Church Services Research Articles

Church Services for the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, the Entry into the Temple of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Description of Handwritten Sources, Catalogue of Incipits, Source Tables

Church Services for the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, the Entry into the Temple of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Description of Handwritten Sources, Catalogue of Incipits, Source Tables

Pendidikan Rohani Anak Di Gereja Bethel Tabernakel Ngaliyan Semarang

Spiritual education for children at the Beth-El Tabernacle Church in Ngaliyan, Semarang aims to shape Christ-like character in them, encouraging children to know and accept Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior. Children are taught to understand and practice God's Word in their daily lives, grow in faith, and participate in church services. To support this goal, the PkM team conducted community service activities during the odd semester of 2023/2024 at GBT Ngaliyan, Semarang. This activity, titled "Sunday School Children's Spiritual Education," employed creative and innovative teaching methods, such as Bible stories with props and puppet shows, to create an engaging and enjoyable Sunday school environment. The results of the PkM activities showed high enthusiasm from the children, which helped build their spirituality. The church felt supported and motivated to continue and develop similar activities in the future.

Exploring the responses of non-churchgoers to a cathedral pre-Christmas son et lumiere

Two conceptual strands of research within the field of cathedral studies have theorised the capacity of Anglican cathedrals to engage more successfully than parish churches with the wider non-churchgoing community. One strand has explored mobilising cathedral metaphors, and the other strand has explored the notion of implicit religion. Both strands illuminate the power of events and installations to soften the boundaries between common ground and sacred space. Drawing on a quantitative survey among 978 people who attended the pre-Christmas son et lumiere at Liverpool Cathedral during December 2022, the present study analyses the qualitative responses of 123 participants who never attend church services. Three categories of themes emerged from these data, concerning the Cathedral itself, the installation, and discordant experience.Contribution: Situated within the science of cathedral studies, this article draws on original qualitative data to illuminate the experiences of participants who never attend church services when engaging with the pre-Christmas son et lumiere at a major cathedral. Conceptualised within the framework of implicit religion, these data confirmed how the son et lumiere succeeded in softening boundaries between the sacred and the secular and provided a deeply moving experience. As one participant said, ‘I am not religious, but I had the best experience ever’.

Uloga i (ne)potrebnost za tišinom u štovanju

The author of this article explores whether there should be a space for silence in the worship of God in believers’ lives, church services and the part of the service in which God is praised with songs. To carry out the study, the author compared worship services of two churches in Zagreb – the Evangelical Pentecostal Church “Rock of Salvation” and the Church of Christ (on Kušlanova Street). The author analyzed the presence and role of silence, considering the non-use of musical instruments in the Church of Christ and concluded that the “empty” space in the church service between individual smaller parts is used in various ways. The author presented different definitions of silence or quietness, which nowadays for many no longer means absolute silence, by putting in dialogue the interviews with the pastors of the mentioned churches – Ratko Medan and Mislav Ilić – and the reflections of theologians and experts in the field of Christian services. The same problem is also put against the backdrop of modern times that are both unfamiliar and uncomfortable with silence.

Doktrin Sakramen: Menelaah Makna Dan Signifikansi Sakramen Baptisan Dan Perjamuan Kudus"

Reincarnation or reincarnation is not a foreign term for Christians. Nearly all churches encourage their congregation to experience rebirth or new birth. This research uses literature studies to explore several GBI sources containing Church doctrine, primary sources for John Calvin's theological ideas from his writings, as well as secondary sources from theologians who have studied this issue. The researcher's perspective and experience as a GBI member cannot be ignored when contributing to this research. The idea that the Church is the unified body of Christ is a very familiar idea among Christians. This idea suggests that just as Christians whose faith is one with Christ, each of them also has the right to be one with other believers. The unity of the Church is promised through the Apostles' Creed, one of the confessions of faith which reads, "I believe in the holy Church" and continues to be a reminder through the symbolic sacrament of Holy Communion for unity among the faithful. at the table with God. Lack of understanding and acceptance of the correct concept of Holy Communion will give rise to wrong attitudes in society in welcoming Holy Communion, so that it does not bring any blessings, but rather punishment for those involved. The promise of baptism as the first step in discipleship becomes less influential in the path of faith because forgotten. The church must lead God's people into a time of renewal of baptismal promises in the context of church services to maintain ongoing commitment as a community of followers of Christ. This research uses documentary research methods to analyze the biblical and theological significance of Jesus' baptism in Matthew 3:13-17. understanding or concept of the sacrament of baptism in the Catholic Church. Based on data obtained through research, there are two differences in understanding between the Huler Wair rite and the sacrament of baptism in the Catholic Church. There are also similarities and differences between the two, which encourage the author to be more active in writing this article and try to understand it well.

