CI Basic Blue Research Articles

Valorization of Tunisian Pottery Clay onto Basic Dyes Adsorption

This study examined the adsorption behavior of two cationic dyes used in textile industries (CIBasic Red 46 and CI Basic Blue 3) on Tunisian clay used in pottery. The ability of pottery clay to remove thebasic dyes from aqueous solution was compared to that of the commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC)and raw clay. Physicochemical characteristics of these adsorbents were performed by Boehm dosage, pHPZCand CEC determination, particle size distribution and spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and UV-Vis). The pHPZCof the pottery clay was about 9.86 and the CEC was about 15.6 meq/g. The empirical kinetic data fitted verywell the pseudo second order model for the adsorbent studied. The isotherm data fitted rightly to the Langmuirisotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the raw clay, pottery clay and PAC onto CI Basic Red46 (CI Basic Blue 3) were respectively2806 mmol/g(785 mmol/g), 2114mmol/g (116.2mmol/g) and 2123mmol/g (343.9 mmol/g). These results showed the large adsorption capacities of the studied samples onto the basicdyes. Based on thermodynamic study, the adsorption of the cationic dye on raw clay, pottery clay and PACappears to be physical adsorption process. The effect of the ionic strength study showed that the presence ofelectrolyte had an important effect on the basic dyes removal.

Plasma surface functionalization and dyeing kinetics of Pan-Pmma copolymers

Fiber surface modification with air corona plasma has been studied through dyeing kinetics under isothermal conditions at 30°C on an acrylic-fiber fabric with a cationic dye (CI Basic Blue 3) analyzing the absorption, desorption and fixing on the surface of molecules having defined cationic character.The initial dyeing rate in the first 60s indicates an increase of 58.3% in the dyeing rate due to the effect of corona plasma on the acrylic fiber surface. At the end of the dyeing process, the plasma-treated fabrics absorb 24.7% more dye, and the K/S value of the acrylic fabric increases by 8.8%. With selected dyestuff molecules, new techniques can be designed to amplify the knowledge about plasma-treated surface modifications of macromolecules.

Chemical Modification of Cellulosic Fibers Using Eco-Friendly Compounds to Improve Dyeing with Cationic Dyes

In order to improve their affinity to the cationic dyes, cotton and jute cellulosic fibres were chemically modified using natural compounds such as: Tannic acid, Mimosa and cactus juice and commercialized compounds such as Clarite Com, Albatex and Albaflow. Cellulose modifications were performed using physiochemical analysis such as Bohem titration, spectroscopic analysis (FTIR spectroscopy and UV-Vis), the Point of Zero Charge (pHPZC) and the Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC) determination. The dyeing performance were evaluated by controlling the percentage of the dye bath exhaustion (E %), the color yield (k/s), the brightness index BI (%) and the dyeing fastness to light, washing and rubbing. Two cationic dyes CI Basic Red 46 and CI Basic Blue 3 with a delocalised cationic charge were checked for dyeing properties. The pHPZC of modified samples varied from 2.98 to 5.7. The CEC varied from 43meq/g to 82meq/g. This study showed that the color yield and the dyeing fastness were improved for modified cellulosic fabrics. The Bohem titration and FTIR spectrum showed that the acidic sites number on the fabrics increased after using anionic agents.

Chemometrics approach for determination and optimization of simultaneous photooxidative decolourization of a mixture of three textile dyes

In this paper simultaneous photooxidation of three textile dyes (CI Basic Red 46 (BR46), Malachite Green (MG) and CI Basic Blue 3 (BB3)) by UV/H2O2 process is reported. A rapid analytical methodology based on recording UV–Vis spectra during the photooxidative decolourization process and the data treatment using multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was developed. The three textile dyes were quantified simultaneously despite the overlap of their spectra. Also, the central composite design was applied for optimization of the photooxidative decolourization of the solution containing three dyes using the UV/H2O2 process. The investigated factors (variables) were the reaction time, initial concentration of the three dyes and initial concentration of H2O2. The optimum initial concentration of the three dyes, H2O2 initial concentration and reaction time were found to be 4 mg/L, 48 mg/L and 30 min, respectively. The photodegradation products of three dyes were identified by the GC–MS technique.

Adsorption characteristics of CI Basic Blue 3 from aqueous solution onto Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust

Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust, a forest waste abundantly available in Algeria, was used for the adsorption of CI Basic Blue 3 from an aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorbate concentration and contact time were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the observed data for CI Basic Blue 3 adsorption onto Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust based on the correlation coefficient R2 and four different error functions for the non‐linear regression. The adsorption capacity of Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust for CI Basic Blue 3 was determined with the Langmuir model and was found to be 65.36 mg g−1 at 293 K. The adsorption kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic equations. It was seen that the pseudo‐second‐order equation could describe the adsorption kinetics and intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate‐controlling factor. The results indicated that Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust is an attractive alternative for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.

