Cial Statistics Research Articles

A CASE OF TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSIS IN A NEWBORN CHILD

Congenital ichthyoses (CI) are a group of rare inherited disorders that cause keratinization defects. This group includes hereditary ichthyosis and hereditary syndromes with ichthyosiform lesions. Offi cial statistics are not yet available in Ukraine. The most common clinical manifestation is nonbullous hyperkeratosis characterized by thick hyperkeratotic scales, skin thickening, severe skin dryness and erythema. In more severe forms – ectropion, eclabion. Skin permeability is increased in CI patients, resulting in increased fl uid and calorie loss, diffi culty in thermoregulation, and reduced elasticity, which limits mobility. Symptoms can vary in severity, but severe manifestations at birth are not always indicative of a more severe course later in life. Challenges in defi nitive diagnosis are due to the need for karyotyping, which is quite expensive. Currently available treatment modalities include continuous moisturization, reduction of transepidermal water loss, control of hyperkeratotic layer thickness (reducing it to a minimum) with local keratolytics, emollients, and systemic retinoids in severe cases. The article presents a clinical case of successful local treatment of CI with a pronounced eff ect without the use of systemic retinoids. The publication of the materials has been approved by the Bioethics Commission of the CI «Regional Medical Center for Family Health» DRC». All anamnestic data, examination results and photographs are provided with prior written consent of the parents. Conclusion. Congenital ichthyoses require careful monitoring. The initial clinical manifestations can not be a marker for the severity of the disease course.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МИГРАЦИИ «ОСНОВНОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ» ИЗ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Workers are becoming the most important source of economic development in the conditions of knowledge production, and the direction of migration fl ows of the working population can be a reliable predictor of future growth or stagnation of the regional economy. In the structure of the able-bodied population, the so-called “core generation” (persons from 20 to 40 years old), whose infl uence on the future state and prospects of a particular region is most signifi cant. For Russia, ensuring the harmonious development of the entire territory is one of the most important national tasks, and its solution should be based on the most complete and reliable information. For this reason, the authors propose in the article a new approach to the analysis of migration processes at the level of the Russian region, based on an assessment of the outfl ow of representatives of the “main generation” and its individual age subgroups. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the outfl ow of representatives of the “main generation” in the Chelyabinsk region, neighboring regions and regions with similar specializations in 2017–21. The data of offi cial statistics of Rosstat were used in the work. The authors obtained the following results: the intensity of the outfl ow of representatives of the main generation (especially people from 25 to 35 years old) is many times higher in the Chelyabinsk region and regions similar in size and level of economic development, when compared with the average values for all ages. This indicates hidden from observation in terms of gross migration rates, which in the next 10–15 years can lead to a signifi cant reduction in the human and intellectual potential in these territories. The results of the study can be used by public authorities to improve the methodology for assessing migration processes, as well as by the academic community — to conduct similar studies on a wider range of indicators and territories.

“RUSSIAN CHILDREN WELLBEING INDEX”: IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

Today, available data on the situation of children do not allow us to fully assess how well children live in Russia. The main directions of state policy in the sphere of childhood protection base on the data, that not always can accurately defi ne what actions will best suit the interest of each child. One of the ways to better understand children real living standard in Russia is to develop and implement Children Wellbeing Index, as an evidence-based childhood policy tool. Children Wellbeing Index is the coordinated system of descriptors for assessment of children living standards, based on the analysis of two types of data: fi rst, regularly collected offi cial statistics, and, second, the result of sociological survey of children themselves and their parents’ opinions. The report presents the experience of Elena and Gennady Timchenko Charitable Foundation in creating of such an Index from preliminary research of foreign Indices in - to the massive survey of   students at the age of - and their parents in  regions of Russia in . The report also covers the issues of creating and harmonizing the Index system, which includes mutual verifi cation of the questionnaire and static parts, and the ways in which the Fund plans to develop and implement the Index in the future. The last part of report reveals possibilities of using the Index in evidence- based decision-making in childhood sphere. The results are applied to develop and gather best practices in improvement of some separate elements of wellbeing at the level of regions; to create regional analytical centers; to launch an education program about interpreting and using data for regional offi cials, NGO-employees and different public representatives.

