Church Setting Research Articles

Performing Bollywood Broadway: Shillong Chamber Choir as Bollywood’s Other

This article attempts to explore the performativity that surrounds choral music in contemporary India. 1 1 Choral music was discovered in Western civilization and Christianity. As a starting point, it had the Gregorian reforms of the 6th century. Choir primarily refers to a vocal ensemble practising sacred music inside church settings as opposed to chorus which indicates vocal ensembles performing in secular environments. Multiple singers rendered sacred polyphony 1430 onwards. By the end of the century a standardized four-part range of three octaves or more became a feature. The vocal parts were called superius (later, soprano), altus, tenor (from its function of ‘holding’ the cantus-firmus) and bassus (Unger 2010, 2–3). Moving beyond its religious functions, the Shillong Chamber Choir locates itself within various sounds. Hailing from Meghalaya in the north- eastern part of India, the Shillong Chamber Choir has many folksy and original compositions in languages such as Khasi, Nagamese, Assamese and Malayalam. However, what brought them national fame was the Bollywoodisation 2 2 Bollywood refers to the South Asian film industry situated in Mumbai. The term also includes its film music and scores. of the choir. With its win in the reality TV Show, India’s Got Talent 3 3 India’s Got Talent is a reality TV series on Colors television network founded by Sakib Zakir Ahmed, part of Global British Got Talent franchise. in 2010, the Shillong Chamber Choir introduced two things to the Indian sound-scape—reproducing and inhabiting the Bollywood sound within a choral structure, and introducing to the Indian audience a medley of songs that could be termed ‘popular’, but which ultimately acquired a more eclectic framework. Medley is explored as a genre. The purpose of this article is to understand how ‘Bollywood Broadway’ is the mode through which choral renditions and more mainstream forms of entertainment are coming together.

Reducing metabolic syndrome through a community-based lifestyle intervention in African American women

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Despite a higher prevalence of MetS in African American (AA) women, little is known about the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in improving metabolic markers in this high-risk group. This study investigated the effectiveness of a community-based lifestyle intervention delivered by lay health coaches in reducing MetS among AA women. Methods and resultsA cluster-randomized diabetes prevention program (DPP) was implemented in 11 churches utilizing a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to develop and deliver the interventions. A total of 221 adults, AA women who were overweight or obese, and did not have diabetes were included in this study. The prevalence of MetS was 42.08% before receiving the DPP intervention and 31.22% after the intervention that represented a 10.86% absolute reduction and a 25.81% relative reduction from baseline. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of being free from MetS at post-intervention in contrast to baseline was 2.14 (p = 0.02). Factors that increased the odds of being free from MetS were younger age, reduction in intake of total calories, total fat, saturated and trans-fat, and dietary sodium. ConclusionA faith adapted lifestyle intervention held in church settings and delivered by minimally trained lay health coaches reduced the prevalence of MetS in AA women who were overweight or obese. Findings from this study can be used to translate evidence into public health programs at the community level for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Clinical trial registration numberNCT 04082702 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Objective Church Environment Audits and Attendee Perceptions of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Supports within the Church Setting.

Interventions in faith-based settings are increasingly popular, due to their effectiveness for improving attendee health outcomes and behaviors. Little past research has examined the important role of the church environment in individual-level outcomes using objective environmental audits. This study examined associations between the objectively measured physical church environment and attendees’ perceptions of physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) supports within the church environment, self-efficacy for PA and HE, and self-reported PA and HE behaviors. Data were collected via church audits and church attendee surveys in 54 churches in a rural, medically underserved county in South Carolina. Multi-level regression was used to analyze associations between the church environment and outcomes. Physical elements of churches were positively related to attendees’ perceptions of church environment supports for PA (B = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.05) and HE (B = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.09) and there was a significant interaction between perceptions of HE supports and HE church environment. Self-efficacy and behaviors for PA and HE did not show an association with the church environment. Future research should establish a temporal relationship between the church environment and these important constructs for improving health. Future faith-based interventions should apply infrastructure changes to the church environment to influence important mediating constructs to health behavior.

