Chrysophyllum Albidum Research Articles

Anti-collagenase Potentials and ADME/Tox Analysis of Natural Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit Parts: an in silico Evaluation

Anti-collagenase Potentials and ADME/Tox Analysis of Natural Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit Parts: an in silico Evaluation

Elucidating the antidiabetic potential of Chrysophyllum albidum: An integrative approach combining in vitro and in silico studies on dipeptidyl peptidase IV and adenosine deaminase inhibition

Diabetes mellitus remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions. This study elucidated the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals derived from the African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum)) against two critical enzymes implicated in diabetes pathogenesis: dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and adenosine deaminase (ADA). A multi-pronged approach integrating in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and in silico molecular docking simulations was employed. Aqueous extracts from various C. albidum fruit parts were evaluated for enzyme inhibition using colorimetric assays. Molecular docking studies were performed using the crystal structures of DPP-IV (PDB ID: 2ONC) and ADA (PDB ID: 3IAR) to investigate binding interactions and identify potential hit compounds using autodock-vina. In vitro assays revealed potent, dose-dependent inhibition of both DPP-IV and ADA by the aqueous extracts, with the fruit's seed coat extract exhibiting the most promising activity (IC50 = 4.88 μg/mL and 18.25 μg/mL against DPP-IV and ADA, respectively). Molecular docking unveiled several C. albidum hits, including CIDs 562,128 (-9.569), 6,430,793 (-9.501), and 23,647,311 (-8.286), and 73,530 (-6.936) exhibiting favorable drug-like properties and binding geometries. This integrative study unveiled the inhibitory potential of C. albidum phytochemicals against DPP-IV and ADA, with a notable correlation between in vitro and in silico data, underscoring the therapeutic promise of this indigenous African plant source for developing novel antidiabetic agents, most importantly the seedcoat.

Tannase Production from Different Strains of Rhodotorula species using Chrysophyllum albidum Seed Shell Flour as Substrate

Tannase Production from Different Strains of Rhodotorula species using Chrysophyllum albidum Seed Shell Flour as Substrate

Hypolipidemial potentials of selected seed oils on high-fat fed adult albino rats

Annually, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) claim the lives of more than 17 million individuals. In this study, hypolipidemia potential of Persea americana, Moringa oleifera, Chrysophyllum albidum and Capsicum annuum seed oils were evaluated. Fifty adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 120 and 170 g were grouped into ten, with five animals in each group. The animals were stabilized for one week prıor to the induction period. The seed oils were administered in their meal for fourteen days. Blood samples were collected through a cardıac puncture into heparinized tubes centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and were used for haematological and lipid profile assays. Comparatively between the analyte and control groups, the result showed no significant difference (p≥0.05) in haemoglobin (HB) with a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the packed cell volume (PCV) level of the rats. In addition, there were significant reductions in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. Among the male rats of the analyte and control group, there was a significant increase (p<0.5) in the level of high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ın their blood samples. This study reveals that the rich essential fatty acid reported in the seed oils has hypolipidemic effect potential.

Comparative analysis of conventional optimization techniques with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models for extracting oil from Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) seed for biodiesel production

Comparative analysis of conventional optimization techniques with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models for extracting oil from Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) seed for biodiesel production

Chrysophyllum Albidum extract as a new and green protective agent for metal

ABSTRACT Gravimetric measurements and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were employed to investigate the protective performance of the metal in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions by the C. albidum leaf extract at different concentrations (400-1600 mg/L) and time periods (1-4 days). The results showed the highest protection ability of over 96-97%, with inhibition increasing with higher extract concentrations. Polarization studies indicated a mixed inhibition mechanism, reducing both anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution rates. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified major organic constituents in the extract. Thermodynamic data fit the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting chemisorptive adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface. Computational methods, including density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum chemical calculations, provided insight into inhibitor-metal interactions and adsorption behaviour at the molecular level. Overall, the study establishes C. albidum leaf extract as an effective, sustainable alternative to commonly used toxic chromate and phosphate inhibitors. It performs competitively even at low concentrations and in environments. The promising green inhibition properties, combined with the extract's nontoxicity and abundance from a natural source, suggest its potential as a cost-effective corrosion protection solution, especially for applications in developing economies.