CURRENT STATE OF FOOD SECURITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the research is to analyze the current state of food security in Kazakhstan. Methodology – the study belongs to the category of desk (marketing), collection and analysis of secondary (preliminary) information, in particular, data from the statistical collection and the website of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the Ministry of National Economy were used to review and analyze the indicators of the Republic Kazakhstan. Originality / value of the research – based on the data of offi cial statistics, an analysis of the state of food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. The role of the current state of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan is determined and indicators such as the level of self-suffi ciency in agricultural products, production of certain types of agricultural products per capita, consumer spending on food and soft drinks on average per household, and consumer price index are analyzed. Findings – it was revealed that the defi ning feature of an eff ective policy for the formation of food security is to provide the population with food at a level that will guarantee high-quality living conditions and life and will also allow sustainable social reproduction based on expanded production. For the sustainability of this process and the all-round satisfaction of the quality of life of citizens, it is the responsibility of the state to form an effective system for the availability of each of them in high-quality and safe food. They can contribute to the expansion of the limits of study on the development of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as act as a recommendatory basis for their solution.

State support for food security: a kazakhstan case study

The article presents a study of assessing the effectiveness of individual instruments of state support to ensure food security in Kazakhstan, based on the indicators of the implementation of state programs. Information is provided on the implementation of strategic goals and the achievement of target indicators in conjunction with budgetary funds for the formation of this article.Purpose of the study. Based on the information provided on the implementation of strategic goals and the achievement of target indicators in conjunction with budgetary funds, it is necessary to analyze statistical data on the implementation of state programs related to ensuring the country's food security.Research methodology. The work uses a systematic approach to data selection, methods of quantitative and qualitative research of reality, methods of economic, statistical and comparative analysis as a methodological tool for solving problems.The analytical part of the work is based on offi cial statistics on agriculture published on the website of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Originality of research. The problem of food security of the country is a key priority in the strategy of economic policy of each country, and its effectiveness depends on the social, political and international stability of society. The article provides an overview of the effectiveness of the implementation of state programs aimed at ensuring food security, on the basis of which a set of measures is proposed to improve state regulation of food security.Research results. The authors described the achievement of target indicators in relation to budgetary funds and the study of the role of state regulation of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

АНАЛИЗ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЦЕЛЕВЫХ ПРОГРАММ В РЕШЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВООРУЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

Over the years of results-based management, the agricultural sector of Russia has enhanced a signifi cant increase in production volumes. Special results have been achieved in crop production, primarily in the production of grain crops. This was urgent in terms of meeting the needs of the domestic market and increasing the volume of supplies to foreign markets. Despite a number of positive results achieved in agriculture through the implementation of targeted programs, especially during the period of counter-Russian sanctions and the ongoing policy of import substitution, the problem of providing the industry with means of production has not been fully solved. This hinders the implementation of Russia’s export capacity. To further increase the volume of agricultural production, the technical re-equipment of the industry is required, which will increase the effi ciency of production. To this end, it is necessary to critically evaluate the implementation of targeted programs used to solve the problem of technical re-equipment. This indicates the relevance of the research topic. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach (monographic, economic and statistical methods, the method of deduction) with the use of relevant materials of offi cial statistics. During the implementation of targeted programs, the pace of technical re-equipment of agriculture was extremely low, accompanied by a considerable share of obsolete imported agricultural machinery, tractors and combine harvesters, and decresing energy supply of the industry. Insuffi cient provision of agriculture with means of production constrains the growth rate of labor productivity. The targets set in the State Program for the renewal of agricultural machinery are low and have been exceeded for several previous years, and they do not indicate a high rate of technical re-equipment of agriculture. The study results serve as a basis for adjusting the current mechanism of results-based management of agricultural development.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE STRUCTURE OF BUDGET EXPENDITURES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UKRAINE

The main purpose of the article is to carry out a statistical assessment of the impact of the structure of budget expenditures on economic growth in Ukraine according to offi cial statistics of 2004–2018. The author established the uneven growth of consumption expenditures compared to development expenditures, in particular in the consolidated budget current expenditures increased 1.4 times faster than capital, and in the state budget – 2.2 times, but in local budgets capital expenditures grew 1.3 times faster than current expenditures. It was determined that the share of capital expenditures in the consolidated budget decreased by 4.3 % due to a decrease in the share of capital expenditures in the state budget by 8.8 %. Synchronicity of dynamics of the index of physical volume of GDP and shares of capital expenditures in budgets of all levels based on the off ered periodization is established. The article proves that the growth of the index of physical volume of GDP (indicator of real economic growth) during the period under review is caused by 30 % infl uence of the share of capital expenditures in local budgets, 57 % – in the state budget, 59 % in the consolidated budget of Ukraine.