Pretreatment of wool/polyester blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption and self‐cleaning properties

This research aims to enhance the self‐cleaning properties of fibre‐blended fabric using surface pretreatment prior to the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. To this end, the polyester/wool fabric was modified, in that the wool fibres were oxidised with potassium permanganate and the polyester fibres were hydrolysed with lipase before nano processing. Butane tetracarboxylic acid was also used to enhance the adsorption of the nanoparticles and also to stabilise them on the fabric surface. The self‐cleaning properties of the fabric were examined through staining of the fabric with CI Basic Blue 9 and then discolouring by exposing to ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Some other properties of the treated fabrics, such as water drop absorption, crease recovery angle and bending were investigated and are discussed in detail. The colour changes of different samples indicated an appropriate discoloration on the titanium dioxide‐treated fabrics after ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Overall, the surface pretreatment of the wool and polyester fibres improved the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric significantly.

Synthesis and evaluation of a novel blue cationic reactive dye for modified nylon 6.6 ‘Tactel Coloursafe’

A novel blue cationic reactive dye (dye 1) based on an azo benzothiazole derivative and possessing an acrylamido reactive group, was synthesised and evaluated on dyeing Coloursafe modified nylon 6.6 at optimum pH. Benzothiazole quaternary dye was chosen as a target as this is known to be very strong chromophically. Evaluation of the technical properties of dye 1 showed that it fixed efficiently to nylon under acidic dyeing conditions. As it was necessary to prove that fixation occurs via a covalent bond, the dyeing properties of a non-reactive cationic dye, (CI Basic Blue 41), on dyeing nylon 6.6 at optimum pH were evaluated. CI Basic Blue 41 was similar in structure to dye 1 and would be capable of forming an ion–ion bond with the fibre. Evaluation of the technical properties of dye 1 proved that, in all cases, its fixation efficiency and build-up properties were far better than that of CI Basic Blue 41.

Reusable nanomaterial and plant biomass composites for the removal of Methylene Blue from water

A novel composite has been prepared from nanomaterials and powdered orange peel. The composite is adhered to a plastic strip and may be employed for the removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions, for example from dyehouse effluents. Using Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) as the reference dye, the characteristics of the adsorbent have been studied. The effect of pH, type of nanomaterial (e.g. carbon nanotubes, activated carbon nanotubes, or titanium dioxide nanoparticles), contact time, and reusability have each been investigated. The results show that the adsorption capacity of suspended orange peel powder, an orange peel strip, and an activated carbon nanotube/orange peel strip were 46%, 67% and 78%, respectively. The uptake of dye was greatly affected by the pH of the solution, maximum absorption being obtained at pH 10, and none at all at pH 2. The improved performance was probably the result of the increased area available for adsorption compared with orange peel powder alone. The system was found to be reusable for up to six cycles without appreciable loss of adsorption and desorption efficiency. The nanomaterial in the composite enhanced performance, not only by increasing adsorption efficiency but also by inhibiting biodegradation of the orange peel powder, thereby increasing the life of the strips. The system offers an economical, user‐friendly, efficient and reusable adsorption treatment for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Adsorption of basic dyes from model aqueous solutions onto novel spherical silica support

Removal of CI Basic Blue 9 or CI Basic Red 5 from model aqueous solutions has been studied with spherical silica precipitated in an emulsion system used as an adsorbent. The process of removal of the dye impurities has been studied for the dyes in a wide range of concentrations (50–2000 mg dm−3) in model systems. The degree of dye adsorption, chemical stability of the pigments obtained and their detailed physicochemical and morphological characterisation have been ascertained. In particular, the dye removal method proposed has been found to be highly effective in removing CI Basic Blue 9 (99.9%). The degree of dye extraction from the silica (SiO2) surface at the dye concentration in the model solutions in the range 1000–2000 mg dm−3 did not exceed 1.0%. The pigment composites produced are characterised by high uniformity of the particles (polydispersity index = 0.005) with the diameters ranging from 360 to 510 nm. The pigment particles are spherical in shape and of intense blue or red colour.

Effects of pressure and temperature on dyeing acrylic fibres with basic dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide

The dyeing of acrylic fibre with CI Basic Blue 47 has been investigated using an ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether as an auxiliary in order to perform the reverse micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide media. The basic dye was satisfactorily solubilised in the interior of the reverse micelle in the system, and dyeability in the supercritical carbon dioxide media was excellent, even in the absence of a retardant and/or an acid. The optimum proton-rich condition for dyeing of acrylic fabric is performed in reverse micelle aggregates and the proton-rich water pool is suitable for dye uptake by the fibre even without the presence of additives. Changes in glass transition temperature of acrylic fibre in the carbon dioxide media also influence the dyeing behaviour of acrylic fabric.

