Unity Of Church Research Articles

Pope Francis' Breakthroughs In Church Law

As the leader of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis has made many changes in the life of the Catholic Church, including in Church Law. He is known as a revolutionary and progressive pope for changing various traditions in the Catholic Church. However some of his policies have generated controversy and been the subject of public debate within and outside the Church itself. Using a literature study, this paper highlights changes in marriage law, lay involvement, liturgy, Church unity, and Church sanctions. This study finds that the changes made by the Pope aim to strengthen the mission of the Church to present the merciful face of God, ensure that there is justice for all people in enjoying the grace of salvation, and increase the laity’s participation in Church life. Controversy and public debate that arose as a result of Pope Francis' policies were actually a consequence of his efforts to defend the Church's doctrine in the midst of increasingly strong world challenges demanding the upholding of human rights for everyone. This study concludes that the changes that occur are a part of history that the Church must face today.

O przemówieniu Grzegorza Cambłaka na soborze w Konstancji

Several sources report Gregory Tsamblak’s journey to the Council of Constance. His journey to the Council was arranged by the Grand Duke Alexander Vytautas. Before the trip to Constance, the Synod of Ruthenian Bishops in Navahrudak elected Tsamblak as Metropolitan. The synod deposed Metropolitan Photios, who remained mostly in Moscow, ignoring the Lithuanian and Polish bishoprics. The bishops gathered in Navarhudak accused Photios of stealing Church treasures from Kyiv. In many historical summaries of the Kyivan Metropolitanate written in the seveteenth and eighteenth centuries, the information about the Council of Navarudak was repeated. The story of the Synod and the deposition of Metropolitan Photius became one of the cornerstones for establishing the autocephaly of the Kievan Metropolitanate. Gregory Tsamblak, upon his arrival in Constance, proclaimed in his speech the intention of Church union. There are two versions of his speech that have survived to this day: Ruthenian and Latin. The article examines both in a comparative approach. The Latin version of Tsamblak’s speech was included into the documents of the Council. The Ruthenian version is contained in the manuscript that belonged to St. Josaphat Kuntsevich. In his speech, Metropolitan Gregory Tsamblak not only called for union, but also proposed that a special session be held to resolve the contradictions between Catholics and Orthodox. The chronicle of Ulrich Richenthal records the visit of the Ruthenian delegation to the Council. Two letters by Metropolitan Photius of Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia have survived in the manuscript. In the first letter, the metropolitan criticised the election of Gregory Tsamblak in Navahrudak. In the second, written in the 1420s, he asked for the re-recognition of his authority in the Metropolitanate of Kyiv. The source documents on the Council of Constance preserved the information about Tsamblak’s speech delivered at the Council in 1415. He called for the Church union, and holding a special session to resolve the contradictions between Catholics and Orthodox. Tsamblak’s speech is also known from the Ruthenian manuscript of the 16th century, and his visit to the Council is recorded in Ulrich Richenthal’s chronicle. The information about Navahrudak’s Council was repeated in many historical synopsises of the Kyivian Metropolitanate made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Anglican–Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. By Jane Platt, Martin Wellings

Journal Article Anglican–Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Edited by Jane Platt and Martin Wellings Get access Anglican–Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Edited by Jane Platt and Martin Wellings. Pp. xiv + 264. (Routledge Methodist Studies Series.) London and New York: Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group), 2022. isbn978 0 367 62815 4, 0 367 63447 6, and 1 003 11921 0. Hardback £130; paper n.p.; e-book £35.09. Colin Buchanan Colin Buchanan Leeds, UK cobdleeds@btinternet.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, flad019, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/flad019 Published: 07 June 2023

