Chronology Dates Research Articles

Anthropic cut marks in extinct megafauna bones from the Pampean region (Argentina) at the last glacial maximum.

The initial peopling of South America is a topic of intense archaeological debate. Among the most contentious issues remain the nature of the human-megafauna interaction and the possible role of humans, along with climatic change, in the extinction of several megamammal genera at the end of the Pleistocene. In this study, we present the analysis of fossil remains with cutmarks belonging to a specimen of Neosclerocalyptus (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae), found on the banks of the Reconquista River, northeast of the Pampean region (Argentina), whose AMS 14C dating corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum (21,090-20,811 cal YBP). Paleoenvironmental reconstructions, stratigraphic descriptions, absolute chronological dating of bone materials, and deposits suggest a relatively rapid burial event of the bone assemblage in a semi-dry climate during a wet season. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the cut marks, reconstruction of butchering sequences, and assessments of the possible agents involved in the observed bone surface modifications indicate anthropic activities. Our results provide new elements for discussing the earliest peopling of southern South America and specifically for the interaction between humans and local megafauna in the Pampean region during the Last Glacial Maximum.

Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rate along the Tangyuan segment of the Yilan–Yitong Fault Zone on the NE China Plain

The slip rate of strike-slip active faults is crucial for fault rupture behavior analysis and seismic hazard assessment. Although many segments of the Yilan–Yitong Fault Zone (YYFZ) in NE China have been strongly deformed since the late Quaternary, little progress has been made on its slip rate. With the help of high-resolution satellite images, detailed field investigations, seismic reflections, and Quaternary chronological dating, we mainly studied the late Quaternary right-slip rate of the YYFZ. Field investigations revealed an ∼15 km long by ∼1–2 m high-surface scarp belt extending along the Tangyuan graben interior, with a series of sag ponds and small parallel bulges. Research has revealed that the most recent paleoearthquake (∼M 7.0) occurred between 2,800± 600 a BP and 1,700 ± 200 a BP, with evidence of coseismic surface rupture. The T2 terrace abandonment age of the Heijin River is approximately 55.13 ± 1.78 ka (OSL), and the maximum cumulative right-lateral offset may reach 110 ± 5 m. Thus, the maximum right-slip rate of the Tangyuan segment of the YYFZ since the late Quaternary is constrained to 1–2 mm/a according to the upper terrace model. This study suggests that the presence of a new fault in the basin interior merits more attention when assessing the influential surface range and earthquake potential along the YYFZ, and the features of “low tectonic loading rate, activity migration in space, and clustering in time separated by ten thousand years of seismic quiescence” observed along the YYFZ are highly important for earthquake model construction and tectonic deformation studies in stable continental regions (SCRs).

Rectification of Erroneous Chronological Dating of Three Anecdotal Events Occurring in the Early History of Radiology in Berlin.

The authors define corrected dates of three remarkable events of early history of radiology in Berlin, which have been wrongly reported in the literature. Compiled evidence from contemporary newspaper publications demonstrates that Röntgen delivered his lecture to kaiser William II on 12 January 1896. Paul Spies gave a lecture on Röntgen rays to the Reichstag on 13 February 1896. The first publicly taken X-ray in Berlin was obtained on 20 January 1896.

Анализ результатов выполнения нормативов комплекса ГТО студентами Красноярского края в период 1930-х – начала 1960-х годов

The article deals with the history of the development of physical culture of student youth of the Krasnoyarsk region. In particular, the results of the implementation of the GTO standards at different stages of the complex’s existence during the 1930s–1950s are analyzed. The main chronological dates of changes in the programs of physical education of students are given. Archival sources are represented by the materials of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk region, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The sources used made it possible to consider the data of statistical reports on the numerical composition of students in the universities of the Krasnoyarsk region and the fulfillment by students of the standards of the GTO complex. In conclusion, inferences are made about the main reasons for the low effectiveness of the implementation of GTO standards by students of the Krasnoyarsk region.

