Effects Of Chunking Research Articles

Effect of Online Review Chunking on Product Attitude: The Moderating Role of Motivation to Think

ABSTRACTOnline reviews are an important source of product information that influences consumers’ product attitude and purchase behavior. This research proposes review chunking, that is, grouping reviews by valence, as a newly recognized factor that influences the persuasive effect of online reviews. In particular, this study examines the differential effects of review chunking on product attitude for consumers with high versus low motivation to think. The results from two experiments show that for consumers with low motivation to think, review chunking has a negative effect on product attitude. For consumers with high motivation to think, the effect of review chunking depends on whether they read positive or negative reviews first. These findings extend our understanding of the factors that influence the persuasiveness of online reviews and provide practical implications to online retailers on how to influence consumers’ product attitude by changing the default criteria of the sorting and filtering aids on their online review systems.

The role of chunking in drawing Rey complex figure.

The study investigated the effects of chunking and perceptual patterns that guide the drawings of Rey complex figure. Ten adult participants (M age=22.2 yr., SD=4.1) reproduced a single stimulus in four drawing modes including delayed recall, tracing, copying, and immediate recall across 10 sessions producing a total of 400 trials. It was hypothesized that the effect of chunking is most obvious in the free recall tasks than in the tracing or copying tasks. Measures such as pauses, patterns of drawings, and transitions among patterns of drawings suggested that participants used chunking to aid rapid learning of the diagram. The analysis of the participants' sequence of chunk production further revealed that they used a spatial schema to organize the chunks. Findings from this study provide additional evidence to support prior studies that claim graphical information is hierarchically organized.

The perceptual chunking of speech: A demonstration using ERPs

In tasks involving the learning of verbal or non-verbal sequences, groupings are spontaneously produced. These groupings are generally marked by a lengthening of final elements and have been attributed to a domain-general perceptual chunking linked to working memory. Yet, no study has shown how this domain-general chunking applies to speech processing, partly because of the traditional view that chunking involves a conceptual recoding of meaningful verbal items like words (Miller, 1956). The present study provides a demonstration of the perceptual chunking of speech by way of two experiments using evoked Positive Shifts (PSs), which capture on-line neural responses to marks of various groups. We observed listeners׳ response to utterances (Experiment 1) and meaningless series of syllables (Experiment 2) containing changing intonation and temporal marks, while also examining how these marks affect the recognition of heard items. The results show that, across conditions — and irrespective of the presence of meaningful items — PSs are specifically evoked by groups marked by lengthening. Moreover, this on-line detection of marks corresponds to characteristic grouping effects on listeners’ immediate recognition of heard items, which suggests chunking effects linked to working memory. These findings bear out a perceptual chunking of speech input in terms of groups marked by lengthening, which constitute the defining marks of a domain-general chunking.

Detachment of non-dissolved clusters and surface roughening in solid dissolution

Stochastic models of solid dissolution are numerically studied considering homogeneous and inhomogeneous structures, with local dissolution rates related to reaction energies and temperature. Inhomogeneous solids have a granular lattice structure, with ratio g of intragranular and intergranular lateral sizes, ratio r of the corresponding dissolution rates, and r<1 to account for enhanced dissolution at the grain boundaries. In homogeneous solids, the maximal deviation from the Faraday law of electrolysis due to the detachment of non-dissolved clusters (chunk effect) is close to 20%, at high temperatures, but the deviation is negligible for typical values of activation energies and room temperature. This justifies the hypothesis of change in the valence of dissolved ions of many experimental works. The surface roughness scales with exponents of the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang class. In inhomogeneous solids, many non-dissolved grains are detached in typical conditions of temperature and activation energies, leading to ratios of detached and dissolved masses of order g, for g≫1. This suggests that inhomogeneity at the nanoscopic level is essential to observe a significant chunk effect. The global roughness shows oscillations in time due to dominant island detachment at some characteristic times. The dissolved surfaces resemble those of related granular surfaces, but the local roughness scaling shows a crossover scaling with smaller and nontrivial exponents.

Computational Modeling of Bed Material Shear Stresses in Piston-Type Erosion Rate Testing Devices

AbstractThe sediment erosion rate flume (SERF) device was computationally modeled using CD-adapco’s Star-CCM+ at varying flow rates and sample roughnesses so that wall shear stresses could be evaluated during a piston-style erosion test. Shear stress data were matched between the model and data from previous physical tests. Pressure differential upstream and downstream from an eroding specimen displayed similar behavior during both physical and modeled tests in that as eroding sample roughness increased, pressure differential did not appear to change. A series of complicated bed configurations were added to the computational model to quantify the effects of blocking, chunking, or sample overadvancement during an erosion test. Results appeared to indicate that small deviations in sample geometry may have large effects on localized shear stresses. Another series of models was run to provide an explanation for the beginning of blocking or chunking as a result of shear stress development over a rough sample. ...

