Chrysanthenyl Acetate Research Articles

Chemical composition, phenolic content, free radical scavenging and antifungal activities of Achillea biebersteinii

Abstract In this study, the chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Achillea biebersteinii , growing wild in Iran was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eleven compounds were identified, representing 96.6% of total components. 1,8-cineole (45.2%), p -cymene (20.8%) and cis -chrysanthenyl acetate (20.4%) were found to be the main components of the oil. The study of the antifungal activity of the essential oil was then carried against five phytopathogenic fungi. High growth inhibitory effects were observed in the investigated oil. Besides, total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the methanolic extract of A. biebersteinii at different phenological stage including vegetative, floral budding, full flowering (leaves, stem and flowers) and fruit set were assessed for the first time. Variation in total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activities can explained by changes occurred in biological activities and consequently chemical composition of plant throughout the developmental stages. There was a significant correlation between phenolic content and free radical scavenging. The extract of floral budding stage which contained highest phenolic content (113.34 mg GAE/g DW) showed potent free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 =4.64 µg/ml), and stem extract which have lowest amount of total phenol demonstrated to have weakest IC 50 value. As regards the results mentioned above, A. biebersteinii can be applied to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes for its acceptable antioxidant and antifungal properties.

Chemical composition of essential oil and antimicrobial properties of Chrysantemum coronarium (Asteraceae)

Garland chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum coronarium L.), or edible chrysanthemum, is a valuable food, medicinal, decorative plant, containing a considerable amount of biologically active substances. The herb is widely used as a dietary food in South-East Asia, whereas in spite of being spread throughout Ukraine, it is known there rather as a decorative than a vegetable plant. Introductory studies of C. coronarium were conducted on experimental plots at the Botanical Gardens of Zhytomyr National Agroecological University, which is located in Ukrainian Polesia. Chromatographic analysis of the essential oil composition was performed on the gas-liquid chromatographer Agilent Technologies 6890 with mass spectrometric detector 5973. The material for chromatographic studies was represented by C. coronarium inflorescences. The antimicrobial properties of the ethanolic extract from the areal parts of C. coronarium were studied on test-cultures, collected from the Ukrainian Collection of Microorganisms (UCM, Institute of Microbiology and Virology of NAS Ukraine), the test-cultures being: Escherichia coli UCM B-906 (ATCC 25922), Staphilococcus aureus UCM B-904 (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCM B-900 (ATCC 9027), Candida albicans UCM Y-1918 (ATCC 885-653). The antimicrobial effect of the investigated substances was studied by the method of serial successive dilutions which determined minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). This article shows the results of chromatographic analysis of essential oil obtained from C. coronarium inflorescences and focuses on antimicrobial activity of the herb against the test cultures of the following microorganisms: E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , C. albicans . In the essential oil 26 compounds have been determined, 23 of which have been identified, the major components being: chrysanthemyl acetate (24.4%), chrysanthemol (21.8%), chrysanthenyl acetate (7.6%), camphor (7.3%), β-farnesene (5.9%), α-bisabolol (5.6%). C. coronarium ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive strains of S. aureus . In comparison with the solvent, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) increased 4 and 2 times, respectively. We have observed only fungistatic activity against the fungus C. albicans – MBC values showed a twofold increase compared with the solvent. Inhibitory, bactericidal/fungicidal properties of the extract against gram-negative strains of E. coli and P. aeruginosa have not been detected. The experimental data prove that there is a good perspective for further study and application of C. coronarium in pharmacy and the food industry.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of some species of Anthemis sect. Anthemis (Asteraceae) from Sicily

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Anthemis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis, Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis (Brullo) Giardina & Raimondo and from flowers and leaves of Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae (Ten.) Frezén were determinated by GC–FID and GC–MS analyses. Torreyol (85.4%) was recognised as the main constituent of the Anthemis arvensis subsp. arvensis essential oil, while in the essential oils of Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis, collected on the rock and cultivated in Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus, (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (28.8 and 24.2% resp.), 14-hydroxy-α-humulene (8.1 and 5.3% resp.), santolina triene (8 and 5.8% resp.) and α-pinene (6.7 and 5.4% resp.) prevailed. 18-cineole (13.3 and 12.2% resp.), was the main component of both flower and leaf oils of Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae together with δ-cadinene (9.0 and 8.2% resp.) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.3 and 5.6% resp.).