Coins from the multi-stratified medieval site of Reccopolis: analysis of long-term numismatic records

ABSTRACT The relationship between numismatic research and archaeological stratigraphy is one of the most significant resources for defining the economic and social mechanisms of the Middle Ages. A numismatic assemblage comprising 146 coins – mostly unpublished – recovered from the late sixth-century Visigothic settlement of Reccopolis in Guadalajara, Spain, is the focus of this study. Through characterisation of the deposits and monetary finds it has been possible to establish a contextual interpretation in which indicators of durability, continuity and rituality in the use of currency can be observed. In connection with this, a substantial number of coins have been found concentrated in specific sectors of the site, especially in the neighbourhood of the church, where the foundational value of some hoards has been reinterpreted. This study establishes a constant connection between chronological dating and stratigraphic contextualisation, exploring the complex periods of continuity in use of certain specimens, while also stressing the importance of interpreting coinage within wider material assemblages.

Clay tobacco pipes from Klaipėda: The oldest finds and its origin, typology, and chronology, 1620-1680

In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes have been found. Their chronology dates back to the 17th–19th centuries, and it is also known that most of these pipes came to the city, most likely by sea, from the Netherlands, Germany and other northwestern European countries, although local production is lacking. As only general research on Klaipėda pipes has been published so far, this article focuses on the specific period 1620–1680, when the first of this kind of product arrived in Klaipėda by sea. The article analyses the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Klaipėda; based on the typology of the finds and known analogues, the author distinguishes the main types of pipes and identifies possible locations for pipe production.

경주 탑동 목관묘 출토 청동기로 본 대외관계와 피장자의 성격

The wooden coffin tombs at Tap-dong are the first tombs of outstanding elites to have ever found in downtown Gyeongju, the capital of Silla. This is also where Oreung(五陵) - the tomb of Park Hyeokgeose, who is the founding monarch of Silla - is located. The Tap-dong burial sites consist of 3 wooden coffin tombs dated in different periods, numbered 1 - 3, respectively.
 There are hints from the digs at the Tap-dong site that: 1. the kind of wooden coffin tomb appeared around 57 BCE, exactly at the same time when Silla started off as a small city-state by the name of Saro-guk.
 2. the bronze and iron artifacts and other ornaments from this site suggest that the ruling class of Saro-guk was the association of native Jin people and displaced people whose expansionist attitudes served militarily and socio-economically as intermediators between China and northern peoples and Silla, and even further Japan.
 3. all of these findings could be archaeological evidence that the earlier historical records of the origin of Silla in Samguk Sagi proves plausible.
 The three tombs at the Tap-dong site were built in three differentiated periods and occupied by three differentiated owners in terms of social status, but they all represented early phases of the emergence of a centralized monarchy at the heart of the capital of Silla, not in the neighboring place. The tombs were numbered 1 - 3 as they were found, and yet Tomb No. 3 is the oldest of the three, followed by Tomb No. 2. and Tomb No. 1 backwards chronologically.
 Tomb No. 3 produced no distinguished prestige goods of bronze except some earthenware, by the chronological dating of which this tomb is presumed to have been built around 57 BCE. It marks the beginning of the construction of wooden coffin tombs in this area.
 Tomb No. 2 can be thought of a prelude to a new political entity of Gyeongju beginning its journey to the Unified Kingdom. It is the first of a series of tombs where the Chinese bronze mirrors were deposited by those who ruled downtown Gyeongju in the late 1st century AD, about the same time as Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, Gyeongju. Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, however, produced 4 Chinese bronze mirrors and a fragment of a reprocessed Chinese bronze mirror, which means that the deceased as a stronger manager who boasted his financial power capable of possessing valued items, such as Chinese bronze mirrors, was competing against the Tap-dong tomb owner nearby, about 8 km or only a 2-hour walk apart in Gyeongju at the time.
 The finds from Tomb No. 1 at Tap-dong can be interpreted that at least two groups of separate interests had a rational division of function along the supply chain of iron artifacts in present-day Gyeongju around the mid 1st century AD: One was in charge of producing ironwork and the other was responsible for trading them, organizing guild-like professional associations; The first group consisted of people who were able to bury their leader with a good number of highly valued iron artworks in his grave. On the other hand, the second group consisted of people who boasted their prestige and authority by placing multiple decorative bronze items, such as swords, buckles, buttons, and bracelets, in their leader’s burial. Sarari people as locals would have settled down here in Gyeongju from the beginning of the Bronze age and been familiar with dealing with iron. Alternately, Tap-dong people could be the displaced refugees who had fled from the Northern part of Korea after the fall of Wiman Joseon. That’s why they could have been flashily dressed like one of them and engaged in foreign trade with Northern nomadic people.