Effects of Emotions, Memory and Thought on Decision Outcomes and Judgments of Organizational and Business Leaders

The qualities of the mind individually and collectively contribute in determining our personalities. This paper has tried to theoretically divide people into 6 different abstract personality tendencies: 1. Knowledgeable (people with dominant memory quality), 2. Reasonable (people with dominant thought quality), 3. Clever (people with both dominant memory and thought qualities), 4. Sentimental (people with dominant emotional quality especially of negative types, 5. Wise (people who have both domiant qualities of memory and thought and who have mastered how to control and direct their emotions without allowing their ‘hearts to rule their heads’) and 6. Stupid (those who have all the qualities: memory, thought and emotions, poorly developed). The paper demonstrates how these qualities affect organizational and business efectiveness and how they could be improved. Understanding our strenghts and weaknesses and continual improvement of the mind’s qualities by undergoing relevant and appropriate training, ensuring that we acquire the appropriate technologies to enhance our managerial skills, acquiring on the job experiential skills, including broadening of our perspective in human relations, effective communication and conflict management skills are key to becoming a good leader. This concept and their applications can be used to improve all human relations especially by leaders in every organization (business, government, Church setting, non-governmental etc.).

Correlates of Health Promotion in a Community Sample of African American Churches.

Though many African American churches offer health promotion activities to their members, less is known about organizational factors that predict the availability of this programming. This study examines organizational capacity as a predictor of the amount and type of health programming offered by a convenience sample of 119 African American churches. Leaders completed a survey of health promotion activities provided in the previous 12months and a measure of organizational capacity. Churches offered an average of 6.08 (SD = 2.15) different health programs targeting 4.66 (SD = 3.63) topics. Allocation of space and having a health ministry were positively associated with both the number of health programs and health topics addressed. When seeking to initiate health programming in an African American church setting, it is recommended that stakeholders partner with churches that have existing structures to support health promotion such as a health ministry, or help them build this capacity.

Working Alternatives: American and Catholic Experiments in Work and Economy ed. by John C. Seitz and Christine Firer Hinze

Reviewed by: Working Alternatives: American and Catholic Experiments in Work and Economy ed. by John C. Seitz and Christine Firer Hinze Nathan Schneider Working Alternatives: American and Catholic Experiments in Work and Economy. Edited by John C. Seitz and Christine Firer Hinze. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2020. 304 pp. $35.00. "There are years that ask questions and years that answer," Zora Neale Hurston once wrote. Although applying those words to Catholic social teaching (CST) requires dispatching them far from the context of the novel in which they appear, they are apt. Working Alternatives is a volume that grew out of a 2016 Fordham University conference on "Building Good Economies," a theme that echoes the ambition of Pope Leo XIII in Rerum Novarm (1891), the founding document of the modern CST tradition. Yet while Leo chiefly sought to present a distinctly Catholic answer to the period's conflicts of labor and capital, Working Alternatives dwells more among questions. The book contains frequent nods to the writings of recent popes, but these passages bear less of the thrill evident around insights coming from such less-Catholic realms as domestic-worker organizing, Tesla Motors, "regenerative capitalism," the New Age philosopher Ken Wilber, shamanism, and Patagonia (the company, not the place). There are stirring historical portraits, such as of 1940s interracial Christian communities in the U.S. South and a 1950s Catholic midwifery practice. But the more recent points of inspiration come largely from outside church settings—particularly if one recognizes the degree to which Pope Francis's Laudato Si' draws from the largely secular environmental-justice movement that long preceded it. [End Page 79] This is an observation, not a complaint. The editors organized the book around Father Joseph Carijn's "see, judge, act" method—also an influence on Francis—that privileges questioning and listening. The strongest chapters are those that seek to pull CST in new directions, to point to where the church should be looking. Sandra Sillivan-Dunbar puts Pope Benedict XVI into conversation with the discourse of the "care economy," while Kirsten Swinth reveals the violence of regarding women's work as non-economic, as Catholic understandings of gender complementarity tend to do. Michael Naughton, Nicholas Rademacher, Sandra Waddock, Michael Pirson, and Vincent Stanley point to examples of "social enterprise" (and other bywords for do-good firms)—manifestations, perhaps, of Pope Leo's hope for achieving an economic common good through virtuous leadership more than combative labor relations. While some chapters helpfully illustrate how Catholic concepts offer answers for contemporary dilemmas around work and education, the originality appears most in the passages that turn outward. Like Thomas Aquinas pouring over Greek, Muslim, and Jewish outsiders on behalf of the medieval church, Working Alternatives portrays present-day CST as busy with the task of absorption—although not yet the synthesis. How, then, might the church be called to act, to answer? Except in passing, the book largely bypasses one remarkable legacy of Catholics "building good economies": that of cooperative business. Catholics didn't invent cooperativism, but they saw others doing it, judged it good, and acted decisively to advance it. Responding to Pope Leo's call, twentieth-century Catholics seeded the North American credit union movement, the massive Mondragon worker cooperatives in Basque Country, the Italian social cooperative model, and countless agricultural and credit co-ops across the global south. Mondragon, for instance, has been widely studied and copied but never replicated at anything like its scale; the religious tradition behind it seems to have not only spiritual force but unique entrepreneurial powers as well. When CST is ready again for years that answer, it can be a dynamo. Between seeing and acting, the church must also judge. Beware when elevating a company like Tesla—which, despite its success in promoting electric vehicles, has undermined unionization drives and behaved callously regarding worker safety. Even the most shining social enterprise, anyway, might be an exception that serves to justify an unjust system and culture. There are few radical, systemic alternatives offered here that are equal to recent popes' withering critiques of capitalism and consumerism. Despite excellent chapters on New Deal-era racial exclusions and early experiments in integration, the...