Variability in essential oil of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. growing wild in Fars province, Iran

Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. a traditional and popular herb grows wildly in several areas of Iran. The aerial parts, including flowers, were collected from D. anethifolia plant populations (Shiraz (1-2), Kazeroun, Noorabad, Farashband, Firoozabad, Ghir, Jahrom (1-2) and Darab) growing wild in Fars province, located in southwestern Iran. The essential oils (EOs) were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus.The essential oil yields ranged from 0.17 % to 0.93 % (w/w). Analysis of variance showed that geographic distinction had a significantly effect on the EO content in plants of different regions. Two populations, Jahrom 2 and Shiraz 2 engrossed the maximum EO yield. Seventy-five volatile compounds were identified by GC and GC–MS analysis. The main EO components were n-Decanal (1.493–45.062 %), Dodecanal (1.093–34.744 %), cis -Chrysanthenyl acetate (0–26.609 %), α-Pinene (0–16.539 %), n-Decanol (1.285–49.225 %), (2E)-Dodecenal (0.879–16.856 %), Decanoic acid (0–12.626 %), n-Nonanal (0.401–6.711 %), and Caryophyllene oxide (0.113–5.873 %). Analysis of the principal components based on the mean relative amounts of EO components led to the identification of four chemotypes: n-Decanal, Dodecanal, cis -Chrysanthenyl acetate, n-Decanol of which the n-Decanal chemotype is found more normally in different parts of Iran.

Chemical composition of essential oils of Anthemis secundiramea Biv. subsp. secundiramea (Asteraceae) collected wild in Sicily and their activity on micro-organisms affecting historical art craft

In the present study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Anthemis secundiramea Biv. subsp. secundiramea L. collected in Sicily was evaluated by GC and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The main components of A. secundiramea were (Z)-lyratyl acetate (14.6%), (Z)-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.9%), (Z)-chrysanthenol (8.7%) and (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.7%). The comparing with other studied oils of genus Anthemis belonging to the same clade is discussed. Antibacterial and antifungal activities against some micro-organisms infesting historical art craft, were also determined.

Chemical and biocidal characterization of two cultivated Artemisia absinthium populations with different domestication levels

The objective of this study was the characterization and valorization of the essential oil from a domesticated Artemisia absinthium population (Teruel, Spain), and its comparison with another one (Sierra Nevada, Spain) undergoing the domestication process. These populations are being experimentally cultivated in the same field since 2008. We studied their biomass and essential oil production (Clevenger hydrodistillation, HD and semi-industrial vapor-pressure, VP). The domesticated population showed lower chemical variation and higher biomass and essential oil yields, allowing for the registration of a new plant variety. The observed variations in oil composition (HD, VP) between the two populations were mostly quantitative. The oils were characterized by the presence of cis-epoxyocimene, (−)-cis-chrysanthenol, chrysanthenyl acetate, linalool and trans-caryophyllene. The insect antifeedant (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and antifungal (Fusarium spp. and Botrytis cinerea) effects of their oils were also tested. All VP extracts showed strong antifungal effects and the active antifungal compounds have been identified.

Antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of volatile components in essential oils from Chrysanthemum indicum Linné flowers

Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, belonging to the family Compositae, is a perennial herb that is widespread in Korea. C. indicum Linne flowers have been traditionally used as an oriental medicine for treatment of infectious diseases. The chemical compositions, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effects of volatile components in essential oils from C. indicum Linne flowers were investigated. GC-MS analysis of essential oils revealed the 15 major components of 1,8-cineole, o-cymene, camphor, pinocarvone, chrysanthenyl acetate, bornyl acetate, trans-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, umbellulone, trans-pinocarveol, cis-verbenol, borneol, α-terpineol, caryophyllene oxide, and thymol. Thymol had the highest antioxidant capacity. Essential oils and thymol dose-dependently decreased intracellular oxidative stress, exhibited anticholinesterase activities, and increased the cell viability of neuronal PC-12 cells. Essential oils and thymol from C. indicum Linne flowers can be sources of natural antioxidants and functional foods.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Allium neapolitanum Cirillo Growing Wild in Sicily and its Activity on Microorganisms Affecting Historical Art Crafts.

Essential oil of the aerial parts of Allium neapolitanum Cirillo collected in Sicily were analyzed by gas-chromatography-flame-ionization detection and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nineteen compounds were identified in the oil and the main components were found to be (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (28.1%), (Z)-chrysanthenyl acetate (23.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (9.6%), dimethyl trisulfide (9.6%), camphor (7.4%), methyl allyl disulfide (6.8%) and 1-methyl-3-allyl trisulfide (5.8%). The essential oil showed good antimicrobial activity against 11 strains of test microorganisms, including several species infesting historical material.