New Data on Breeding Strategies and Reproductive Success of the Globally Threatened Turtle Dove Co-Occurring with the “Competitive” Collared Dove and the “Predatory” Maghreb Magpie in Olive Orchards

Interactions between co-occurring species, including competition and predation, comprise critical processes regulating local community structure, habitat use, and diversity. We monitored nesting habitats, breeding chronology, and reproductive success rates to describe the patterns of spatiotemporal organization of three co-habiting species: the “native” turtle dove, the “invasive” collared dove, and the “predatory” Maghreb magpie. We defined nesting site parameters, breeding chronology dates, and success rates to explain how these species are dispersed in space and time. Similarly, predation attacks were evaluated. Patterns of habitat use were best explained by fear of predation and competition. Both doves selected nesting sites far away from the predatory Magpie to protect their nests. Equally, sympatric Columbidae turtle dove and collared dove were segregated horizontally and vertically only in space to reduce competition inside olive orchards. On the other side, Maghreb magpie started the breeding activity first, most probably to benefit from food abundance targeted in doves’ nests (eggs and nestlings). Further, breeding success was higher in both doves, despite predation pressure exercised by the Magpie and other reptiles. Magpie nests were colonized by the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius). Finally, this study provides the first and only detailed data on nest-niche of the turtle dove co-occurring with competitor and predator species, in the entire Northwest Africa range. Additionally, our data provide an opportunity of large-scale comparative studies of the nesting niche and breeding performances of the turtle dove, collared dove, and Maghreb magpie complex.

The Early Medieval relief from Malo Čajno nearby Visoko with great Nespina kaznac’s added inscription

The Early Medieval relief from Malo Čajno nearby Visoko with great Nespina kaznac’s added inscription

Clockwise P–T–t paths with considerable heating processes during decompression from high-pressure mafic granulites in the Wuhe Complex, southeastern North China Craton

The Wuhe Complex lies in the southern section of the Jiao–Liao–Ji mobile/orogenic belt (JLMB/JLJB), critical for understanding the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the southeastern North China Craton (NCC). Detailed microstructural observations, mineral chemistry, phase equilibria modeling, and zircon and titanite chronological dating were conducted on the mafic granulites from the Wuhe Complex. Five stages of mineral assemblages were identified: the prograde stage (Pl1 + Cpx1 + Amp1 + Ilm1 + Ap1 ± Qz1 ± Kfs1 ± Ttn1 ± Py1), the pressure–peak stage (the core of matrix plagioclase and Grt2a + Cpx2a + Rt2a + Qz2a + Liq2a ± Amp2a ± Kfs2a ± Ttn2a), the temperature–peak stage (the rim of garnet porphyroblast and Pl2b + Cpx2b + Amp2b + Liq2b ± Ilm2b ± Qz2b ± Rt2b), the retrograde stage (Pl3 + Cpx3 + Opx3 + Amp3 + Ilm3 + Ap3 ± Grt3 ± Qz3 ± Scp3), and the cooling stage (Mag4 ± Chl4 ± Py4 ± Ccp4). Traditional thermobarometry calculations and phase equilibria modeling illustrated that clockwise metamorphic pressure–temperature (P–T) paths were retrieved, passing from 9.4 to 13.4 kbar/701 ℃–781 ℃ (prograde stage) through 16.3–17.2 kbar/807 ℃–846 ℃ (pressure–peak stage), and through 10.2–10.8 kbar/895 ℃–912 ℃ (temperature–peak stage) to 5.6–9.1 kbar/803 ℃–883 ℃ (retrograde stage). Hence, the high-pressure (HP) granulites show clockwise P–T paths with heating processes (∼80 ℃) from the lower crust (pressure–peak stage) to the middle-lower crust (temperature–peak stage). Therefore, HP mafic granulites might be buried to the depth of ∼ 57 km, with a slow exhumation rate. The metamorphic zircon and titanite grains from HP mafic granulites yield U–Pb ages of 1991–1758 Ma and 1832–1810 Ma, respectively. The 1832–1810 Ma might represent the retrograde time when HP mafic granulites cooled to 820 ℃–800 ℃. Therefore, the HP mafic granulites of the Wuhe Complex record the Late Paleoproterozoic subduction/collision orogenic event of the southeastern NCC; therefore, the JLMB/JLJB is a prolonged orogenic belt.