Production and Characterization of Ackee Apple (Blighia sapida) Seeds and African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seeds Oil Mixtures and their Biodiesel

This paper focused on the characterization of oils and biodiesels derived from Ackee apple seeds and African star apple seeds obtained from local markets. The oils from individual seeds and their mixtures at varying ratios were characterised for relative density, free fatty acid, acid, iodine, and saponification, which yielded 0.91 g/cm3, 1.06 mg-KOH/g, 2.12 mg-KOH/g, 38.36mg-iodine/100g, and 195.74 mg-KOH/g of ackee seed oil, respectively. And 0.89 g/cm3, 2.105 mg-KOH/g, 4.2 mg-KOH/g, 52.49 mg-iodine/100 g, and 227.7 mg-KOH/g of African star apple seed oil, respectively. The highest relative density of 0.9064 g/cm3 and free fatty acid of 3.73 mg-KOH/g were achieved from the mixture of ackee apple and African star apple seeds’ oils at 80 and 20%, respectively, while the highest saponification of 221.264 mg-KOH/g and iodine of 49.66 mg-iodine/100 g were obtained from the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Also, the oils extracted from the seeds, were subjected to a transesterification process to produce biodiesel. 144°C flash point, 206°C fire point, and 2.8°C cloud point were obtained from the biodiesel of the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Further analysis of the mixtures showed low volatility and high resistance to fire due to their high flash and fire points. The highest value recorded for the flash point is lower when compared with some other seed oils flash points; however this value is higher than the standard flash point for biodiesels .Highest boiling point of 64°C was attained at an oil mixture ratio of 60 and 40%, respectively. This value is too low compared to the normal boiling point range of 315-350°C for biodiesels, and the high acid values recoded for the mixtures make the oils inedible. The oils, however, have advantages over other edible seed oils as they will serve as valuable ingredients in the soap-making industries since they are not competing with food resources

Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) Fruit-Skin Attenuates Hyperglycemia-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Experimental Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disturbance characterized by hyperglycemia has become a health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress performs a key role in diabetic complications. The fruit-skin of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) has been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and in vitro antioxidant properties, but its effect on oxidative damage in diabetic animals has not been well investigated. This study investigated the effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit-skin (CAFS) in mitigating hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Oxidative stress markers included superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), lipidperoxidation status using malondialdehyde and non-enzymatic antioxidants in serum, hepatic and pancreatic tissues. Non-diabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were compared after 4 weeks of treatment. The diabetic untreated group showed significant (p< 0.05) elevation of malondialdehyde and depression of non-enzymatic antioxidants levels, while suppressing SOD and CAT activities in serum, hepatic and pancreatic tissues when compared to normal rats. CAFS supplemented diet treatment ameliorated these metabolic disturbances and increased the activities of hepatic and pancreatic SOD from 0.28±0.25 to 0.61±0.13 Unit/mg protein and 0.08±0.01 to 0.15±0.01 Unit/mg protein respectively and CAT from 0.21±0.06 to 0.81±0.17 Unit/mg protein and 0.07±0.01 to 0.50±0.15 Unit/mg protein respectively. The findings suggest that CAFS treatment in diabetic rats exerts a protective effect via attenuation of oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycemia and improves the antioxidant status.

Isolation and Characterization of Pectin from African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Fruit

Isolation and Characterization of Pectin from African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Fruit

African Star Apple Juice Stored at Tropical Ambient and Refrigeration Temperatures: Effect on Physicochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Properties and Microbiological

The present study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical and antioxidant properties as well as microbiological quality of extracted juice from African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) stored under tropical ambient and refrigeration conditions. Juice was extracted from mashed star apple fruit cotyledons (after deseeding) and pasteurized in a water bath at 71.2 oC for 30 minutes before storage for four (4) weeks under tropical ambient (28±2 oC) and refrigeration (6±2 oC) conditions. The results showed that there was no fibre in the juice, the moisture was 78.51% and 79.13% for fresh African star apple (ASA) juice and sample stored under ambient conditions, respectively. It also showed pH of ASA juice at week 0 to be 3.52 and week 4 for both samples stored at refrigeration and ambient temperatures to be 2.85 and 2.28, respectively. There was no fecal coliform count in all the studied juice samples throughout the storage period, but total viable bacteria counts were 2.7x104 cfu/ml, 1.84x105 cfu/ml and 6.6x104 cfu/ml for fresh juice and juice stored for 4 weeks at ambient temperature and refrigeration conditions, respectively. Overall, storage conditions had insignificant impact on the antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity of the fruit juice; the slight changes observed were linked to usual molecular reactions. In conclusion, storage under refrigeration conditions elongated the shelf life of the juice.

