more on smoking cigarettes than using alternative nicotine products. The average smoker in England spends around £13 a week (~£670 a year) more than people using only e-cigarettes or NRT. The average expenditure on manufactured cigarettes is double that of hand-rolled cigarettes.

Research of prospects of involving pharmacists in ukraine to help patients trying to quit smoking

The aim. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking among pharmacy workers in Ukraine, their awareness of the harmfulness of certain types of cigarettes, the attitude of pharmacy managers and pharmacists towards their colleagues’ smoking, as well as the ability of pharmacists to provide effective help in smoking cessation and assessment of prospects for the participation of pharmacists in tobacco smoking control programs if such programs are to be implemented in Ukraine.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The survey involved 239 employees of Ukrainian pharmacies under the age of 30 working in different regions. According to the geographical structure, the respondents represent 22 regions of Ukraine.&#x0D; Results. The experience of countries where active assistance to those who want to quit smoking pharmacists are involved suggests that pharmacists' support can help increase adherence to smoking cessation drugs and provide additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy, which is quite effective. Currently, there are no such programs in Ukraine.&#x0D; The survey results show that Ukrainian pharmacists under the age of 30 are aware of the dangers of smoking. Most of them assess the level of their training in smoking cessation assistance as sufficient, but they only mean advice on the use of drugs in smoking cessation.&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, in order to introduce the services of active support by pharmacists for people trying to quit smoking in Ukraine, it is required to create the necessary conditions for the interest of pharmacies and pharmacists in carrying out this type of activity and the implementation of programs of additional training in methods of active support for people trying to quit smoking

Nicotine Dependence and Perceived Stress during the Pandemic

Background The development of COVID-19, which continues to increase in Indonesia, impacts the Indonesian people and causes stress due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior studies in several countries have shown that stress affects smokers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It affects smokers in two different ways, either they increase smoking or decrease smoking. This study aimed to determine the effect of Nicotine, smoking history, and changes in smoking habits during the COVID-19 pandemic on stress in smokers. Methods We conducted an online survey among active smokers in one of the villages in the South Lampung district, Indonesia November 2020 (n = 150). The survey includes sex, marital status, age of smoking initiation, duration as a smoker, changes in smoking frequency, questionnaire for nicotine dependence (the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence questionnaire) and The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Data were analyzed with Chi-square&lt;0.05). Results The results showed that the PSS score had a significant association with changes in smoking frequency (p=0.004) and nicotine dependence (p=0.001). Conclusions The study concluded that variations in nicotine dependence and changing smoking habits impacted perceived stress in smokers during the pandemic. There is a significant relationship between age at starting to smoke, number of cigarettes per day, duration of smoking habits, degree of smoking habits, and changes in smoking habits with stress levels in smokers in the COVID-19 pandemic era, and there is no relationship between types of cigarettes consumed, and stress levels in smokers in COVID-19 pandemic era.

Pelatihan Komunikasi Efektif Tentang Pencegahan Bahaya Narkoba Bagi Sukarelawan Dalam Menyukseskan Program Sekolah Bersinar (Bersih Narkoba)

This service is a follow-up to the results of previous research that discussed Therapeutic Communication in Drug Social Rehabilitation Clients at the Gennesa Banyuwangi Foundation. In a previous study, it was found that one of the clients at the Gennesa Foundation had been taking drugs since elementary school grade 5 types of alcohol and cigarettes. Starting from trial and error with the invitation of friends around him, then getting used to stealing and selling things in his house just to satisfy his addiction. Drugs have spread among children. Therefore, effective communication techniques are needed to socialize the dangers of drugs to children. This service is carried out by holding effective communication training for volunteers with the Training of Trainer (ToT) model which is attended by 25 students from various universities in Jember Regency. This devotion format is packaged in composition: 20% theoretical exposure, 20% discussion and 60% simulation. The material presented was socialization of the dangers of drugs, effective communication in the fight against drugs and simulations of effective communication techniques. The hope to be achieved from this service is that trained volunteers can be deployed in socializing the dangers of drugs to children in their neighborhoods and schools