Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium Research Articles

Cryopreservation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. cells and its impact on their pyrethrin biosynthesis ability.

An efficient protocol for cryogenic storage of high-pyrethrin-producing cell lines of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium is described. Optimal survival (92%) was obtained with cells precultured in 1/2 Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium containing 180 g ⋅ l-1 sucrose for 30 days, then incubated in the same medium in the presence of 5% DMSO for 1 h in an ice bath, cooled slowly to -20°C and immersed for 30 min in liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, the cells conserved the same growth pattern, but displayed different biochemical properties. The subculture derived from the thawed cells was characterized by a lower chlorophyll content and a higher pyrethrin biosynthesis ability.

Pyrethrum ( Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.) cultivation in West Kenya: origin, ecological conditions and management

Pyrethrum ( Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a small perennial plant commercially grown for extraction of natural pyrethrins used to make insecticides. This paper discusses the use and distribution of pyrethrum, the ecological requirements and agronomic practices in West Kenya, with emphasis on management constraints and further research. The responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are reviewed. These responses are not yet well understood and require further research. Diseases, pests and weeds of pyrethrum and their control are mentioned. Further research on application of herbicides is required. Farmers grow pyrethrum in less favourable climatic conditions. Yields are low and influenced by producer prices. Research should therefore focus on increasing yields and reducing labour demands without sacrificing the nigh pyrethrins' content typical for Kenyan pyrethrum. Model-oriented research on crop phenology, light interception, light use efficiency, biomass growth and partitioning and water use efficiency could shorten the duration and lower the costs of experiments in potential yield exploration when introducing pyrethrum among existing agricultural systems. Strong campaigns against synthetic insecticides that pollute the environment are required in order to increase pyrethrum demand, and thus production and use.

Identification and assay of pyrethrins in Chrysanthemum cinerariefolium calli

Callus from four clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have been investigated for pyrethrins biosynthesis. Calli from disc-flowers, bud-flowers, stems and leaves of clone HY D were cultivated. Best growth was obtained by initiating the culture on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 1% agar, 4 ppm β-naphtoxy acetic acid (ANA) and 0.4 ppm 6- benzyl aminopurine (BAP) for 28 d, then transfering explants on \({\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}\)i.e. at the beginning of the stationnary phase. Disc-flowers calli from two high-producers clones (HY C and HY D) and two low-producers clones (SY A and SY B) were also cultivated. Pyrethrin amounts found in callus cells showed a direct relationship between parental clone synthesis ability and callus cell production. Selection of high-producers clones is thus essential for optimisation of pyrethrin synthesis.

Influence of insecticidal plant materials used during storage on sensory attributes and instrumental hardness of dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Three plant products with known insecticidal properties, a dry extract of flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Trevir.) Vis. produced in Rwanda, an ethanol extract of seeds of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, and crushed leaves of Tetradenia riparia Hochst Codd, a traditional Rwandan medicine, were mixed with beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., for storage protection. These plant-protected beans were compared with "off the shelf' beans that were being sold to consumers by the Rwandan National Agricultural Products Marketing Organization (OPROVIA). A trained sensory panel determined that beans treated with neem and C. cinerariaefolium were as acceptable after 8 months storage as those being sold throughout Rwanda by the marketing organization. Beans marketed by this organization were all treated with the standard insecticide application in Rwanda, 0.01% weight/weight pirimiphos methyl in a powder formulation. Instrumental hardness (% hard-to-cook/mean gram force) after 20 months of storage was acceptable for beans stored with neem or with C. cinerariaefolium or with the conventional government application of pirimiphos methyl. Use of either neem or C. cinerariaefolium for storage protection should not affect consumer acceptance of dry beans.

The Production of Pyrethrins byIn VitroSystems

AbstractPyrethrins comprise a group of six structurally closed related esters. Economically, they are the most important natural plant insecticides. The principal source of pyrethrins is the plant Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Pyrethrum). The industrial production is based on the extraction of pyrethrins from the dried flower heads of the field-grown plant. Harvesting of the flowers is labor intensive and the natural pyrethrins are not plentiful enough to provide for the global market demands. Thus, attempts have been aimed at alternative in vitro production of pyrethrins, by means of plant cell suspension cultures, callus cultures, shoot/root cultures, and the bioconversions of precursors.Callus and cell suspension cultures of Pyrethrum seems not to be feasible for an industrial process, although technology for cell suspension cultures exist. The dedifferentiation of plant tissue in vitro, necessary to produce a callus and suspension culture, is accompanied by an apparent loss of ability to produce and...