Tubuh Perempuan dan Kekerasan Seksual

This research focuses on and aims to recover the view of objectivating the female body, which is reduced to merely satisfying male lust, a source of sin, and other negative attachments. This perspective is suspected to be one of the factors in the sexual violence that occurs. The research method used in this research is qualitative, with a philosophical-theological approach. The philosophical approach uses Armada Riyanto's thoughts on “Menjadi-Mencintai” and “Relasionalitas:, while theologically using the human concept in the Document on Church Unity (DKG), Joas Adiprasetya's thoughts on the body in “the Labirin Kehidupan”, and the Theology of the Body of Pope John Paul II's. Beside that, this research also uses a documentation study approach to the DKG-PGI as well as several points of discussion in the PGI MPL annual meeting related to the spirituality of modesty. The findings of this research, that women's bodies are also in the image and likeness of God, and women's bodies should be respected by not crossing the boundaries of access so that sexual violence occurs. Beside that, in the findings from the documentation study on DKG, there is not a single word explicitly about sexual violence, although perhaps PGI discusses it in a larger scope, namely human rights. In this research, a possible offer to respond to the complexity of problems related to sexual violence within the scope of churches in Indonesia is to include in the DKG-PGI the church's commitment to jointly address and prevent sexual violence; encourage member churches to prepare prospective ministers and ministers with an awareness of the knowledge of sexual violence, such as by developing a 'Theology of the Body' and practicing a spirituality of moderation; on the other hand, if sexual violence has occurred, it is important to provide a safe place and advocate for victims of sexual violence.

Old German Baptist Brethren: Plain but Different, Part 1

This article utilizes a narrative methodological research paradigm to explore perceived distinctions between the Old German Baptist Brethren (the main Old Order expression of the Schwarzenau Brethren) and other Plain groups. The authors explore three areas of specific distinction: (a) The group’s weave of Pietist as well as Anabaptist historical and theological influences, (b) a strong emphasis on the ritualized enactment of a discrete array of ordinances, (c) an emphasis on orthopraxis rather than doctrinal uniformity as a marker of church unity. All these, together with four other areas addressed in the second part of the article, combine to create a distinctive and unusual expression of Plain spirituality and life practice.

JanePlatt and MartinWellings, eds.: Anglican‐Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2022; pp. xiii + 264.

Journal of Religious HistoryEarly View BOOK REVIEW Jane Platt and Martin Wellings, eds.: Anglican-Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2022; pp. xiii + 264. Tim Macquiban, Corresponding Author Tim Macquiban [email protected] Oxford Centre for Methodism and Church HistoryTim Macquiban: ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this author Tim Macquiban, Corresponding Author Tim Macquiban [email protected] Oxford Centre for Methodism and Church HistoryTim Macquiban: ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12950Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

The doctrine of participation in Augustine'stotus Christusecclesiology

AbstractAugustine's understanding of the church as part of thetotus Christus– the ‘whole Christ’ – has become an important resource in contemporary theology, offering a robust vision of the church's union with God. Yet a key critique maintains that it threatens to elide the distinction between the perfected Christ and the created church. This article addresses this issue by asking how thetotus Christusdoctrine relates to the doctrine of participation. For Augustine, participation is a metaphysical category that expresses the creature's dependent, non-divine status, its essential being out of nothing. Thetotus Christusdoctrine is most explicitly an exegetical, not metaphysical doctrine. Nevertheless, by putting these two facets of Augustine's thought together, we can see the way in which they mutually reinforce the view that the astonishing claims of unity in thetotus Christusare structured by a larger theological grammar that distinguishes God and creature.

‘The authority of the whole body’: episcopal authority in Anglican ecumenical endeavour

ABSTRACT Emphasis on the necessity of the historic episcopate for church unity has decisively shaped Anglican participation in the ecumenical movement. While episcopal authority has not generally been an overt theme, concerns relating to it have consistently shadowed Anglican attempts to take decisive steps towards unity with non-episcopal churches. Anxiety about the bishop’s authority of ordination served as a focus in the three examples considered here, but two other dimensions of episcopal authority, local oversight, and representation to the wider church, were also relevant. In contrast, episcopal authority appears as a significant theme in the four texts on authority produced by the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission. The trajectory of these texts, however, is towards questioning the effectiveness of episcopal authority regarding representation to the wider church in Anglicanism, a dimension that is ultimately crucial for Anglican advocacy of the historic episcopate to non-episcopal churches.