Cows, Communities, and Religious Responses to the 1865–66 British Rinderpest Outbreak*

The devastating outbreak of rinderpest in the British Isles in 1865–66 — the so‐called “cattle plague” — was a significant event in Victorian Britain, one that did much to shape British agriculture, animal disease control, and veterinary medicine. This article argues that the cattle plague also had long‐term significance for the relationship between the Church of England and non‐human animals. During eighteenth‐century rinderpest outbreaks, Anglican clergy had rarely considered the suffering animals. In 1865–66 and afterwards, services in Anglican churches increasingly involved animal themes, issues, and presences. From this time, it became usual for Anglicans to mark moments of severe animal disease with special prayers and services. The crisis also encouraged changes in how Church of England clergy, and ministers in other Christian denominations, spoke about animals in sermons. During the outbreak of rinderpest, there was a sharpened awareness of the extent to which cows and humans had common interests and inhabited a shared community. A heightened appreciation of the bonds and interdependencies between people and farmed animals, the article suggests, had much significance for ecological thinking among nineteenth‐century ministers of religion. The article argues for the distinctive status of cattle in modern Christianity.

Subtypes of Bullying and Friends’ Delinquency: Is Religiosity a Moderator?

Increasingly, bullying research has focused on identifying protective factors associated with bullying involvement (e.g., victim, perpetrator) and adverse outcomes. In this study, religiosity was examined as a protective factor in the relationship between bullying involvement and friends’ delinquency among a large sample of low-income urban African American adolescents ( N = 753). Analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that bullying perpetration, victimization, and victimization/perpetration were positively associated with greater friends’ delinquency. Further, adolescents who bullied others were less likely to report having friends engaging in delinquency when they reported attending church or other religious services. Also, adolescents who reported both victimization and perpetration of bullying, who placed great importance on religious or spiritual beliefs, were less likely to associate with friends engaging in delinquency. This study demonstrates how religiosity should be considered in bullying prevention and intervention efforts.

Abstract CT272: A cluster randomized trial to evaluate a church-based navigation model to increase breast cancer screening in Korean women (Faith In Action!): Trial in progress

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Korean American women and incidence in this group is rising. Advanced-stage disease is more frequent among Korean women diagnosed with breast cancer than in other ethnicities due to low adherence to screening. Lower socioeconomic status, cultural barriers, perceived norm, distrust of healthcare system, and lack of awareness and culturally tailored communication on benefits of screening contribute to low screening utilization. Church settings offer important platforms for education as a majority of Korean American women >50 years regularly attend church services. Thus, the objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally tailored intervention “Faith in Action!” on breast cancer screening adherence rates among Korean American women. Methods: A parallel cluster randomized trial with staggered roll-out will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the “Faith in Action!” intervention, a church-based small group education and lay health navigator program, delivered by trained church members, on breast cancer screening among Korean American women (NCT05298605). This study was designed and conducted in partnership with a Community Advisory Board. Trial enrollment began in July 2022 and is ongoing. Twenty-four total Korean churches in Los Angeles were randomized within blocks of 8 churches to either intervention or waitlist control conditions in a 1:1 ratio. Using a train-the-trainer approach, lay navigators from the Korean Church community nominated by church leadership are trained and certified to deliver the Faith in Action! intervention to study participants over a 6-month program period. Participants at churches randomized to the waitlist control group receive an educational presentation on physical activity and nutrition and, after 6-month follow-up, are invited to receive the Faith in Action! intervention. Eligible participants include women of Korean descent, ages 45-75 years, who: attend a participating church, do not have a breast cancer diagnosis, and did not receive mammogram in the last 2 years. The primary outcome is adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines within 6 months from end of program. Secondary outcomes include adherence to breast cancer screening within 1 year and participant knowledge about breast cancer screening practices. Qualitative interviews will be conducted to assess participants’ knowledge and barriers surrounding cancer screening decisions and program acceptability. To date, 16 churches (149 total participants) have been enrolled in the study and are being followed. It is expected that findings from this research will inform community-based efforts to increase breast cancer screening adherence among Korean American women and improve understanding of screening barriers in this group that is disproportionately impacted by breast cancer, while building capacity and opportunities for sustainability in the Korean faith community. Citation Format: Gillian Gresham, Christie Y. Jeon, Dong Hee Kim, Min Jung Sung, Laurel J. Finster, Marcio A. Diniz, Michael Fine, Zul Surani, Alison K. Herrmann, Jeong Yup Lee, Robert W. Haile. A cluster randomized trial to evaluate a church-based navigation model to increase breast cancer screening in Korean women (Faith In Action!): Trial in progress [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT272.