Luther’s Reformation and His Political and Social Ideas for Korean Church and Society

Luther’s beliefs provide three avenues of change for the Korean church and Korean society at large. First, Luther’s argument about two different kingdoms can help the Korean church set itself free from the deeply rooted political attachment stemming from the ideological conflict with North Korea over the past six decades. Second, Luther’s understanding of the individual’s inner mind as the locus of revelation of the divine truth is expected to enhance an autonomous self-determination that is independent of the collective mindset of the multitude, which leads to the naissance of being truly individual. Lastly, Luther’s ethics of love will hopefully improve the public awareness concerning human rights of criminals and, through his vocation theory, give the vision of a unified organic society that Rises above the possessive individualism that spread widely during Korea’s rapid economic growth.

The Influence of Cultural and Generational Differences on the Ministry Experience of Chinese American Church Leaders

This qualitative study explored the influence of cultural and generational differences on the ministry experience of fourteen Chinese American male church leaders. Specifically, this study examined how differences in communication style, view of authority, level of acculturation, and expectations of the church could create conflict within the church setting. This study also provided insight into the types of problems these church leaders and church members faced as a result of cultural and generational conflict as well as solutions they found in response to that conflict. Taken together, these findings not only address the literature gap regarding this understudied group of individuals, but they also have implications for more effective ministry in a multicultural church setting.

Catholics and their Scriptures: Six Ways of Engaging with the Bible

In recent years the Catholic Church has been encouraging its members to engage with the Bible and a variety of resources have been produced to facilitate this. However, national surveys in Britain show that Catholics are some of the Christians least likely to engage with the Bible outside of a church setting. A small focus group of ordinary Catholics spent a year using five different resources to ascertain what ways of engaging with the Scriptures they found most helpful. Six ways were identified: reading the Bible in community; drawing on secondary expertise; valuing the literal and spiritual sense of Scripture; focusing on the Old Testament and the Bible’s unity; using accessible formats; and using a variety of resources. These are presented and discussed in the context of the Church’s recent teaching and instruction on the role of the Bible in the life of the believer.