Crown, Mitre and People in the Nineteenth Century: The Church of England, Establishment and the State. By G. R. Evans

Early nineteenth-century England was a semi-confessional Protestant state in which subjects were expected to conform to the doctrines, worship, and discipline of the Church by law established, but in which there was almost full toleration for those who chose not to conform. The King-in-Parliament was the supreme temporal governor of the established Church of England, while in spiritual matters, the Church was governed by its bishops. The established Church provided religious instruction and pastoral care through a parish system, and religious discipline through a system of ecclesiastical courts. It was supported by tithes on agricultural produce, church rates, church lands, donations, and endowments. It was a national church, expressing the ideal that the state had a responsibility under God to provide religious instruction, observances, and pastoral care to all inhabitants and to act in accordance with divinely-ordained moral law. In this book, G. R. Evans, professor emeritus of medieval theology and intellectual history at the University of Cambridge, explores the semi-confessional state in nineteenth-century England and its complex, multifaceted union of church and state. A trained barrister as well as a respected historian of Christianity, Evans focuses her study on ecclesiastical law. Her book includes some fascinating discussions of the nature and proceedings of the ecclesiastical courts, the personalities and careers of leading ecclesiastical lawyers and judges, and specific legal cases. She also provides a detailed discussion of ecclesiastical legislation in Parliament and of the debates in the Convocations, or consultative assemblies, of the Provinces of Canterbury and York (after those convocations were revived in 1855 and 1861 respectively). As she demonstrates, much of nineteenth-century ecclesiastical law embraced wide areas of English social life, including registration of births, deaths, and marriages, legitimacy and inheritance questions, primary and higher education, blasphemy laws and freedom of speech, doctrinal orthodoxy, clerical discipline, seating in church services, burials, tithes and church rates, church patronage and clerical livings, repair of church buildings, and management of church properties. The union of church and state existed at many levels and affected people’s lives in a myriad of ways.

Anglican-Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Edited by Jane Platt and Martin Wellings. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. xii + 264 pp. £96.00 hardcover (e-book also available).

Anglican-Methodist Ecumenism: The Search for Church Unity, 1920–2020. Edited by Jane Platt and Martin Wellings. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. xii + 264 pp. £96.00 hardcover (e-book also available).

The dialectics between the unity and diversity of the church: A jigsaw puzzle metaphor

Conflict is often colouring the diversities of theology, besides church divisions, especially in the Indonesian context. In minimising the conflict, adequate knowledge is needed to understand that the diversity of theology is the essence of church unity. Apostle Paul explained the diversities in church unity using the metaphor of the body of Christ. This metaphor is inadequate to explain the differences in theological teachings as the essence of the unity of the church, especially in this postmodern era. This article offered a jigsaw puzzle metaphor to quickly understand the nature of the church’s unity in its diversity. This puzzle is a well-known game type played by many people in various age groups worldwide. By using descriptive analysis and analogy methods, it resulted in an understanding of the description of the church’s diversity through jigsaw pieces as an essential element in forming a complete and perfect image, namely the one and universal church, by arranging each jigsaw piece according to the pattern formed as the blueprint. In conclusion, theology can adopt this metaphor as a discourse in establishing church unity in the ecumenical project.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article discusses the diversities of theological and dogmatic forms that represent every church denomination as the essence of the one and universal church. This study offers a constructive theological model to understand diversity as the essence of church unity in an ecumenical project.

T. F. Torrance, Catholicism, and the quest for church unity

AbstractThis article examines T. F. Torrance's engagement with Catholicism. It uncovers the breadth and depth of his ecumenical spirit, while concurrently shedding light on his own theological development. The article reveals an evolution in Torrance's posture toward Catholicism, moving from fierce criticism to critical praise, with the Second Vatican Council as a watershed in his thinking. His criticism was provoked by what he considered the fundamental problem with Catholicism (namely, the ‘Latin heresy’ in its theology); while his praise was elicited by the evangelical, christocentric, and ecumenical spirit of the Council.