Kabelid vepsa Šimjärve piirkonnas (19. sajandi lõpp, 20. sajandi algus)

In recent decades, a significant number of works have been published in Russian ethnology, devoted to the study of various forms of religiosity of the population in direct connection with certain territories in different historical periods, which has become established in science as a special concept and approach called “religious landscape”. This approach turned out to be productive in identifying the peculiarities of the spread of Orthodox traditions in a certain territory, as well as in solving modern all-Russian problems of preserving the cultural heritage of rapidly disappearing villages. The article, based on a significant set of sources, reveals the features of the topography of chapels in the cultural landscape of the Veps of Shimozerye, Lodeynopolsky district, Olonets province, at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, the motives for their construction, the dedication of chapels and their functions in the parish life of Vepsian villages. Nowadays, this deserted territory with destroyed Orthodox shrines is constantly visited by tourists. During the study, the motives for the construction of chapels were identified, which provide an explanation for their placement in the cultural landscape of Shimozerye: distance from the church, vow, appearance of an icon, reconstruction on the site of a lost shrine, consecration of ancient burials of the ancestors of a given settlement. The chapels were used exclusively for church services during local holidays, and played an important role in strengthening social and kinship communications and, ultimately, uniting Vepsian villages. Their use in funeral services, in comparison with other territories, has not been identified. An analysis of the chapel dedications revealed the dominance of the names of Nicholas the Wonderworker, Elijah the Prophet, the Savior, and the Mother of God, who were considered the patrons of agriculture among the Veps. Hence, chapels as places of communication with these patrons, played an important role in ensuring the peasants’ future harvest. Single dedications to the patrons of livestock (Saints Florus and Laurus), driving livestock to the chapels, reveal another function of the chapels and the holidays associated with them – the protection of livestock. In the past, the abandoned Shimozersky region had exeptional holidays that captured the intermingling of unique folk and Christian events, for example: the baptism of the Veps of this area and the Nativity of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, lost in Russia; holiday of the harvest and the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

В. М. Металлов — священник, ученый, педагог

This article presents the experience of working in the genre of scientific biography of an outstanding representative of Russian culture at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, priest Vasily Mikhailovich Metallov, who combined church service with scientific and pedagogical musical activity (to a lesser extent, composing).V.M. Metallov has come a long way from a provincial rural priest to the rector of the Kazan Church on Red Square in Moscow. Developing the talent of a research scientist, he achieved great results in the field of studying ancient Russian church music history, set forth in a number of fundamental works. In his extensive pedagogical activity, he sought to transfer his scientific knowledge to students of spiritual and secular educational institutions in Saratov and Moscow: the Saratov Theological Seminary, the Synodal School of Church Singing, the Moscow Conservatory of the Russian Musical Society, the Archaeological Institute.The central place in the secular ministry of V.M. Metallov was occupied by the Moscow Conservatory. In it, he continued the tradition of teaching the spiritual and musical training course «The History of Church Singing», the founder of which was Archpriest Dimitri Vasilyevich Razumovsky, and the successor Stepan Vasilyevich Smolensky. By his works and trying to preserve the presence of the spiritual and musical subject in the conditions of the reformation after 1917 of pre-revolutionary musical education at the Moscow Conservatory, V.M. In this way, he preserved the foundation, which in the future allowed the interest of musical researchers to revive in the national «monument» — the ancient Russian church music art.The article observes the chronological outline of the biography of V.M. Metallov, supplemented by a number of little-known details and documentary evidence discovered during the study of archival materials and documents.