1056 POTENTIAL OF PYRETHRUM PRODUCTION IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Pyrethrins is one of the safest natural insecticides known to man that is least toxic to all warm blooded animals but highly-toxic to a wide range of insect species. The insecticide is extracted from the flowers of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis). United States of America consumes almost 85 per cent of the World production of pyrethrins imported from countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Australia and others. The paper discusses the potential of commercial pyrethrum production in the U.S.A., especially in the states of Washington, Oregon, and California.

Incorporation of [1-14C]-Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate into Monoterpenes by a Cell-Free Homogenate Prepared from Callus Cultures ofChrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

Callus culture of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIAEFOLIUM (Trev.) Bocc. (Asteraceae), initiated with axillary buds from the plant, have been shown to produce chrysanthemyl alcohol and chrysanthemic acid. Incubation of a cell-free homogenate from the callus with [1- (14)C]-isopentenyl pyrophosphate demonstrated incorporation of radioactivity into chrysanthemyl alcohol and chrysanthemic acid as well as products from isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.3.2; isopentenyl diphosphate Delta (3)-Delta (2)-isomerase) and prenyltransferase activities (EC 2.5.1.11; allylic-terpene-diphosphate:isopentenyl diphosphate terpenoid-allyltransferase).

Screening for toxic thiophene compounds from crude drugs of the family compositae used in Northern Italy

AbstractThe presence and distribution of biosynthetically related di‐ and terthiophenes from 25 crude drugs derived from some genera of the family Compositae were investigated by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry. A significant thiophene content was found in Tagetes patula, Achillea millfolium, A. millefolium var. tanacetifolia, Arnica montana, Artemisia absinthium, A. pontica, A. dracunculus, Centaurea cyanus, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Doronicum pardaliandres, Helianthus annuus and Tanacetum vulgare. The results of this study indicate that commercial crude drugs from the Compositae contain amounts of photoactive thiophenes which are potentially toxic.

Constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in leaves, regenerated plantlets and callus

Callus, aseptic plantlets and leaves of three-year-old, greenhouse grown Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium were investigated for pyrethrins and the monoterpenes known to be precursors to them. The callus produced chrysanthemyl alcohol, chrysanthemic acid and chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid but did not contain detectable amounts of pyrethrins. Leaves from aseptic plantlets and three-year-old plants produced geraniol, chrysanthemyl alcohol, chrysanthemic acid, chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid and all six pyrethrins.

Evaluation of the herpes simplex virus antiviral activity of pyrethrins

Pyrethrins, complex esters extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, exhibit only minimal in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Employing a guinea pig model of HSV genital infection, no in vivo activity could be demonstrated. Although purported to be an effective remedy for the treatment of genital herpes, we were unable to demonstrate efficacy for either the oral administration of an alcoholic solution of pyrethrins or the topical application of pyrethrins in mineral oil.

Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms.

Pyrethroids1 are among the most potent insecticides known. They are synthetic compounds structurally derived from pyrethrin I, one of the six active components of pyrethrum, which is an extract from the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. The natural pyrethrins have excellent insecticidal properties and low mammalian toxicity, but are of limited use because of their low photostability and high biodegradability (Wouters and van den Bercken 1978). However, pyrethroids are relatively stable, have a high toxicity to a wide spectrum of insects (Elliott 1976), are relatively nontoxic to mammals (Elliott 1976), and have tremendous agricultural potential (Harris and Turnbull 1978). Moreover, pyrethroids are much less persistent than the organochlorine insecticides, such as DDT and dieldrin, and apparently do not accumulate in the environment.