The effect of carriers on the dyeing of Courtelle S

The extent to which uptake of CI Basic Blue 3 on to Courtelle S was enhanced by seven carriers based on benzyl alcohol was proportional to the amount of each carrier adsorbed by the fibre. Maximum dye uptake coincided with the maximum uptake of each carrier by the fibre. The maximum that occurred in the extent of carrier uptake by the substrate has been interpreted in terms of the aqueous solubility of the carrier and the solubility parameter concept.

The effect of carriers on the dyeing of Courtelle S

The extent to which the uptake of CI Basic Blue 3 on Courtelle S tow was enhanced by three derivatives of benzyl alcohol was found to be proportional to the amount of each carrier adsorbed by the fibre, with maximum dye uptake coinciding with maximum uptake of carrier by the fibre. Although the maximum extent of uptake of each carrier corresponded approximately to the aqueous solubility of the carrier at the dyeing temperature (80°C) used, results from a previous study on the carrier action of benzyl alcohol on Courtelle S were employed to demonstrate that maximum uptake of all four carriers was not simply related to aqueous solubilty. The solubility parameter concept was used to demonstrate that the maximum extent of carrier uptake was related to the δa value of the carrier. The linear relationship obtained between the maximum extent of uptake of each carrier and the δa value of the carriers was considered to demonstrate that polar forces primarily contribute to carrier—acrylic fibre interaction.

The effect of benzyl alcohol on the glass-transition temperature and dyeing behaviour of wet courtelle S by means of DMA

Dynamic mechanical analysis has been used to demonstrate the plasticizing action of benzyl alcohol on wet Courtelle S tow. The extent of plasticization. as measured by reduction in T g of the wet fibre, was found to correspond to the amount of benzyl alcohol adsorbed by the fibre; the maximum extent of plasticization coincided with the maximum concentration of benzyl alcohol adsorbed by the fibre, which, in turn corresponded to the aqueous solubility of the carrier under the application conditions employed. The extent of the enhancement of uptake of CI Basic Blue 3 onto acrylic fibre was found to be proportional to the extent of plasticization, a maximum value being reached at the aqueous solubility of the carrier.

Donnan Approach to Equilibrium Sorption: Influence of Electrolytes on Dyeing of Dralon X-100 with CI Basic Blue 3

We have investigated the effects of various electrolytes at different concentrations . on dyeing equilibria of CI basic blue 3 with Dralon X-100, interpreting the data with the Donnan approach. We have tried to separate the contribution of the cations and anions in the electrolytes. The results indicate that both cations and anions have independent effects on dye sorption. With increasing salt concentration, the dye sorp tion decreases, but with sodium and ammonium sulphate, an unusual increase of dye sorption occurs at salt concentrations up to 0.5 mol/l.

Dyeing of Modified Polypropylene—Cationic Dyes on Brominated Polypropylene

Polypropylene fiber was photobrominated by the action of bromine under specific conditions. With bromination, the moisture content of the fiber increased, but there was no effect on the fiber's mechanical properties and a marked affinity was created in the fiber for cationic dyes from an alkaline medium. Eight different cationic dyes were used on the brominated product under different dyebath pH conditions. Dyeings tended to show that the mechanism of application of cationic dyes on brominated polypropylene was a reactive type, i.e., through the formation of a covalent bond between the fiber and the dye. Of the eight cationic dyes, seven possessed poor to moderate lightfastness; only Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) gave very good lightfastness. In all the eight dyeings, fastness to washing, bleach, sea water, and soda boil were good. All the eight dyeings were aftertreated with iodine which increased lightfastness. Of the eight dyes, three produced photodegrading action on the fiber and five afforded photoprotection. Meth ylene Blue gave very good photoprotective action to the brominated polypropyl ene fiber.

Dyeing of Modified Polypropylene: Cationic Dyes on Chlorinated Polypropylene

Polypropylene fiber was chlorinated by the action of sodium hypochlorite under specific conditions. On chlorination, the moisture content of the fiber increased, but there was no effect on the fiber's mechanical properties. On chlorination, marked affinity was created in the fiber for cationic dyes from alkaline medium. Eight different cationic dyes were used on the chlorinated product under different dye bath pH conditions. Dyeings tended to show that the mechanism of application of cationic dyes on chlorinated polypropylene was a reactive type, i.e., through the formation of a covalent bond between the fiber and the dye. Of the eight cationic dyes, seven possessed poor to moderate light fastness, only Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) gave very good light fastness. In all the eight dyeings, other fastness properties such as fastness to washing, bleach, sea-water, and soda-boil were good. All the eight dyeings were after-treated with iodine which increased light fastness. Of the eight dyes, four produced photodegrading action on the fiber and four afforded photoprotection. Methylene Blue gave very good photoprotective action to the chlorinated polypropylene fiber.