Dirty Money on Holy Ground: Isolation of Potentially Pathogen-ic Bacteria and Fungi on Money Collected from Church Offer-ings

Fomites (including money) can transmit diseases to humans. How the nature of money influences contamination has not been adequately demonstrated. Moreover, such studies in church settings are non-existent. Thus, we studied how money collected from a church could serve as human disease transmission vehicles. Overall, 284 money samples (currency notes and coins) were collected during two Sundays in the months of Nov and Dec 2015 from a church congregation in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi were investigated using culture (Colilert® method) and molecular methods (Sanger sequencing). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the possible positions of the bacteria on various parts of a currency note. Of the 192 samples (first sampling round), 76 (39.6%) were positive for E. coli. Smaller notes (R10) recorded the highest E. coli counts per note. Of the 92 notes analyzed for potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi (second sampling round), 76 (82%) showed growth on at least one of the six culture media used. Sequencing revealed three bacterial (Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium) and two fungal (Clavispora and Rhodotorula) genera. SEM revealed that microorganisms could enter cracks of creased notes. Unlike previous studies conducted where recent contamination could occur, the current study shows that microorganisms can survive on money; samples were collected from a church, where little or no exchange takes place. Moreover, using SEM demonstrates that aged and creased notes favor attachment of bacteria to money and could be of public health concern by transmitting disease within a given population.

Your Health, Your Faith: HIV prevention with African faith-based communities in Germany

Abstract Migrants are disproportionally affected by HIV/AIDS in Germany, with about every third new HIV diagnosis given to a person who has migrated to Germany. More than half of HIV new diagnoses among migrants are people from sub-Saharan African countries. Because infections are not just brought from the countries of origin but also occur in Germany, HIV prevention services must be better tailored to the needs of migrants. Your Health, Your Faith (2016-2018) is a community-based participatory health project that aims to improve the involvement of African faith-based communities in HIV prevention services. The project is conducted by the National AIDS Service Organization in collaboration with partners from different African communities, African pastors, AIDS service organizations (ASOs) and researchers from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Teams of African activists, African pastors and ASOs have been built in eight German cities. All partners were invited to a series of concept workshops in Berlin in order to define together prevention contents, methods and forms of cooperation. Together, they developed a concept for preaching preventive messages in church settings and scenarios for a mobile educational theatre group. To date 65 multilingual events have been held at various African churches, reaching approximately 5000 people. The results of the project has been evaluated on a multi-case basis, with quality standards being compiled for prevention events in African churches. In the course of the project, the participants designed a video that illustrates the prevention work in African Church communities. At the request of the pastors involved, a mobile training series on HIV/Aids for African pastors has been developed with the support of medical doctors. Key messages HIV prevention in African churches and cooperation between African churches, public health authorities and ASOs is possible and promising. Communication via pastors has proven useful, as have supporting theatre performances that facilitate communication about taboo subjects such as HIV/AIDS.

Effects of Church-Based Parent–Child Abstinence-Only Interventions on Adolescents' Sexual Behaviors

PurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of faith-based and nonfaith-based parent–child abstinence-only interventions in reducing sexual risk behavior among young African American adolescents. MethodsRandomized controlled trial recruiting 613 African American parent–adolescent dyads from urban African American Baptist churches and randomizing them to one of three parent–child interventions: faith-based abstinence-only intervention emphasizing delaying or reducing sexual intercourse drawing on Biblical scriptures; nonfaith-based abstinence-only emphasizing intervention delaying or reducing sexual intercourse without referencing scriptures; or attention-matched control intervention targeting health issues unrelated to sexual behavior. Primary outcome was the self-reported frequency of condomless sexual intercourse in the past 3 months assessed periodically through 18 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes were frequency of sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, consistent condom use and, among sexually inexperienced adolescents, sexual debut. ResultsGeneralized estimating equations analyses revealed that nonfaith-based abstinence-only intervention reduced the frequency of condomless sexual intercourse, frequency of sexual intercourse, and number of sexual partners compared with the attention-matched control intervention, whereas faith-based abstinence-only intervention did not. Neither intervention affected consistent condom use or sexual debut. ConclusionsParent-child abstinence-only interventions can reduce condomless sexual intercourse among young African American adolescents in church settings. Linking the abstinence message to Biblical scriptures may not be efficacious.

Introducing Health Ministry in a Rural American Church.