Isolation and Identification of Microbes Associated with Spoilage of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum Linn.) Sold in Markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Isolation and Identification of Microbes Associated with Spoilage of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum Linn.) Sold in Markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Green syhthesis of aluminium oxide nanoparticles using Chrysophyllum albidum, Terminalia catappa and Mimusops Coriacea leaf extracts for antibacterial and antifungal activities

The study reports an environmentally friendly and simple green technique for the synthesis of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs). The leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (chry.A), Terminalia catappa (Alm) and Mimusops Coriacea (Lam) were used as reducing and stabilizing agents. Microscopic characterisations of the nanoparticles were carried out such as TEM, SEM, X-RAY, FTIR, UV and antimicrobial application were conducted. The result of the analysis showed that transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Al2O3 NPs revealed quasi-spherical particle shapes and showed the particle size distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the Al2O3 crystals are face-centered cubic (FCC) for Chry.A Al2O3 NP, Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NP and the average crystallite size were given to be 54.4 nm, 58.3 nm and 25.8 nm while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results of Al2O3 NPs showed the existence of metal-oxygen Al-O and occurrence of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups from plant flavonoids. The electronic interaction of Al2O3 NPs was investigated with Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV) and the results revealed 238 nm of the absorption capacity of Al2O3 NPs which is attributed to quasi-spherical structural arrangement and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) verified the existence of elemental aluminium which revealed maximum peaks of Al-O. The synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal actvitties and the results show that they were potent against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus; and Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. The chry. A Al2O3 NP was found to displayed higher activities of antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) than Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NP. The antibacterial activities of Chry.A Al2O3 NP and Alm Al2O3 NP also showed maximum zone of inhibition with minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of 0.125 and 0.250 mg/mL respectively, which higher than ciprofloxacin with 0.625 mg/mL MIC. Antifungal potential investigated revealed MIC of 3.15, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL for Chry.A Al2O3 NP, Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NPs against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Therefore the use of novel extracts for the synthesis of Al2O3 NPs has demonstrated good antimicrobial activities when compared to the control standard.

In-Vivo Antidiarrhoea Evaluations of Methanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum

Background and Objectives: In Nigeria, traditional use of medicinal plants, like Chrysophyllum albidum, for diarrhoea persists. This study assessed its effectiveness in treating diarrhoea in rats. Methods: Extract and Fractions from the plant were tested for antidiarrhoea effect. The process involved methanol extraction and fractionation using hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Rat models were used to evaluate the effects on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility. Results: Defecation caused by castor oil-induced diarrhoea was inhibited significantly by 53.55, 78.48 and 74.69 % at 500 mg/kg of methanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fraction respectively, and by 50.99 and 63.69 % at 250 and 500 mg/kg of butanol fraction respectively. The volume of intestinal content and weight of intestinal content were reduced by 76.74 and 80 % at 500 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction. Also, the volume of intestinal content and weight of intestinal content were reduced by 70.93 and 70.83 % at 500 mg/kg of n-hexane fraction. At 250 and 500 mg/kg, the ethyl acetate fraction inhibited intestinal motility by 58.65% and 76.50% respectively. The n-hexane fraction at 500 mg/kg showed a 66.35% inhibition. Conclusion: These fractions from Chrysophyllum albidum leaves exhibit potential antidiarrhoea compounds, as evidenced across all three study models. Ongoing research aims to isolate these compounds for further investigation.

Extraction, Physicochemical, Fatty Acid Analysis of Chrysophyllum Albidum (African Star Apple) Seed Oil and Nutrient Composition of the Fruit Parts.