Essential oil variation in wild populations of Artemisia saharae (Asteraceae) from Tunisia: chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

BackgroundArtemisia saharae Pomel is a new taxon of Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Asteraceae) which is endemic to Tunisia and Algeria. This shrub, commonly known as white wormwood or desert wormwood, is largely used in folk medicine and as a culinary herb. The bulks aromatic plants come from wild populations whose essential oils compositions as well as their biological properties are severely affected by several factors such as geographic conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to provide more information about the influence of altitude variation on the essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Artemisia saharae growing wild in the same geographical area.ResultsEssential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation of leaves and flowers of the plant collected from seven different altitudes of the Baten Zamour region (southwest of Tunisia). The highest essential oil yields (2.70-2.80%) were obtained for populations of high altitudes.Seventy-five compounds, representing 92.78 to 96.95% of the total essential oils, were separated and identified. Essential oils were characterized by very high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (52.1–72.6%) which constituted the predominant class. From the analyzed populations, the major compounds (>7%) were α-thujone, β-thujone, chrysanthenone, camphor, chrysanthenyl acetate, and sabinyl acetate. Sabinyl acetate which was detected in some populations at relatively high percentages (7.7–10.8%) seems to be characteristic to Southern Tunisian A. saharae. The studied essential oil showed a chemical diversity depending on the population altitude as revealed by linear discriminant and cluster analyses.ConclusionsThree population groups associated with altitudinal levels were distinguished. It is worthy to note that the most discriminating compounds of chemical groups were the minor ones. Despite the high variation of essential oil compositions, the high altitude population did not affect severely the antibacterial activity against the most tested strains. Altitude seems to be an important factor influencing the yield and the chemical profile of Artemisia saharae essential oils. Knowledge of the chemical composition of essential oils in relation to environmental factors is a very important quality criterion for their marketing and contributes to their valorization as functional ingredient in food technology.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-014-0076-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of Microwave Drying on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa

:The effects of various drying methods on yield and content of the essential oil of Artemisia afra were studied. The results showed that the yield was higher in fresh than in dried leaves. The recorded yields were 1.04 %, 0.92 %, 0.94 %, 0.13 % and 0.74 % for fresh, air, sun, microwave and oven dried leaves respectively. A total of 65 compounds were identified, 20, 16, 14, 36, and 15 compounds were from fresh, air dried, sun dried, microwave dried and oven dried plant materials respectively. Monoterpernoids, β-thujone (60.45, 60.63, 54.57 and 49.43 %) α-thujone (18.11, 16.90, 15.10 and 12.54 %), 1,8-cineole (8.91, 7.68, 7.20 and 7.36 %) and chrysanthenyl acetate (6.85, 10.30, 10.04 and 9.37 %) were prominent components in the fresh, air, sun and oven dried material. While sesquiterpenes trans-caryophellene (36.91 %), ledene (10.28 %), germacrene D (5.43 %) were the prominent compounds in the microwave dried material and α-thujone (15.27 %) as the only prominent monoterpernoid. The microwave drying was the only method that brought about significant change in the major components of the oil by the complete removal of 1,8-Cineole and the popularly known toxic β-thujone. The expulsion β-thujone through microwave drying could bring about the recommendation of A. afra oil for human consumption in order to achieve the expected medicinal purposes. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of microwave drying on the chemical composition of A. afra essential oils.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing wild in Kashmir, India

The essential oil composition of the leaves of Artemisia absinthium, growing in Kashmir, India, along with its antioxidant activity, is reported in the present study. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of twelve constituents, representing 99.99% of the total oil. The major constituents of the oil were Chrysanthenyl acetate (49.15%) and L-β-pinene (39.62%). The monoterpene content in the oil was found to be 98.76 %, while as sesquiterpene hydrocarbon content was 1.23%. The essential oil was evaluated for antioxidant activity with DPPH radical, exhibiting promising antioxidant profile.

Chemical Composition and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea ligustica Growing Wild in Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Sicily)

In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts and flowers of Achillea ligustica All., collected in Lipari (Aeolian Islands) was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. (Z)-Chrysanthenyl acetate was the most abundant component of both oils (29.6% in A1 and 27.8% in F1), followed by viridiflorol (16.8% in A1 and 21.6% in F1), bornyl acetate (8.7% in A1 and 11.6% in F1) and 1,8-cineole (7.4% in A1 and 9.3% in F1). A comparison was made of the composition of the different populations studied so far. Futhermore, the free radical scavenging activity of the oil was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods.