Americans living in rural areas often encounter health disparities, due, in part, to lack of access to healthcare. Establishing health promotion programs in rural church settings presents opportunities for nurses and other healthcare professionals to serve their communities and live out Christian faith. This article describes a health ministry program that was successfully implemented in a small, rural church using the Healthy People 2020 MAP-IT framework.

Cardiovascular disease risk among rural residents living with diabetes and prediabetes: A cluster randomized trial.

Diabetes is a major health problem that is closely linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the United States. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the effect of a culturally relevant diabetes health promotion program on diabetes knowledge and self-reported self-care behaviors. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in 12 rural church settings. Seven churches were randomized to the intervention group and five to the control group. The sample included 146 African American participants diagnosed with diabetes and prediabetes. The intervention group participants (n=75) received the diabetes health program, and those in the control group (n=71) group received a publicly available diabetes health brochure. Data were collected about diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, fatalism, and social support. Linear mixed model was the statistical test used to analyze group differences. Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant changes from pretest to posttest for diabetes knowledge and behaviors associated with diet and blood glucose testing. Health promotion programs implemented by public health nurses among rural groups at increased risk for developing CVD can facilitate understanding about strategies to reduce disease risk.

Feasibility and acceptability of a mobile messaging program within a church-based healthy living intervention for African Americans and Latinos.

Church-based programs can act on multiple levels to improve dietary and physical activity behaviors among African Americans and Latinos. However, the effectiveness of these interventions may be limited due to challenges in reaching all congregants or influencing behavior outside of the church setting. To increase intervention impact, we sent mobile messages (text and email) in English or Spanish to congregants (n = 131) from predominantly African American or Latino churches participating in a multi-level, church-based program. To assess feasibility and acceptability, we collected feedback throughout the 4-month messaging intervention and conducted a process evaluation using the messaging platform. We found that the intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to a racially ethnically diverse study sample with high obesity and overweight rates. While the process evaluation had some limitations (e.g. low response rate), we conclude that mobile messaging is a promising, feasible addition to church-based programs aiming to improve dietary and physical activity behaviors.

690-P: Building a Healthy Temple: A Faith-Based Diabetes Self-Management Support Program

Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes disproportionally affects Hispanics. Diabetes self-management is key to preventing its life threating complications. Most Hispanics affiliate with churches, presenting a promising venue for delivering diabetes self-management support (DSMS) program. “Faith-placed” (FP) programing refers to health intervention implemented in church setting; while "faith-based" (FB) signifies integrating spirituality with health interventions. Building a Healthy Temple DSMS Program integrates spirituality with DSMS to improve diabetic outcomes. Setting and Subjects: Predominantly Hispanic churches in Texas; Diabetic churchgoers. Methods: This 13-week cluster-RCT assigned 18 churches to: 1) FB Group receiving a Health Sermon, 6-session DSMS, and 6-session Healthy Bible Study delivered by trained church lay leaders; or 2) FP Group receiving 6-session DSMS accompanied by a 7-session partial attention control curriculum delivered by outside professionals. Key outcome measures included HbA1c, BMI, waist circumference (WC), DSM Self-efficacy and diabetes quality of life (DQL) using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID). Data are collected at baseline, 6, 9, and 12 months. Intervention effects were determined using Linear mixed-effect models, controlled for age, gender and baseline corresponding outcome measures. Preliminary Results: To date, 3 FP (n=48) and 3 FB churches (n=49) have delivered interventions and collected 9 month data. Post intervention, the FB Group appears to have a lower HbA1c than the FP Group (6.56 vs. 6.79; p=0.095). Single-group sub-analyses showed that only the FB Group sustained a 4% HbA1c reduction at 9 months (p<0.05), and a 16% increase in DSM Self-efficacy scores at 6 and 9 months (p<0.05). Compared to baseline, both groups significantly reduced WC and PAID scores (i.e., improved DQL) at 6 and 9 months. Conclusions: Integrating spirituality with DSMS could lead to improved diabetes outcomes among Hispanic diabetic churchgoers. Disclosure S.R. Wilmoth: None. L. Carrillo: None. M. Pan: None. D. Chavarria: None. B. Wilhite: None. D. Parra-Medina: None. M. He: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (1-17-ICTS-029 to M.H.)