Effects of text chunking on subtitling: A quantitative and qualitative examination

Our work serves as an assay of the visual impact of text chunking on live (respoken) subtitles. We evaluate subtitles constructed with different chunking methods to determine whether segmentation influences comprehension or otherwise affects the viewing experience. Disparities in hearing participants' recorded eye movements over four styles of subtitling suggest that chunking reduces the amount of time spent reading subtitles.

Cognitive consequences of segmentation and modality methods in learning from instructional animations

This study was to investigate whether a chunking of animations about the lightning system can increase learning by designing it with sensitivity to the capacity limitations of working memory. A total of 96 girl students of junior high schools, divided into four groups, participated in the study. These groups learned from texts and animations in a 2 × 2 design with the factors modality (narration vs. on- screen text) and segmentation type (system-control vs. learner-control) and saw the process of lightening formation through 16 slides. The system-controlled segments group had 3 second pause between each slide and slides showed automatically, but learner-controlled segments group had chose to see the next slide by press play button. Retention and transfer of the learning material and cognitive load were assessed. The results showed that narration group outperformed on- screen text group in retention. The learner- controlled group outperformed system- controlled group in retention and reported less cognitive load. There was no interaction between modality and segmentation type. The chunking effect in multimedia learning is higher when the learner can control the pace of presentation.

Lexical chunking effects in syntactic processing

Research on syntactic ambiguity resolution in language comprehension has shown that subjects' processing decisions are influenced by a variety of heterogeneous factors such as e.g., syntactic complexity, semantic fit and the discourse frequency of the competing structures. The present paper investigates a further potentially relevant factor in such processes: effects of syntagmatic lexical chunking (or matching to a complex memorized prefab) whose occurrence would be predicted from usage-based assumptions about linguistic categorisation. Focusing on the widely studied so-called DO/SC-ambiguity in which a post-verbal NP is syntactically ambiguous between a direct object and the subject of an embedded clause, potentially biasing collocational chunks of the relevant type are identified in a number of corpus-linguistic pretests and then investigated in a self-paced reading experiment. The results show a significant increase in processing difficulty from a collocationally neutral over a lexically biasing to a strongly biasing condition. This suggests that syntagmatically complex and partially schematic templates of the kind envisioned in usage-based Construction Grammar may impinge on speakers' online processing decisions during sentence comprehension.

Reprint of “Mesoscopic modelling of corrosion phenomena: Coupling between electrochemical and mechanical processes, analysis of the deviation from the Faraday law”

We present numerical simulations of corrosion processes in a simple automata cellular model at a mesoscopic scale. We observe that small pieces of the material are detached from the surface and become part of the solution side of the corrosion front. The formation of these islands is important when the probability of dissolution of the material is small. This process is similar to that observed in real experiments and named chunk effect. This effect can be one of the reasons for the deviations of the observed apparent weight loss of the corroding material from that predicted by Faraday's law. The main result of our work is to show that the chunk effect exists even for the ideal surface free of defects and therefore the effect is generally present in corrosion processes. We analyze the simulation results within a mean field approach and describe quantitatively the combination of material dissolution and islands detachment. The effective rate of corrosion is largely determined by the mechanical processes that change the surface structure.

Mesoscopic modelling of corrosion phenomena: Coupling between electrochemical and mechanical processes, analysis of the deviation from the Faraday law

We present numerical simulations of corrosion processes in a simple automata cellular model at a mesoscopic scale. We observe that small pieces of the material are detached from the surface and become part of the solution side of the corrosion front. The formation of these islands is important when the probability of dissolution of the material is small. This process is similar to that observed in real experiments and named chunk effect. This effect can be one of the reasons for the deviations of the observed apparent weight loss of the corroding material from that predicted by Faraday's law. The main result of our work is to show that the chunk effect exists even for the ideal surface free of defects and therefore the effect is generally present in corrosion processes. We analyze the simulation results within a mean field approach and describe quantitatively the combination of material dissolution and islands detachment. The effective rate of corrosion is largely determined by the mechanical processes that change the surface structure.