Chemical composition and biological effects of essential oils from Artemisia absinthium L. cultivated under different environmental conditions

The objective of this study was the valorization of the essential oils from Spanish Artemisia absinthium domesticated plants from Teruel and Sierra Nevada (Spain). These populations were experimentally cultivated in the field and under controlled conditions. The insect antifeedant properties of their essential oils collected yearly from two locations were tested against Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Additionally we studied their phytotoxic, antifungal and antiparasitic effects. The oils from cultivated A. absinthium were characterized by the presence of cis-epoxyocimene, chrysanthenol, and chrysanthenyl acetate. The variations observed in oil composition were mostly quantitative but also qualitative. (Z)-2,6-Dimethyl-5,7-octadien-2,3-diol has been isolated and identified by NMR. Among the oil samples, these rich in cis-epoxyocimene and sesquiterpenes were the most active ones against S. littoralis. (Z)-2,6-Dimethyl-5,7-octadien-2,3-diol showed moderate activity against S. littoralis. The strongest antifeedant effects were found for commercial A. absinthium oil samples rich in thujones and sabinyl acetate. F. oxysporum and F. solani were affected by oils from cultivated A. absinthium and commercial oil samples. Oils from cultivated A. absinthium showed antiparasitic effects against Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi with better results than the commercial samples.

Volatile aroma constituents of gukhwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.)

The aroma composition of gukhwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) was investigated. The volatile flavor compounds were extracted by steam distillation method. The yield of gukhwa essential oil (EO) from gukhwa flowers was 0.1%(w/w), and its color was the light green. Forty-five volatile flavor compounds making up 96.81% of the total volatile composition from the distilled oil were tentatively characterized. It contained 25 hydrocarbons with sesquiterpene hydrocarbon predominating, 7 alcohols, 3 ketones, 3 acids, 2 esters, 3 aldehydes, and 2 ethers. Chrysanthenyl acetate (43.74%) was the most abundant aroma component, and verbenol (27.85%) was also remarkable. The major functional groups of gukhwa EO were terpene ester and alcohol.

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil From the Seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss

Background: Artemisia aerial parts are well known for antimicrobial activities including anti malaria. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from the seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss (Asteraceae). Materials and Methods: Essential oil was extracted from the powdered seeds of Artemisia aucheri by hydrodistillation. Antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species was tested using the disc diffusion method, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The essential oil of Artemisia aucheri seed showed activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The essential oil constituents identified by GC-MS were as follows: decane, ρ-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, ρ-mentha-8-ol, triene, borneol, lavandulol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthenyl acetate, dehydro aromadenderene, and caryophyllene oxide. Most of these compounds are also found in the aerial parts of Artemisia aucheri. Conclusions: Variation in the compositions of essential oils from Artemisia aucheri, and thus variation in the antimicrobial activity of these oils, may be due to the plant parts used for essential oil prepration.

Insecticide Activity of Essential Oils ofMentha longifolia,Pulicaria gnaphalodesandAchillea wilhelmsiiAgainst Two Stored Product Pests, the Flour Beetle,Tribolium castaneum, and the Cowpea Weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus

Essential oils extracted from the foliage of Mentha longifolia (L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and Pulicaria gnaphalodes Ventenat (Asterales: Asteraceae), and flowers of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch (Asterales: Asteraceae) were tested in the laboratory for volatile toxicity against two storedproduct insects, the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. InM longifolia, the major compounds were piperitenon (43.9%), tripal (14.3%), oxathiane (9.3%), piperiton oxide (5.9%), and d-limonene (4.3%). In P. gnaphalodes, the major compounds were chrysanthenyl acetate (22.38%), 2L -4L-dihydroxy eicosane (18.5%), verbenol (16.59%), dehydroaromadendrene (12.54%), β-pinen (6.43%), and 1,8 cineol (5.6%). In A. wilhelmsii, the major compounds were 1,8 cineole (13.03%), caranol (8.26%), alpha pinene (6%), farnesyl acetate (6%), and p-cymene (6%). C maculatus was more susceptible to the tested plant products than T castaneum. The oils of the three plants displayed the same insecticidal activity against C. maculatus based on LC50 values (between 1.54µl/L air in P. gnaphalodes, and 2.65 µl/L air in A. wilhelmsii). While the oils of A. wilhelmsii and M. longifolia showed the same strong insecticidal activity against T. castaneum (LC50 = 10.02 and 13.05 µl/L air, respectively), the oil of P. gnaphalodes revealed poor activity against the insect (LC50 = 297.9 µl/L air). These results suggested that essential oils from the tested plants could be used as potential control agents for stored-product insects.

The essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Schistostephium hippifolium

The essential oil from the leaves and branches of Schistostephium hippifolium were extracted by hydro-distillation during summer and winter months. Both essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) respectively during their extracted period. Fourteen compounds were identified from essential oil extracted during the February, summer month in South Africa. The volatile oil constituted about 99.31% of the total essential oil composition. The GC-MS reveals the following major constituents in the oil: Chrysanthenyl acetate (32.17%), 1.8-cineole (24.85%), ethanone, 1- (1-cyclohexen-1-y1) (6.36%), camphor (6.02%), terpinen-4-ol (5.02%), α-pinene (5.13%), germacrene-D (4.89%) bicyclogermacrene (4.38%), linalool L (2.04%), trans - caryophyllene (1.80%), γterpinene (1.95 %). In June, a winter month in South Africa, 48 volatile compounds from the essential oil of S. hippifolium were identified which constituted about 99.99% of the total composition of the essential oil. The major compounds identified were the 1.8-cineole (18.31%), Germacrene-D (7.43%), bicyclogermacrene (5.24%), 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (6.78%), camphor (5.64%), bicyclogermacrene (5.24%), α.pinene (2.52%), β-caryophylle (2.11%), linalool L (3.35%), caryophyllene oxide (1.88%), spathulenol (1.62%) and γ-terpinene (1.39%). In both essential oils (summer and winter), minor volatiles were identified. However, they were in low concentration. The crude extract from the aerial parts of the plant were screened for antibacterial activity against five Gram-positive species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus kristinae and Staphylococcus faecalis) and five Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphlococcus flexneri, Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratiaf marcescens) microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values where highly active at values below two and less active at values above two. All the extracts tested displayed very good activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC ranging between 0.098 to 0.65 mg/l.

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil From the Seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss

Artemisia aerial parts are well known for antimicrobial activities including anti malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from the seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss (Asteraceae). Essential oil was extracted from the powdered seeds of Artemisia aucheri by hydrodistillation. Antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species was tested using the disc diffusion method, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil of Artemisia aucheri seed showed activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The essential oil constituents identified by GC-MS were as follows: decane, ρ-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, ρ-mentha-8-ol, triene, borneol, lavandulol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthenyl acetate, dehydro aromadenderene, and caryophyllene oxide. Most of these compounds are also found in the aerial parts of Artemisia aucheri. Variation in the compositions of essential oils from Artemisia aucheri, and thus variation in the antimicrobial activity of these oils, may be due to the plant parts used for essential oil prepration.

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil From the Seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss

Background: Artemisia aerial parts are well known for antimicrobial activities including anti malaria. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from the seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss (Asteraceae). Materials and Methods: Essential oil was extracted from the powdered seeds of Artemisia aucheri by hydrodistillation. Antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species was tested using the disc diffusion method, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The essential oil of Artemisia aucheri seed showed activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The essential oil constituents identified by GC-MS were as follows: decane, ρ-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, ρ-mentha-8-ol, triene, borneol, lavandulol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthenyl acetate, dehydro aromadenderene, and caryophyllene oxide. Most of these compounds are also found in the aerial parts of Artemisia aucheri. Conclusions: Variation in the compositions of essential oils from Artemisia aucheri, and thus variation in the antimicrobial activity of these oils, may be due to the plant parts used for essential oil prepration.

DIVERSITY OF WORMWOOD (ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L.) GROWING WILD IN POLAND IN RESPECT OF THE CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Wormwood herb is regarded as a medicinal raw material rich in bitter principles. However, its biological activity is also affected by the presence of essential oil and phenolic compounds. In Poland wormwood herb is collected mainly from wild growing plants. The aim of the study was to compare the content and composition of essential oil and phenolic compounds in the raw materials obtained from 18 populations of wormwood from the central and north-eastern area of Poland. Herb was collected at the stage of plant blooming and dried naturally. Content of essential oil in the raw materials was determined by hydrodistillation method, and its composition by GC. Methanolic extracts obtained by continuous exhaustive extraction of raw materials were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC. The content of essential oil in the investigated raw materials ranged from 0.40 to 0.88%. In 6 populations the dominant constituent of essential oil was sabinyl acetate, in three - chrysanthenyl acetate, in two - sabinene, and in one - β-thujone. Other populations were characterised by comparable content of two or three main compounds in essential oil, e.g., sabinene and β-myrcene, β-myrcene and cineol, chrysanthenyl acetate and β-myrcene, sabinyl acetate, chrysanthenyl acetate and β-thujone. In the investigated raw materials 11 phenolic substances were identified: 5 phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic one), 5 flavonoids (apigenin, diosmetin, orientin, quercetin, and hyperoside), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. In the raw materials obtained from all the investigated populations the dominant phenolic compound was ferulic acid but its content was diverse (396-1118 mg 100 g-1 of dry herb). A remarkable amount of chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids was also found (159-477 and 178-446 mg 100 g-1, respectively).