Methodological bases for determining the influence of structural factors of demographic processes

A number of factors, not least of which are structural, infl uence demographic processes. A timely and urgent task of geodemographic research is to establish the degree of their action as they provide reliable information about the demographic behavior. Method of demographic coeffi cients standardization is used as a universal tool to measure the strength of the structural factors’ infl uence on the course of demographic processes. The purpose of this article is to study methodical bases to establish the degree of structural factors infl uence on change of demographic processes by a method of standardization, representation of results of approbation on materials of birth rate of the population in the regions of Ukraine. Main material. The essence of the method of demographic coeffi cients standardization is to eliminate the infl uence of population structure and age intensities on the value of overall demographic coeffi cients. Standardization of demographic coeffi cients can be carried out based on offi cial statistics data and their statistical processing according to the presented generalized algorithm. Comparison of the calculated hypothetical (standardized) coeffi cients of the studied demographic processes with each other and with the actual indicators makes it possible to determine the degree of infl uence of each of the structural factors in numerical dimensions. Determining the degree of structural factors infl uence on the change of demographic processes should be carried out to establish both territorial and temporal features of their change. An example of the standardization method application to establish the degree of infl uence of structural factors on the change in the birth rate in Ukraine is considered. To reveal the functionality of the application of this method, we focus on its possibilities to determine both territorial and temporal features. Three reference dates were chosen: 2002 (lowest birth rates - 8‰), 2012 (highest birth rates - 11.4 ‰), 2018 (latest offi cial statistics - 8.4‰). To refl ect the possibilities of establishing and comparing territorial features, two regions of Ukraine were considered: Rivne region (as an example of a region with traditionally high birth rates - 11.6‰ in 2018) and Sumy region (as an example of a region with traditionally low birth rates - 6.6‰ in 2018). Conclusions and further research. The results of the standardization method application on the materials of demographic statistics of Sumy and Rivne regions for three reference years are presented in the article. They allowed us to establish the degree of influence of internal factors on the change of birth rate, both in territorial and temporal dimensions. Determining the effect of the factor of population structure and age intensity of demographic events allows us to identify and substantiate the features that are «erased» in the analysis of general indicators. The issue of thorough spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of these factors on the change in the birth rate in the regions of Ukraine is considered as well as identifi cation of structural and dynamic features and prevailing trends to clarify the most eff ective levers of infl uence and leveling of demographic problems to be embodied in further research.

Young family as the basis of forming family potential in perspective

The purpose of the article is to disclose the place and the role of a young family in formation in perspective of the family potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The family represents an association of people based on marriage or consanguinity, who have a common life and mutual responsibility, and is an essential component of the social structure of the society. It is the most important life value in many countries. These days, there is often a transition to new models of family formation. The family in Uzbekistan is quite stable, despite new and not always positive trends occurring in the world. It continues to be the most important value in life, the guardian of national traditions and customs, the basis of personality formation and healthy way of living. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the fi rst time the role and the place of a young family in formation in the perspective of family potential is disclosed using the example of Uzbekistan. According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the State Youth Policy» a young family is a family where the age of both spouses does not exceed thirty inclusive, or a family in where children (child) are raised by one parent aged no more than thirty inclusive, including the divorced, and the widower (widow). Procreation of population is largely due to a young family (3/4 of the total number of children are born with the parents under 30 years of age). Uzbekistan is characterized by a high marriage rate. The population, entering into marriage, increases annually in the Republic. At the same time, the marriage rate grows. All this promotes formation of young families and increase of their share in the total number of families in the Republic. The measures provided by the state policy concerning families in general, refer, mostly and largely, to young families in the fi rst place. Methods of statistical analysis, methods of groups, and methods of sociological poll are used in the article. The results of sociological research on determining reproductive attitudes of the population in general, including youth, are given in the article along with the data of the offi cial statistics. According to the sociological survey conducted by the scientifi c and practical center «Oila», a question: «How many children should be in a family?» was asked, and 22.6% of the respondents answered that there should be three children; 16.7% – two children; 16.4% – four, 13.8% of the respondents – fi ve children. The results of the conducted research demonstrate that formation of a demographic situation in the long term, high-quality development of the population, and economic growth rates in the Republic of Uzbekistan will depend considerably on reliability in family – the marriage relations and dynamics of reproductive intentions developing in young families.