Measuring Ministry-Specific Stress and Satisfaction: The Psychometric Properties of the Positive and Negative Aspects Inventories

This article outlines the creation and validation of a pair of questionnaires that measure both the intensity of potentially positive and negative aspects of Christian ministry life, and the frequency with which these aspects occur. These measures of ministry-specific stress and satisfaction identify life-giving and life-eroding aspects of ministry life that are not typically shared with secular professions and occupations, and also help capture the aspects that either overlap with or differentiate between those who minister inside traditional church settings and those involved in community-based or parachurch ministries. Psychometric testing of the Positive Aspects Inventory (PAI) and Negative Aspects Inventory (NAI) was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved an item and subscale refinement and reliability investigation. The second phase entailed a validity investigation regarding each construct claimed to be measured by the questionnaires, and the establishment of meaningful score ranges for interpretative purposes. The resulting measures have empirical validity and have potential usefulness in further investigations of ministry life wellbeing and stress.

Rural Residents' Depressive Symptoms and Help-Seeking Preferences: Opportunities for Church-Based Intervention Development.

This study examines rural residents' depressive symptoms, helps seeking preferences and perceptions of a church-based group depression intervention, informing feasibility of adapting evidence-based treatment for delivery in rural churches. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 100 members of 2 churches in a rural Midwestern community; 63 congregants responded. Depression was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Descriptive analyses were performed, and 12.9% of respondents screened positive for depression. Another 25% reported mild symptomatology. Respondents preferred informal help seeking, although reported more openness to formal providers to address others' depression. Results suggest receptivity to church-based treatment. Almost two-third of respondents reported they would consider attending a church-based group depression intervention, 80% would recommend it to a friend in need, and 60% indicated it would benefit their community. Delivering evidence-based depression treatment within church settings may provide a viable option for increasing access to care in this rural community.

Dementia-friendly faith village worship services to support African American families: Research protocol.

African American caregivers for persons living with dementia frequently experience emotional strain, burden, social isolation, and depression. One source of support for them when in distress is their church community. However, many African American churches do not have programs to support families and congregants living with dementia. Dementia often restricts persons living with dementia and their caregivers from attending church. Both become increasingly uncomfortable in church settings due to fear of embarrassment, uncertainty about the behavior of the person living with dementia, and shame. Church attendance and religion has been shown to be beneficial for caregivers and elders living with dementia. However, there is little work exploring how involvement in religious practices together (caregivers and persons living with dementia) might enhance the quality of life for these families. This protocol is written to detail the designing and testing of the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a dementia-friendly faith village worship service. In the study, we will examine how dementia-friendly faith village worship services support the well-being of caregivers and care recipients in three African American churches through observation, interviews, and surveys. A sample of 30 dyads of African American caregivers and persons living with dementia will be asked to attend six modified worship services together over 6 months. In this study, we hope to demonstrate the significant role of churches in the lives of African American family caregivers and persons living with dementia and show that a faith-based, family-oriented approach can promote a greater quality of life for African American families living with dementia.

WOODEN TRUSSES RECONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS THROUGH PARAMETRIC 3D MODELING

Abstract. This paper aims to indicate a new methodological approach, based on generative algorithms, to attempt a more in-depth and transversal understanding of the behavior of these wooden structures. The developed method accelerates modeling procedures and brings on new tools for analyzing these structural systems when surveyed through TLS devices. The main topic of this work is the most recent step of a wider research project that has analyzed a few wooden roofing structures in the area of bologna. These case studies are represented by a set of important churches in Bologna, all built between the 16th and 18th centuries, whose pitched roofs are supported by timber trusses. Among them, the most impressive is the wooden truss in the St. Peter Cathedral that has approximately 26 meters of span, 7 meters of height for nearly 9 tons of weight. It also shows a complex static conception with the coexistence of an external nondeformable triangle and an internal virtual discharging arc. The focus is on the transformation of the point cloud into 3D models using parametric modeling tools such as Grasshopper generative algorithms. These algorithms, once created for a single truss, allow to automatically generating 3D models of all trusses, changing only input parameters.