Biosynthesis of the pyrethrins: unsaturated fatty acids and the origins of the rethrolone segment

The biosynthetic origins of the rethrolone segment of the natural pyrethrins may be associated with linoleic or linolenic acid, and three hypotheses are outlined. By administration of suitable [2-14C]- and [10-14C]-labelled fatty acids, coupled with studies of their subsequent degradation, these hypotheses should be distinguishable. Administration of [10-14C]oleic acid to an homogenate of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium achenes gave an incorporation ratio into the rethrolones relative to chrysanthemic acid of 1 to 0.5–0.25. This, and the results of ozonolysis, seem best interpreted as indicating that oleic acid is degraded to acetate before incorporation. [2-14C] Linoleic acid was synthesized and administered, producing a label distribution between the rethrolones and chrysanthemic acid of 1 :0.14–0.08. Kuhn-Roth analysis indicates again a strong background of degradation to acetate, though there is more labelling in the cyclopentenone methyl and its accompanying C-3 than would be expected from a pure acetate pathway.

4525455 Method for preparing a cell free homogenate of chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (trev.) bocc. containing enzymes and methods of use: Santo W Zito, E John Staba assigned to Regents of the University of Minnesota

4525455 Method for preparing a cell free homogenate of chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (trev.) bocc. containing enzymes and methods of use: Santo W Zito, E John Staba assigned to Regents of the University of Minnesota

Identification and determination of metabolites in plant cell biotechnology by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry : Application to Nonpolar Products of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Tagetes Species

Gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (g.c./m.s.) were used for profile analysis and for identification, confirmation and determination of traces of nonpolar metabolites synthesized in plant tissue, calli and in suspension-cultured cells of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (pyrethrum) or Tagetes species (marigold). When dried leaf samples (1–20 mg) were tested, six pyrethrins were detected simultaneously at the picogram level with an electron capture detector. This method permits the early selection of high yielding tissues and calli for the development of plant cell cultures. α-Terthienyl was quantified at the nanogram level with the electron capture detector; calibration graphs were linear between 0.2 and 20 ng and the minimum detectable quantity was about 0.1 ng. The concentration of α-terthienyl in air-dried roots of T. erecta was 140 μg g −1. However, this procedure used alone is not reliable, because α-terthienyl and the pyrethrin Cinerin I have the same retention time. Mass spectrometry is needed for identification and confirmation. Profile analysis of a leaf extract of T. minuta by high-resolution g.c./m.s, and accurate mass measurements showed 13 nonpolar compounds, of which 9 were tentatively identified; they include 2 sesquiterpenoids, 3 thiophenes, 2 sterols with a precursor and ethyl linolenate. Analyses of T. minuta indicated that in calli and cell suspensions, plant sterols are synthesized but sesquiterpenoids or thiophenes are not produced.

Distribution of Pyrethrins in Oil Glands and Leaf Tissue ofChrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

Leaves of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium at various stages of development were found to contain differing amounts of pyrethrins. The variation corresponds to the number of oil glands per unit area of leaf surface. Leaf tissue was mechanically and enzymatically separated into lower and upper epidermis and mesophyll cells. Pyrethrins were found to be present in each layer, more pyrethrins were present in the epidermal layers of young leaves while the mesophyll cells were found to have higher pyrethrins in older, more mature cells.

Teratogenicity study on pyrethrum and rotenone (natural origin) and ronnel in pregnant rats.

Insecticidal formulations in the form of dusts or aerosols containing rotenone from the root of Derris elliptica and pyrethrum from the flower of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium are commonly used in homes and gardens. Ronnel (fenchlorphos), a systemic insecticide, is used to control house flies and, upon oral treatment, ectoparasites of cattle. These insecticides are extensively used and their teratologic potential has not been fully investigated. Technical grades of rotenone at 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg, pyrethrum at 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg (rotenone and pyrethrum were of natural origin) and ronnel at 0, 400, 600 or 800 mg/kg were tested. Each of these was suspended in corn oil and administered orally in single daily doses on d 6-15 of pregnancy to Wistar rats. The dams were killed on the last day of pregnancy, and all fetuses were evaluated following routine teratologic methods. Rotenone was associated with an increased number of nonpregnant rats and resorptions, at a dose of 10 mg/kg; reductions in maternal body weight gain, fetal weight, and skeletal ossification, together with an increased incidence of extra rib, were found at 5 and 10 mg/kg; but no significant effects were found at 2.5 mg/kg. Increases in the incidence of resorptions in pyrethrum-treated groups and of extra rib in ronnel-treated groups were also observed.