КОРЕКЦІЯ ПОРУШЕНЬ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОГО ГОМЕОСТАЗУ В ЖІНОК ФЕРТИЛЬНОГО ВІКУ ЗІ ЗМІНАМИ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я.

<p> Стан репродуктивного здоров’я жінок залишається важливою проблемою. Серед багатьох змін репродуктивного здоров’я в сучасних умовах набувають особливого значення артифіційні аборти, безпліддя та доброякісні пухлини матки – лейоміома матки. Серед чинників, які впливають на стан репродуктивного здоров’я жінок, соматичні захворювання мають<br />особливе значення. За даними офіційної статистики та проведених наукових досліджень, найбільшого поширення набувають соматоформні захворювання, що супроводжуються порушенням вегетативного гомеостазу. Саме тому лікування порушень вегетативного гомеостазу в жінок зі змінами репродуктивного здоров’я набуває особливого значення. Лікувальні заходи для жінок зі змінами репродуктивного здоров’я складались із наступних дій, які виконувались паралельно, а саме: проводилась корекція порушень вегетативного гомеостазу, лікування змін репродуктивного здоров’я, покращення психоемоційного стану і зниження стресорних навантажень. Лікування порушень вегетативного гомеостазу в жінок фертильного віку зі змінами репродуктивного здоров’я потребує пильної уваги лікарів акушерів-гінекологів, терапевтів, а в декотрих випадках – психологів та неврологів.<br />Запропонована комплексна терапія, що включає фітопрепарати, антигомотоксичні препарати, мікроелементи, препарати, що покращують мікроциркуляцію та стан вегетативної нервової системи, а також сихотерапію (музикотерапія, арттерапія), аеройонофітотерапія в поєднанні з голкорефлексотерапією показали позитивний лікувальний ефект на нормалізацію вегетативного гомеостазу, що підтверджено кардіоінтервалографічними дослідженнями та клінічним ефектом.<br /><br /></p>

Social Development Index of Regions of Russian Federation

The article describes the method of estimation of the social development of regions. Rating was based on complex analysis of social situation in federal subjects. The method of constructing a rating is based on aggregation of different indicators that characterize the most important factors determining the social development of regions. In order to avoid distortions related to subjective assessments only formalized (numerical) indicators of offi cial statistics were used while making the rating, what makes the analysis as objective as possible.

Planificación y Diseño Automático Óptimo de Grandes Redes Eléctricas de Distribución: Aplicación al Centro Histórico de Quito

El presente trabajo describe la herramienta computacional desarrollada por CoDyPower (CDP) para la planificación automática óptima de grandes redes eléctricas de distribución. El objetivo principal es el diseño de redes eléctricas que minimicen el coste económico de la instalación y operación. La función de coste a optimizar tiene en cuenta el número y tipo de subestaciones, la longitud y tipo de conductores, la instalación de líneas aéreas o subterráneas y los costes de operación y pérdidas en un horizonte temporal dado. La optimización considera la geometría de las calles, los catálogos de transformadores y cables disponibles para el proyecto, las restricciones de distancias, caídas de tensión, corrientes y potencias máximas. Debido al carácter computacional NP-hard del problema, el software aplica estrategias de inteligencia artificial y de estadística, fraccionando el problema en etapas de macro y micro optimización. Con ello se encuentra un camino viable de cálculo en tiempos de computación accesibles. Además, los algoritmos propuestos son capaces de encontrar soluciones multi-circuito para cada transformador. El presente trabajo muestra también la aplicación del software CDP al diseño y planificación de las redes eléctricas de distribución de baja y media tensión del Centro histórico de Quito, con unos 20.000 usuarios. Los resultados obtenidos cumplen todas las especificaciones y reducen en aproximadamente un 40% el coste inicialmente estimado.