Food Culture, Religious Belief and Community Relations: An Ethnographic Study of the Overseas Chinese Catholic

Religion and food culture are two closely related topics in the Christian discourse and have been the subject of extensive anthropological research. This paper takes the Boston Chinese Catholics as a case study, and it adopts an ethnographic research methodology to explore the ways in which the sense of belonging develops in the Church community, based on the analysis of food culture in this context. Chinese Catholics in Boston are mainly Fujian and Hong Kong immigrants, and the class, status, and economic differences between these two communities are well apparent. The Boston Chinese Catholic Church divides food into sacred and secular. During religious rituals, all Catholics share the sacred food, the Holy Body and the Holy Blood, which symbolize the unity of the Catholic Church. In everyday life, Fujian Catholic and Hong Kong Catholic community members follow the dietary habits of their community to maintain a division between each community’s traditions. Over the years, the Boston Chinese Catholic Church has developed a flexible strategy—externally consistent and internally differentiated—to maintain the unity of the Church while embracing the cultural differences of its members. This flexible strategy has also influenced the way in which the Boston Chinese Catholic Church operates. This study indicates that we need to place more emphasis on the diversity and complexity of the members of the overseas Chinese Catholic Church and the specificities of the Catholic religion’s discourse so that we can better understand the overall practices and methods of overseas Chinese Catholicism. This study is a catalyst for the study of overseas Chinese Catholicism, as well as the study of food culture, religion, community, and identity in that context.

РУССКАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВСЕМИРНОГО МИРОТВОРЧЕСКОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В XX ВЕКЕ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of global peacekeeping and the participation of the Russian Church in it in the first half of the 20th century. The author notes that the development of trends in peacekeeping started in the first decade of the 20th century. Protestant churches in Western Europe be-came the initiators of this movement. The article states that the development of peacekeeping took place in conditions of increasing confrontation between the Entente and the Triple Alliance. The author highlights the close relationship between peacemaking and the idea of the unification of churches. In this process, one of the important places was taken by the Church of England. The Russian Church joined the process of organizing peacekeeping after 1943. At that time, the Moscow Patriarchate resumed its foreign policy activities after several decades of isolation. The author notes that peacekeeping is closely linked to the functioning of the World Council of Churches (WCC). As a result, the author concludes that the development of global peacekeeping took place simultaneously with the development of ecumenical activity and the Russian Church started taking an active part in this process after the Russian Orthodox Church came out of isolation in 1943.

German Influence and the Creation of Ukrainian Nationalist Organizations in 1920–1940

The article reflects the process of influence of the German special services on the formation of numerous Ukrainian nationalist organizations. With the coming to power of Hitler, the ties of the OUN with the fascists are strengthening, while the leaders of the Ukrainian nationalists widely advertise not only their practical cooperation with fascism, but also their spiritual kinship with it. The Berlin center of the OUN becomes the body coordinating its work against the USSR. The establishment of Soviet power in Western Ukraine led to the defeat of the OUN, the leaders and most active members of nationalist organizations were forced to flee to the territory occupied by Germany, where the Germans created the most privileged position for them. The Germans began to use Ukrainian nationalists in conducting political and administrative events in occupied Poland. At the same time, measures are being taken to train military personnel from among the Ukrainian nationalists, espionage-terrorist and sabotage-insurgent activities are being intensified in case of intervention by the USSR. With the direct participation and assistance of the German command, Ukrainian nationalist-minded youth are trained in various military schools, training centers of the Abwehr. Under the patronage of Germany, the Ukrainian Uniate Greek Catholic Church operates in the General Government, which was used as a tribune through which nationalism was propagandized. Her plans included the unification of churches and the expansion of her influence not only in Ukraine, but also in the long term in the whole of Russia. A great influence on the Ukrainian population was exerted by various Ukrainian institutions and schools, where the Ukrainian nationalist ideology was formed.