In tropical Africa, Chrysophyllum albidum fruit is useful as food and also has many industrial applications. In this study, oil was extracted from the seeds of C. albidum using normal hexane as the extracting solvent. The average percentage oil recovery using 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g and 50g of thee seed sample was 11.56 % which showed that the seed may not be a good source of abundant oil The physical characterization of the extracted oil showed the density of 0.85 g/ml and pH value of 10.30. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.85 at 20°C which is lower than 0.998 at 20°C, the specific gravity of water indicating that the oil is less dense than water. The oil could be classified as a non-drying oil since its iodine value of 34.00mg/100g was lower than 100. The saponification value was 201.96mg/gKOH. The GC-MS result of the fatty acid composition analysis showed the major fatty acid contained in the oil as palmitic acid, palmitoleic and linoleic acids with percentage weights of 53.97%, 18.40% and 10.25% respectively. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition were 71.16% and 28.84% respectively. The high percentage of the palmitic acid content of the oil indicated that it could be used as a good substitiute for palm oil in industrial production of products. From the result of the proximate analysis, protein had the least content in the fruit. The C.albidum fruit peel, pulp, seed flesh, seed shell and seed contained 2.45%, 3.15%, 0.50%, 0.98% and 0.23% of protein respectively. The moisture content of the fruit peel, pulp, seed flesh, seed shell and seed were 65.00%, 85.00%, 85.00%, 55.00% and 70% respectively. The high moisture content of the fruit implies that it will have a short shelf life. From the result of the mineral analysis, the C. albidum peel was found to contain all the minerals analysed and in high percentage too. Na content was 8.962ppm, K was 21.565ppm, Ca was 48.587ppm, Mg was 19.240ppm and Fe was 10.539. It is advisable for people to consume the fruit peel rather than discarding it as some. The iron content of the seed shell was the highest while potassium content of the pulp was the highest. Analysis of the peel, pulp and seed flesh confirmed the high average value of 17.37 mg/100g of vitamin C in the fruit.

Seed moisture influence on some engineering properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seeds

Seed moisture influence on some engineering properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seeds

Evidence for Non-Toxicity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum, a Commonly Used Nigerian Folk Medicine

Evidence for Non-Toxicity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum, a Commonly Used Nigerian Folk Medicine

Histomorphology of the Beta-Cells and Phytochemical Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Africa Star Apple - Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae)

Objective: Studies have recognized the numerous health benefits of Chrysophyllum albidum. This study examine the phytochemical evaluation of ethanolic leaf extract of C. albidum and its histological effects on the beta-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
 Method: Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats (170- 200 g) were divided into six (n=7) groups. Groups 1 and 2 were given 10 mL of normal saline; group 3 was given 2 mg/kg of glibenclamide; and groups 4, 5, and 6 were given 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/ day of C. albidum ethanolic leaf extract, respectively. Except for group 1, animals in groups 2-6 were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin after 14 days of oral treatment with normal saline, glibenclamide, and extract. For the next 14 days, rats were given normal saline, glibenclamide, and extract. The rats were fasted overnight before sacrifice on day 14; the pancreas was removed under diethyl ether anaesthesia and prepared for histological examination using a modified aldehyde fuchsin staining technique. Standard procedures were used for phytochemical evaluation and proximate analysis.
 Results: It was observed histological that the pancreatic tissues revealed cellular regeneration of the damage beta cells at a doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Phytochemical screening revealed the following; anthocyanin, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, reducing sugar, and tannins while proximate analysis confirmed that the leaf contained 4.83% moisture, 39.59% crude fibre, 3.35% ash, 2.35% crude fats, 3.21% crude proteins and 46.71% carbohydrate.
 Conclusion: The results shows that C. albidum may possess a strong pharmacological activity owing to its rich phyto- constituents. This may have mediated its antidiabetic action by pancreatic beta cells regeneration. Hence, C. albidum could be a potential drug precursor for management of diabetes.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 01 January’24 Page : 63-73

A new indole alkaloid and anti-malarial activity of the stem bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidum

Background to the study: Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark extract had been shown to be antimalarial active in various studies but the compound responsible have not been identified. Methods: Its stem bark ethanol extract was successively partitioned to obtain n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol fractions and the aqueous phase with the aim of isolating the antimalarial constituent(s). The fractions were all tested for chemosuppressive activities at doses 0-80 mg/kg using Peter’s four-day test in Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected mouse model with chloroquine (10 mg/kg) and normal saline as positive and negative control respectively Result: The partitioned fractions: n hexane, butanol and aqueous with ED50 44.71±4.88, 54.84±4.25 and 54.42±3.84 and 56.6±4.64 respectively were comparable (p>0.05) in activity to each other. The ethyl acetate fraction with strong reactions to Dragendorff’s reagent and similarly has good weight, was further purified by repeated column chromatography leading to the isolation of a new indole alkaloid identified and characterized as 4, 5, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1H-1, 4-epoxyazepino [1′, 2′: 1, 2] pyrido [3, 4-b] indole-2, 3, 3(2H, 13H, 13bH)-triol (1) named as albidumine with a molecular formula C16H18N2O4. In addition, eleaginine (2), previously characterised from the seed was also identified in this stem-bark through LC-MS. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is a new alkaloidal constituent in Chrysophyllum sp. The structure was elucidated using the data from mass spectra, 1D (1H, 13C NMR and DEPT) and 2D-NMR (HMQC and HMBC) spectra. Conclusion: A new indole alkaloid isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of the stem-bark of Chrysophyllum albidum and characterised as albidumine may likely be an antimalarial constituent of the plant

Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Biological Activities of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit Extracts from Lagos

This study investigated the nutritional, phytochemical, and biological activities of Chrysophyllum albidum aqueous (CAA) and ethanolic (CAE) fruit extracts from Lagos. Proximate, vitamin and mineral compositions, phytochemicals, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the extracts were analysed. There was no difference in the composition of moisture content, total ash, carbohydrate, crude protein, fat, fibre, and caloric values in CAA and CAE. Elemental analysis showed the presence of sodium, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, manganese, potassium, and copper, while vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, D, and K were also present. The total tannin, flavonoid, and phenol contents of CAA were higher than those of CAE; however, CAE elicited stronger reducing power, antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and nitric oxide scavenging activities than CAA. The antibacterial activity of CAA was bactericidal on all tested bacterial clinical strains with the most promising activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of CAE was bactericidal on all tested organisms except Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus faecalis on which it was bacteriostatic. The most promising bactericidal activity was against Staphylococcus epidermidis and P. aeruginosa. These findings conclude the strong antioxidant effect of C. albidum fruit extracts in addition to a broad-spectrum antibacterial property.

Indigenous Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Nigeria: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is among the most prevalent endocrine disease that causes morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Traditional medical system has been used for the both prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus since ages. This paper reviewed the use of 35 Nigerian plants with putative anti-diabetic properties with the help of published literature. As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), status of these species include Sterculia tragacantha, Newbouldia laevis, Solanum anomalum, Ficus exasperate, Raffia palm (Raphia hookeri) Azadirachta indica, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia catapp, Solanum macrocarpon, Petersianthus macrocarpus, Xylopia aethiopica, Costus aferker-gawl, Spondias mombin, Eucalyptus globulus Parkia biglobosa, Persea americana, Anacardium occidentale, Vernonia amygdalina as least concern. While the status of Hunteria umbellate and Vitex doniana are reported as threatened and Dacryodes edulis and Dennettia tripetala as vulnerable species. However, the status of Annona muricata, Chrysophyllum albidum, Citrus paradisi Macfad, Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) are not evaluated. The following species like Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus niruri and Telfairia occidentalis are data deficient. Most of the species belonging to common families like Solanaceae, Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae and Rutaceae. This review offers relevant information and recent scientific findings on the plants used to treat and manage diabetes in Nigeria. The cellular mechanisms through which these natural agents exert their protective and therapeutic effects on diabetes mellitus may include antioxidative stress, restricting the breakdown of glycogen, pancreatic β-cell regeneration, gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory and intracellular signals transduction pathways. This study concludes that indigenous medicinal herbs utilized in Nigeria have the potential to treat diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. Further studies are needed to discover potential drugs from these indigenous plants.