KEY INDICATORS OF MEDICAL CARE FOR CANCER PATIENTS IN THE AMUR REGION

Materials of the research was accepted in the Russian accounting and reporting documents of cial cancer statistics. The article presents the main indicators of medical care for cancer patients in the Amur region, where the 2014 3012 registered new cases of malignant neoplasms, which is 8.9 % more than in the previous year (2013 year – 27.67). Under medical supervision were 15997 patients, i.e. 2 % of the population. Of these, a 45.5 % male and 54.5% female. The maximum number of cases was in the age group 50–69 years. Fewer patients with I–II stages of the process, but it was more of patients with advanced forms of cancer pathology. The number of patients identi ed during preventive examinations amounted to 593 (2013 – 513). Mortality remained at the same level – 120.3 (2013 year – 129.5), whereas the incidence for the last 5 years has increased from 221.7 to in 2010 to 249.9 in 2014 (per 100 000 population). Mortality in the rst year from the time of diagnosis has decreased to 28.4 % (2013 year – 29.4 %). The proportion of patients registered for 5 years or more is 54.5 %. In the cities and districts of the region signi cantly reduced the number of oncologists (2012 year – 22; 2014 year – 13). In 2014 registered 20 cases of malignant neoplasms in children. Data on spatial features of the cancer disease are the basis for the analysis of cancer epidemiology in a speci c region and is aimed primarily at the prevention of this disease.

Daily spatial mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech Republic: pilot study in the Písek and Bystrice and Pernštejnem regions

This study focuses on one of the most important processes in our society: daily mobility. Its importance has grown over the last decades. From the geographical point of view, the growing level of mobility has a whole array of geographical causes and impacts.In the rst phase, the study analyses the main features of daily mobility in the Czech Republic based on ofcial statistics. In the second phase, it evaluates detailed daily mobility research in selected regions of the Czech Republic through case studies. The monitored regions were Pisek and Bystrice nad Pernstejnem within their administrative regions. It brings new and original information about daily mobility, transport behaviour, modal split, average travel time, etc. and their differences evaluated by particular population groups (age, economic activity, gender, etc.) and by three main mobility measures. The study tries to ll a gap in the research of daily mobility and transport behaviour in the Czech Republic.

Living Labs as a Form of Innovation Development

Purpose: The general purpose of this paper is to present living labs as a new form of innovation activity based on the concept of user-driven innovation. More specific goals are to show the development of living labs around the world and to identify the possibilities for the development of this new form of innovation in Poland. Methodology: Because of the lack of offi cial statistics regarding the effects of living labs, this paper presents the quality aspects of the problem. Findings: In Poland, living labs are in their fi rst stage of life. The possibilities of using new forms of innovation activities are determined by partnerships between firms, research institutions, authorities and local communities. The main obstacle for the development of living labs is the lack of an institutional and legal framework with respect to the concept of user-driven innovation. Research limitations: Because of their short period of life, it is not possible to estimate the effects resulting from the activity of living labs. Therefore, this paper presents only the theoretical aspects of this new concept and reviews the opportunities of using it in practice. Originality: The paper describes a new phenomenon in the area of innovation activities. The added value of the paper lies in the identification of various factors influencing the development of living labs.

Las regiones de montañas como espacios de oportunidad para la integración bioceánica: el ejemplo del paso de Jama en los Andes Centrales

In policy debates, improving the transport infrastructure in the Andes is seen as a key factor for the economic development of peripheral regions. Taking the case of the newly widened trunk road through the Central Andes between Argentina and Chile, based on offi cial statistics I will identify the traffi c fl ows actually generated by the mountain pass road at regional and global scale. However, the development potential of an international transport link through the high mountain area cannot be assessed on the economic justifi cation of the road alone. Many other factors come into play here. They stem from the natural landscape, from political, legal as well as ethnic-historical contexts. I shall explore these factors in the case study and present their persistence vis-a-vis changes. This opens up the possibility of analysing the economic signifi cance of an existing mountain pass road for the development of the region as well as gauging such signifi cance for proposed road construction projects.