Disability and digital ecclesiology: Towards an accessible online church

Even though the digital church has been in existence for some time, it was mainly a transmission of onsite church services and programmes in the online space. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its demands for a global shutdown to mitigate and contain the disease moved almost all social activities including church services to the online space. It is evident that persons with disability experience extreme exclusion from the church’s theology, praxes, and ethos. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is replicated in the virtual space. Research proves that persons with disability were not considered in the migration of churches to the virtual space; hence, digital accessibility is minimal or non-existent during and after the COVID-19 era.Contribution: This article explores the various transformational stages of both the church and media while further exploring possible ways by which the virtual church may grant accessibility to persons with disability.

Abstract P366: Targeted Facebook Ads Increased Engagement Among Rural Communities During Pre-Recruitment Phases of the Mississippi Core of the Risk Underlying Rural Areas Longitudinal Study

Background: Data is sparse regarding the utility of social media in engaging southern, rural communities to participate in health research. Community Advisory Board (CAB) members of the Mississippi (MS) Core of the Risk Underlying Rural Areas Longitudinal (RURAL) Study suggested the use of the Facebook social media platform to promote the RURAL Study. During the pre-recruitment phase of engagement (6 months prior to initiation of examinations and 3 months prior to official recruitment), RURAL investigators used Facebook posts to help increase awareness of and interest in the RURAL Study. Objective: To use Facebook metrics to identify the types of posts that garnered the most engagement. Methods: The Principal Investigator of the RURAL Study’s MS Core collaborated with the University of MS Medical Center Social Media Coordinator to implement a Facebook page for the Study. The MS team implemented social media posts to promote the RURAL Study. Data on the number of post reactions, comments, and shares, as well as the reach of organic and paid ads, were collected to identify posts with highest engagement. Findings: In Oktibbeha County, the greatest number of Facebook profile visits occurred October 15-November 7, 2022. Facebook posts had the greatest reach between June 24-27 and September 19-30, 2022. Paid ads (boosted posts) produced greater reach than organic ads. In addition, post reactions positively correlated with the number of people reached. Posts with the greatest number of reactions were related to RURAL-sponsored events (e.g., the County Health Fair and the RURAL Open House event). There was significant Facebook activity around popular community events during which the RURAL Study was promoted (e.g., Fannie Lou Hamer event, the Open House event, and the Black Jack Morning Church Service). Although MS Core of RURAL investigators participated in interviews on local TV media prior to recruitment, organic Facebook ads that included links to videos of these interviews did not receive many reactions on the MS Core of the RURAL Study’s Facebook page. Conclusion: Using social media may be an effective tool for reaching communities during the pre-recruitment phase of engagement. Our findings support that paid ads that targeted specific audiences were more effective than organic ads. Facebook posts that documented RURAL’s participation and engagement in community events were more effective than posts about RURAL’s promotion in broadcast media.

Eredienste vertoon die geestelike stand van die NG Kerk

Worship services display the spiritual stand of the Dutch Reformed Church. In theological and clerical circles, it is accepted that the content of church services in Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) congregations shows its spiritual state as a church, or the basic convictions of its Christian faith. From their General Synod as the broadest assembly in this church, stipulations of the DRC Church Order, as well as other resolutions about church services, are accepted to be implemented by congregations. From personal experiences during visits to congregations, the author came to the conclusion that there are tendencies in these church services that are no longer in accordance with its church order and the viewpoints of its General Synod, regarding church services. These tendencies lead to a derailing of the biblical lines of church services. It also indicates a lack of loyalty in this regard, by ministers of the DRC. What it boils down to, is that church services indicate the spiritual stand of the DRC.Contribution: This article shows that church services show the spiritual approach and practice of churches. It states a principle for Reformed churches, and its critique on the Dutch Reformed Church aims at a reformation. The article stresses that the integration of the confessions of a church, as well as the understanding of the church, reflects in the services.