ЄДНІСТЬ ЦЕРКВИ ХРИСТОВОЇ В ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ МУЖІВ АПОСТОЛЬСЬКИХ

The article presents exploration of a separate and historically formed religion – Christianity, about the unity of the Church, which is considered in the interpretation of the Apostolic Men, who sought to strengthen the Church and support Christians, because at that time they suffered due to the danger of pagan persecution and heretical manifestations among communities. They normalized the hierarchical factor among the churches that were scattered throughout the Roman provinces. At that time, dioceses had just begun to appear, in their original form, which was borrowed from the Byzantine, or more precisely, from the ancient Greek model, which regulated political and supervisory trade relations delegated to the bishop (Greek. επαρχος), and in the Roman Empire – to the overseer (Greek. επισκοπος) in the diocese (lat. dioecesis). Apostolic disciples developed a unique hierarchical order, which for many centuries ensured the preservation of unity on the territory of the then ancient world. The significance of patristic theological concepts and postulates that form the church of Christ, however, exclusively as a gathering of the faithful, for whom it is important to expand their personal understanding of soteriology and commandments that Jesus Christ gave to his disciples and their followers, is highlighted. The Church, this gathering always has its founder the Lord Jesus Christ, but its development was continued by the holy apostles and those who were appointed by them for evangelical preaching, service, instruction and in the matter of salvation for those who believed in Christ Jesus, who came to earth, to save a person by showing an example, as well as commandments and instructions. To date, a rather small number of Christian churches understand the concept of unity in its ontological apostolic teaching. The importance of revealing this multifaceted issue is aimed at rethinking the Christian worldview in its unitary and ecclesiological original nature. This article is to highlight the views on the unity of the Church of Christ of the early fathers who were witnesses of apostolic activity. The students who were taught by the apostles during the 1st and 2nd centuries fought for the establishment of the United Cathedral and Apostolic Church. To reveal the ecclesiological understanding of the organization of early assemblies, their hierarchical component and the role of the bishop in the formation of church unity among the people of the ancient world.

The Impact of Pastoral Nurture on Member Retention in Selected Fields within the Haitian Union of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church

This descriptive-correlational study sought to investigate the relationship between pastoral nurture initiatives and member retention to confirm, refute or extend pastoral nurture initiatives as effective constructs for retaining members in the church within the Northwest and South Haitian Mission of Seventh-day Adventists. Three self-reported questionnaires were used to collect data from one hundred and thirty-two (132) participants comprising the sampled population from 45 congregations in the Northwest and the South Haitian Missions. The data were coded and analysed using SPSS version 25.0 to compute mean, standard, Cronbach’s Alphas, factor analysis, Pearson Correlation, t-test and One-Way. It was found that there was no significant statistical association between membership retention and the nurturing initiative employed by the church (χ2 (df=1) = 0.015, P = 0.904). The reality is that the nurturing programmes are not enhancing membership retention, which points to a disconnect between church offerings and people’s expectations. The findings revealed that 82.4% of the Pastors indicated that the execution initiatives are resulting in low membership retention compared to 78.3% who opined otherwise. Furthermore, with the result showing that there is no statistical association between the execution initiatives and membership retention (χ2(df=1) = 0.102, P = 0.749), this suggests that the aforementioned initiatives are not catering to people’s deeper emotions of belonging and as such accounts for the ineffectiveness of the execution initiatives to retain members in the church. It was found that there was a revealed significant statistical relationship between the two variables (χ2 (df =4) = 28.103, P< 0.0001). It was recommended that Union and local fields should design and implement a Pastors’ training programme to address discipleship, friendly human relations, stewardship, leader and member motivation, conflict resolution, programme design and development and strategic planning to strengthen the structure of the church’s offerings and the faith of members for improved retention.