Comparative analysis of harmonized forest area estimates for European countries

Summary Harmonized forest area information provides an important basis for environmental modelling and policy-making at both national and international levels. Traditionally, this information has been provided by national forest inventory statistics but is now increasingly complemented with remote sensing tools. Reliability and harmonization of both sources are important aspects to ensure comparability and to enable the development of international forest scenarios. Initiatives with the purpose of harmonization of forest area for both sources are currently on going. Nevertheless, all forest area estimates contain uncertainties, which must be quantifi ed and included in the error budget. This is a prerequisite for combining and comparing data. The purpose of this study is to compare, taking into account uncertainties, forest area estimates for year 2000 derived from four different harmonized satellite-based maps , covering Europe with recognized offi cial forest statistics. It was found that the major cause of disagreements between offi cial statistics and map-derived forest area originates from the general issue of accounting for land cover instead of land use. Consequently, CORINE land cover results had the best accordance with offi cial statistics due to its focus on land use. The other maps overestimated the forest area in mountainous countries and showed underestimation in countries with large forest area or open forest formations.

소지역 실업자수 추정을 위한 로지스틱 선형혼합모형 기반 EBLUP 타입 추정량 평가

근래 소지역 추정(small area estimation)에 관한 연구는 비교적 활발하게 이루어진 편인데 비해, 우리나라의 국가통계 작성에 실제 활용된 사례는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이는 소지역 추정이 갖는 많은 장점에도 불구하고 공식통계 활용 여부를 판단하기가 그만큼 어렵기 때문이다. 본 연구는 소지역 추정방법에 의해 우리나라 시군구 실업자 통계를 생산하는 방법을 모색하고자 한다. 시군구 실업자수 추정은 로지스틱 선형혼합모형에 의한 EBLUP 타입(EBLUP-type) 추정량을 사용하였다. 실제자료분석과 모의실험 결과에 대해 다양한 평가 방법을 적용하고, 추정량의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서 적용한 로지스틱 선형혼합모형 기반 EBLUP 타입 추정량은 우리나라 시군구 실업자수 추정에 활용 가능성이 높은 것으로 평가되었다. In Korea, the small area estimation method is currently unpopular in generating o cial statistics. Because it may be difficult to determine the reliability for small area estimation, although small area estimation ha a sufficiently good advantage to generate small area statistics for Korea. This paper inspects the method of making small area unemployment through the small area estimation method. To estimate small area unemployment we used an EBLUP-type estimator based on a logistic linear mixed model. To evaluate the EBLUP-type estimator we accomplished the real data analysis and simulation experiment from the population and housing census data. In addition, small area estimates are compared to large sample survey estimates. We found the provided method in this paper is highly recommendable to generate small area unemployment as the official statistics.

Stanje nasledstva na hribovskih kmetijah v Sloveniji

Prispevek izhaja iz domneve, da uradni statistični podatki ne izražajo dejanskega stanja nasledstva na hribovskih kmetijah v Sloveniji oziroma na slovenskih kmetijah v splošnem, saj popisni kriteriji za opredelitev nasledstva niso popolni. Da bi potrdili našo domnevo, smo oblikovali natančnejše kriterije in določili, kakšno je v resnici stanje nasledstva na hribovskih kmetijah v Sloveniji. Izkazalo se je, da je ugodnejše, kot kaže uradna statistika.

The Rise and Likely Fall of the German Income Tax, 1958-2005

Data from o¢ cial statistics and tax laws are exploited in order to describe …fty years of income tax in Germany, with a focus on its role as a …scal and distributive tool. The temporal pattern that emerges is one of a golden age of the German income tax, followed by a slow shift towards a major crisis. The turning point on the income-tax path seem to have occurred in 1986. I put forward the thesis that the downturn was the outcome of a long-term change in the balance of political power. That change is rooted in structural changes that occurred in the German economy during the 1970s and early 1980s.