Omsk Dostoevsky: Memorable Places, Problems of Restoration and Museumification

Omsk is the city where F. M. Dostoevsky served a penal sentence in 1850–1854 and where the “rebirth of his beliefs” occurred. In the first part of the article, Dostoevsky’s memorable sites in Omsk are revealed based on the impressions of the writer himself, as reflected in “Notes from the Dead House” and “Siberian Notebook,” memoir, epistolary, local history and archival sources (Article lists of prisoners of the Omsk prison (ostrog) and maps and plans of the Omsk fortress, stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive, metric books of Omsk, stored in the Historical archive of the Omsk region). Through the Tara fortress gate, prisoners arrived at the Omsk prison (ostrog); and through the Tobolsk fortress gate, they went to menial jobs. The house of the engineer general have been preserved, who was in charge of prison work (it also housed the engineering office, where Dostoevsky worked as a scribe), as were the complex of the military hospital, where prisoners were treated and had the opportunity to read and write, and where the “Siberian Notebook” was created, the fortress of the Resurrection Military Cathedral, where they were taken for church services and whose rectors nursed the prisoners, and the house of Platz-Major V. G. Krivtsov and the house of the commandant of the Omsk fortress A. F. de Grave. The second part of the article, arranged as a tour of Dostoevsky’s sites in Omsk, describes the history and current state of all identified objects in the same order from the point of view of the restorer and architect. Some loci have disappeared irrevocably; some have been restored for the anniversary of the writer; some of them do not have the status of a monument of history and culture. The task of professional restoration, conservation and museumification of all the memorable sites in Omsk has been set to create a single memorial route “Dostoevsky’s Omsk.”

Upaya Yang Dilakukan Orang Kristen Dalam Meningkatkan Kerohanian

The reasons why Christians find it difficult to mature spiritually include: 1) slowness to listen, 2) feeling that they already know, 3) hardening their hearts against God's words, 4) believing because they only want to get blessings, and 5) their first love for God has faded. The purpose of this research is to study and understand the efforts made by Christians in improving their spiritual life and the benefits are to provide better insight and understanding of effective practices in improving the spiritual life of Christians. Furthermore, the research method used by this author is a descriptive qualitative research method through library research related to "How Believers Improve Spirituality". In addition, the focus of discussion in this study is to provide understanding to believers in improving spirituality through prayer, reading the Bible, worship, and participating in church services. This research can also provide valuable input for churches and spiritual leaders in providing more effective mentoring and teaching for the spiritual growth of the congregation.

Assessing the engagement of participants at a pre-Christmas son et lumiere in Liverpool Cathedral: a study in the individual differences tradition

ABSTRACT Recent studies have drawn attention to the variety of events, installations, and activities within Anglican cathedrals that hold the capacity to attract wider publics into these iconic buildings where common ground and sacred space collide. In order to assess the engagement of participants at a pre-Christmas installation in Liverpool Cathedral, this project designed seven measures of engagement (styled as Christmas engagement, Cathedral engagement, Spiritual/religious engagement, Personal engagement, Imaginative engagement, Positive engagement, and Negative engagement). Data provided by 562 participants explored the effect of personal, educational, psychological, and religious factors on predicting levels of engagement across these seven measures. Two core findings were that the Luxmuralis installation, The light before Christmas: The angels are coming exerted its greatest impact on younger people and on those who did not attend church services. In this way, not only was the Cathedral extending its reach, but delivering an experience that enticed them to want to return.