Concordia or Consent. Catholics Utrisque Ritus of the Lviv Ecclesiastical Province in the Orbit of Canon Law and Customary Regulations

In the area of the Lviv church province the coexistence of Christians of the Greek and Latin traditions had developed for centuries. After the introduction of the church union in the dioceses of Lviv and Przemyśl at the beginning of the 18th century, the entire Christian population found itself within the Catholic Church. Despite the doctrinal community, Catholics of various rites were subject to different religious customs and functioned according to different calendars. During the widespread nationalisation of the local people on the basis of religious traditions, various national identities emerged, becoming more and more radical and hostile to each other. Hence, on the ecclesiastical level, initiatives appeared to alleviate tensions and introduce order and harmony resulting from Christian teaching. Concordia of 1863 was such an attempt at an agreement, which under the canon law consolidated the established customs that had been present in the religious life of Galicia for centuries.

Religious and Philosophical Prerequisites of the Eurasianism: Personal Religiosity and Theoretical Foundations

The article analyzes the Eurasianist religious doctrine, the religious views of the leaders of the 1920s Eurasian movement and their relationship with the hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church in exile and at home. Until now, this issue has not been featured in special papers or monographs. The attention of researchers has been attracted to the political, ideological and other aspects of the Eurasian doctrine. Two of the founders of the Eurasian movement, Georges Florovsky and prince Alexander von Lieven, entered the Church. Florovsky tried to take the lead and turn the movement to purely religious and philosophical development. This shows that, in addition to political, anti-colonial, economic and geopolitical components, the basis of Eurasianism contains a strong religious and philosophical element, which is often underestimated. The Eurasians unconditionally supported the Russian Orthodox Church and Patriarch Tikhon and condemned the Karlovci schism that led to the emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. They opposed Catholicism and attempts at proselytism on the part of Catholics who provided assistance to Russian emigrants, pursuing their selfish motives — for example, they offered to teach children, forcing them to change religion. Eurasians published a collection named Rossiya I Latinstvo (Russia and the Roman Catholic Faith), condemning the church union, ecumenism and Catholic theology. After participating in the Eurasian edition of Russia and the Roman Catholic Faith, Florovsky left the movement. To fill the vacant place of a theologian and philosopher, Eurasianists involved Lev Karsavin (Levas Karsavinas), who made his debut in the Evraziyskii Vremennik (Eurasian Chronicle) with the anti-Catholic article titled Lessons of the Renounced Faith (1925). Karsavin enriched the Eurasianism with many religious and philosophical ideas, but they came into conflict with the concepts of Nikolai Trubetzkoy. Disputes on “the potential Orthodoxy” and “the symphonic personality” (Karsavin) or “the choral personality” (Trubetzkoy) were a constant background of Eurasianist discussions and correspondence. The Eurasians opposed the theological opinions of the archpriest Sergei Bulgakov, who was suspected of Catholic sympathies, and labeled his sophiology as a theological formalization of Freudianism. In relation to the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, Catholicism and Western confessions in general, as well as to the archpriest Bulgakov’s theological opinions, the Eurasians were of the same mind. The article highlights the differences between the views of the leading Eurasianists on the religion and the Church, outlining the reasons for their confrontation with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and the loyalty to the Russian Orthodox Church persecuted by its homeland.

The Concept of Papal Infallibility in Christianity and ‘Iṣmah (Sinlessness) in Islam: A Comparative Study

The issue of papal primacy remains debated among Christian churches. The definition of papal infallibility made in the First Vatican Council through Pastor Aeternus has been an obstacle to the unification of churches. The doctrine of ‘iṣmah of prophets has been crucial concerning the concept of prophethood. Both papal infallibility and ‘iṣmah of prophets denote that Pope and prophets were being preserved from sins and errors. This study, therefore, examines concepts of papal infallibility and ‘iṣmah of prophets in understanding, theory and practice. Similarities and differences in these concepts are examined based on how the adherents of religions perceive them. Debates from selected denominations and theological schools in both religions: Catholicism, Protestantism and Eastern Orthodox for Christianity and Shiites, Mu’tazilites and Ash’arites for Islam are focused. Since the study is theoretical, it relies on materials from classical to contemporary sources. Although both concepts seem similar, the findings convey that many differences are found, with few similarities between the two concepts.