Stimulus and response chunking in the Hebb Digits task

Using the Hebb Digits task, an incidental sequential learning paradigm, the effects of chunking of both the presentation and response phases of performance were examined. In the first experiment, consistent stimulus chunking increased learning, and performance was at an equivalent level to this when consistent chunking of both stimuli and responses was present. Consistent chunking of the responses alone did not significantly improve learning over a baseline condition where neither stimuli nor responses were chunked. The disruption of response organization in a second experiment, through a random response condition, failed to impact learning in non-chunked and stimulus chunked conditions. A third experiment found that response chunking did benefit learning in a condition where stimuli were presented in random chunks. A final experiment suggested extended processing of the digits could not account for performance gains in the stimulus chunking condition. Overall, the results suggest that the enhanced effects of chunking on learning were stimulus-driven rather than response-driven, except under conditions that constrained a consistent pattern of stimulus organization.

Soar/PSM-E: investigating match parallelism in a learning production sytsem

Soar is an attempt to realize a set of hypotheses on the nature of general intelligence within a single system. Soar uses a production system (rule based system) to encode its knowledge base. Its learning mechanism, chunking, adds productions continuously to the production system. The process of searching for relevant knowledge, matching, is known to be a performance bottleneck in production systems. PSM-E is a C -based implementation of the OPS5 production system on the Encore Multimax that has achieved significant speedups in matching. In this paper we describe our implementation, Soar/PSM-E, of Soar on the Encore Multimax that is built on top of PSM-E. We first describe the extensions and modifications required to PSM-E in order to support Soar, especially the capability of adding productions at run time as required by chunking. We present the speedups obtained on Soar/PSM-E and discuss some effects of chunking on parallelism. We also analyze the performance of the system and identify the bottlenecks limiting parallelism. Finally, we discuss the work in progress to deal with some of them.

Anodic Dissolution of Beryllium in Anhydrous Media

When the residual water content of currently used electropolishing solution is reduced to less than 0.1 g/1, the anodic dissolution of beryllium follows Faraday's law with a valence of one over an extended range of anodic potentials. This result is interpreted in terms of a dissolution mechanism occurring in a succession of two individual steps, each involving a simple electron, thus Support for the transitory existence of the monovalent ions is derived from thermodynamic considerations allied with the structure of the anodic layer. Microscopic examination of the state of the anode surface during and after the dissolution shows clearly that a mechanical disintegration of the metal lattice by the action of the current cannot be the origin of the anomalous valence observed. On the contrary, it is shown that disintegration of this type contributes only at low anodic potentials. This phenomenon, known as the “chunk effect,” is clearly observable by scanning electron microscopy and accounts for faradaic “efficiencies” of greater than 200% in certain electrolytic conditions.

The Difference Effect on Magnesium Dissolving in Acids

The difference (Δ) effect on Mg metal was measured in , , and of concentrations between 0.05 and 0.50N at 25 °C. Generally the effect was positive, but the usual linear relationship between Δ and I existed only at low current densities and high acid concentrations. In and , the positive effect changed to negative at increased current densities and low acid concentration. Attempts to attribute the Δ effect to the anodic expulsion of uncommon valency Mg ions result in unrealistic values of cationic charges for positive values of Δ. The difference effect is explained on the basis of anodic polarization, film disruption, and disintegration of the magnesium anode, i.e. “chunk effect.”

The Difference Effect and the Chunk Effect

The negative difference effect in the case of steel can be explained in terms of corrosion by removal of blocks or “chunks” of metal containing perhaps only a few atoms. The “chunk effect” also explains the observed fact that, under conditions of high corrosion rate, minimum protective current can be much less than the calculated corrosion current. It is suggested that the chunk effect and anodic polarization occur on the same piece of metal. Either the positive or the negative difference effect may be observed depending on the corrodent.

The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Corrosion of Steel And on Current Required for Cathodic Protection★

Abstract The interrelationship of corrosion rate of steel, dissolved oxygen concentration, agitation, electrode potential, and cathodic protection current density were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. While the corrosion rate of steel is essentially linear with amount of dissolved oxygen, the rate appears to fall almost to zero near 1.0 ppm dissolved oxygen rather than at zero ppm dissolved oxygen as commonly assumed. In the region below 2 ppm dissolved oxygen, there is almost no effect of agitation on corrosion rate; above 2 ppm there is a large effect. By measuring the corrosion rate of an unprotected specimen, it should be possible to compute the minimum current density needed for cathodic protection in the field. In acidic environments, less current is needed for protection than is predicted by analysis of the mechanism of cathodic protection. This fact suggests that the anodic reaction in low pH corrosion proceeds by the removal of “chunks” of metal which contain several atoms. The “chunk effect” also appears to operate in the neutral range, but only when the corrosion rate is very high. The effect of differential aeration on corrosion rates is discussed in detail. 5.2.4