COVID-19 and Sunday worship in the wake of the pandemic at Our Lady of Loreto, South Africa

Christians, and those of the Roman Catholic Church, have made significant adjustments to their participation in Sunday liturgy in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This is especially the case for Catholic Christians at the ‘Our Lady of Loreto’ (OLL) Church in Kempton Park in South Africa. Sunday Church services that used to be compulsory for most Catholic families and community members, are now attended by few and in some cases none from staunch Catholic families and communities. However, this is not a new phenomenon in the Catholic Church. It signals the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic has altered and continues to affect Christian families and their commitment to the Sunday liturgy. Drawing from qualitative interviews conducted with eight staunch Catholic community leaders of OLL Church in Kempton Park, Johannesburg, this paper explores the motivations for their continuous participation and/or non-participation in the Sunday liturgy in the wake of the pandemic. The findings reveal that certain behavioural patterns or activities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic motivate Catholic Christians and families to continue to participate and/or not participate in the Sunday liturgy.Contribution: The article explored and examined the way in which COVID-19 has affected Catholic Christians’ ability to attend Sunday liturgy. It discovered that while some Christians returned to church after the pandemic, others have continued to worship from home because of the influence of changes adopted during the pandemic.

Peran Hamba Tuhan Dalam Mengajarkan Musik Gerejawi Bagi Remaja Pemuda Di GKSI Bethesda Sosok Kalimantan Barat

Teaching church music for young people is one of the most important activities for God's servants to do. This music teaching aims to prepare young people to take part in the ministry, namely bringing music. Youth as the pillars of the church, must be properly equipped because they are the future of the church. Music is very important in worship. With music, it can encourage the congregation to praise and glorify the name of God. The introduction and teaching of ecclesiastical music for young people is one of the most important things for God's servants to do. Because with the magical music teaching program for young people, it can be a bridge for them to find their identity as servants of God and also to explore and hone the potential that exists within them. So that with the teaching of church music, it will make young people know and understand what church music is. They can also take part in the ministry of playing music at church services. Using music is a command from God as a means of praising and glorifying the name of God. The use of music in the Bible is not only used in praising and glorifying the name of God, but in the Old Testament it explains and gives written verses that musical instruments are also used when starting war (2 Kings 3:15), to celebrate victory in war (1 Samuel 10:5), to comfort hearts that are in a state of joy or sorrow, and also musk is used to expel demonic forces that disturb humans (1 Samuel 16:23). Meanwhile, in the New Testament, music is not only used to praise God, but music is also used to mourn people who have died (Matthew 9:23), and music is used to sing to God

Implementation of object oriented technology concept and rapid application development method in designing church service information system HKBP Perumnas Simalingkar

Designing information systems that are appropriate and in accordance with user needs is a key element of success in designing information systems that are fast, easy, and able to manage various data and information needed by users. In this context, Object Oriented Technology and the Rapid Application Development Method provide a powerful and easy approach to designing information systems. This article describes the stages of the Rapid Application Development method starting from planning, design, development, and implementation in designing information systems tailored to the needs of the HKBP Perumnas Simalingkar Church Service. In addition, this article also discusses the use of Codeigniter 4 which has adopted the concept of Object Oriented Technology to make it easier to create complex information systems. Then this article also discusses the use of the Unified Modeling Language as a tool to model the design of information systems. The combination of the Object Oriented Technology concept and the Rapid Application Development method can increase the acceleration of making information systems and produce powerful information systems.

Pelayanan PAK di Gereja Bagi Anak Sekolah Minggu

The study aims to find out what the ideal church service is like for Sunday school children. The research method used is the study of libraries, interview approaches and observation of the ministry of several churches for Sunday schoolchildren. Through a number of literacy, observation and interviews with a number of Sunday school teachers, it is known that the problem of ministry to Sunday school largely arises from the church itself where many weaknesses lie in the Pastor and Assembly who are still less serious about improving the ministry of PAK to children in the church. Some suggestions to address the problem are: 1). Priests should facilitate teaching, provide week school curriculum and actively engage in serving Sunday school worship. 2). The Church needs to include a special budget for the increase in Sunday School Teacher’s HR. 3). The Church needs to periodically evaluate the Sunday school service. 4). The Church needs to work on service facilities ranging from child-friendly specialty spaces. 5). The Church needs to engage members of the congregation who have pedagogic and theological competencies to support Sunday school service. 6). Even in limitations, Sunday school teachers need to update their knowledge and skills in varying the teaching methods of week schoolchildren.