Chemistry and biosynthesis of natural pyrethrins

AbstractA short account is given of the occurrence, separation, and properties of the insecticidal ester pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Methods for the synthesis of the two component acids, chrysanthemic and 'chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid' [3‐(2‐carboxyprop‐1‐enyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid], and the alcohols (rethrolones) are surveyed, and brief consideration is given to the limited knowledge of the biosynthesis of this group of compounds.

Determination of the pyrethrin concent of the Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium Cultivated in the central anatolia

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium seeds from Kenya were cultivated in the Central Anatolia. The pyrethrins were extracted by chloroform from the flower heads of the se- cond and third years products. The insectiside contents were determined by gas chroma- tography

Action of pyrethroids

Natural pyrethrins, also called pyrethrum or 'pyrethrum extract, have long been known as insecticides. They are extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis which contain six insecticidally active components, of which pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II are the most active (Head 1973, Elliott & Janes, 1973). Pyrethrins are widely used for domestic purposes and for the protection of stored food, but for general pest control in agriculture they are applied on a limited scale only. The total world production does not exceed about 350 tons per yr: cf. organophosphates, about 100,000 tons (Glynne-Jones, 1973: Fest & Schmidt. 1973). Their Limited use is due in part to economic reasons. Other factors restricting their use are their low photostability and high (bio) degradability, and pyrethrins are usually applied in combination with metabolic synergists. Apart from these problems, the pyrethrins possess excellent insecticidal properties combined with remarkably low mammalian toxicity. Their insect (topical) to mammalian (oral) toxicity ratio is much better than for the majority of other organic insecticides (Elliott, 1977). In mammals and other animals pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized and practically no residues are left in the biosphere. These favourable properties have stimulated the search for synthetic insecticides based on the structure of the pyrethrins. The production of synthetic pyrethroids on a commercial basis started with allethrin and cyclethrin around 1950 (O'Brien, 1967). These early compounds, however, still lacked sufficient stability and they are less effective against many species of insects than the natural product. At the moment the total yearly production of allethrin is some 100 tons. In the last decennium great progress has been made, notably by Ellion and co-workers, in the development of more stable and highly active pyrethroids and in the near future more widespread application of these compounds may be expected. Because of the complex molecular structure, the most important features of the pyrethroid molecule will be described briefly before the mode of action is discussed. Excellent reviews on the structural requirements of insecticidal active pyrethroids can be found elsewhere (Elliott, 1971, 1976a, b, 1977; Elliott eI al., 1974a). Most of the information presented in the next section is derived from these reviews. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE PVRETHROID MOI.ECLI,I.

Biosynthesis of artemisia ketone in higher plants

MVA-[2-14C], IPP-[4-14C] and DMAPP-[4-14C] were incorporated (optimum 0.04%–0.8 %) into artemisia ketone by Artemisia annua in a position-specific manner so that the C-5 moiety not containing the carbonyl group was preferentially (87–95 %) labelled. IPP and DMAPP, but not MVA, were similarly utilised in Santolina chamaecyparissus. Feeding of geraniol-[2-14C] to A.annua resulted in artemisia ketone being labelled in a position indicating extensive degradation of the precursor. 14C-labelled cis and trans-chrysanthemyl alcohols and chrysanthemates or DMVC were negligibly (< 5 × 10−4 %) incorporated into artemisia ketone in both species over a range of feeding conditions. (+)-trans-Chrysanthemyl alcohol-[Me14C] was an effective (ca 2 % incorporation) precursor of the terpenoid part of pyrethrins I and II in flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium but 14C-labelled artemisyl alcohol (3, 3, 6-trimethylheptan-1, 5-dien-4-ol) or (±)-cis-chrysanthemyl alcohol were not detectably incorporated. Although some of the negligible incorporations are probably attributable to compartmentation effects preventing access of precursors to biosynthetic sites, the experiments indicate some limitation of the previously proposed pathways of biogenesis of artemisia ketone and related irregular monoterpenes.