Drainage Development in the Dunhuang Basin, NE Tibet, Controlled by Multi-Segment Fault Growth

The Dongbatu Shan (DBTS, also known as the Nanjie Shan), which interrupts the northern Tibetan foreland in the Dunhuang basin, is an active anticline. It has accommodated the northwestern growth of the eastern Altyn Tagh fault system (ATF). Although several thrust faults have been identified around the DBTS, their evolution history and influence on regional landscape have received little attention during the late-Quaternary. In this study, several geomorphic methods are used to investigate the interaction between drainage development and tectonic movement around DBTS. Based on high-resolution satellite images, field investigation, and cosmogenic nuclide 10Be dating method, the fluvial landform sequences around DBTS were constructed. Using quantitative geomorphology methods including landscape relief profile, asymmetry factor (AF), and transverse topographic symmetry factor (T), we hypothesize that drainage deflection is controlled by multi-segment fault growth. Combining the results of the above-mentioned methods, we propose that Yulin He, flowing across the DBTS, had gone through several abandonments since the late mid-Pleistocene due to the lateral propagation of DBTS. Affected by the discharge of channel and multi-segment fault growth, our research confirms that the direction of river abandonment may have decoupled with the mountain range propagation trend. Based on the chronology dating, the DBTS has gone through two severe uplifts since ∼208 ka and the shortening rate across the central DBTS is constrained to be ∼1.47 mm/yr since ∼83 ka. Given the fact that thrust faults are widely developed around DBTS, we propose that the flower-like structure formed by the northward growth of the eastern ATF could better explain the development of the secondary subparallel faults.

Asynchronous ecological upheavals on the Western Mediterranean islands: New insights on the extinction of their autochthonous small mammals

Comparative studies on extinction scenarios are an invaluable contribution to enhance our understanding of their patterns and mechanisms underpinning them. This paper presents new radiocarbon dates based on specimens of five extinct mammal species from Mallorca and Sardinia. The new evidence permits to reanalyse the extinction dynamics on both islands. Radiocarbon ages directly obtained on bone collagen from these species show evidence of different extinction patterns on Mallorca and Sardinia. For Mallorca the most reliable scenario is a mass extinction of all non-volant mammal species as an immediate consequence of the first human irruption on the island. However, for Sardinia, the extinction of autochthonous mammals lasted over several millennia. The new radiocarbon dates of the last occurrence of endemic mammals suggest a sequence of punctuated extinction events throughout the late Sardinian Holocene. These events are here tentatively related to successive human colonisation waves. The current lack of chronological dates for some Sardinian fossil mammals impedes to outline a more accurate pattern of extinction events. The present paper points that Mallorca have been more vulnerable than Sardinia to the external disturbances introduced by humans. We suggest that the capacity of each island to absorb external perturbations could be related to the island area, the duration of the isolated evolution and the degree of faunal complexity.

Analysis of origin, risk factors influencing COVID-19 cases in India and its prediction using ensemble learning

A genetically heterogeneous infectious virus recognized as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease) has a significant influence on worldwide health. COVID-19 is an infection transmitted by a viral disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2. (SARS-CoV-2). In the current period, the instances of COVID-19 outbreaks are spreading significantly over the globe. Swallowed (through inhalation) or contact with contaminated droplets transmits the illness. Symptoms appear from two to fourteen days after exposure . Many individuals have a symptomless infection. The emphasis of therapy is on fundamental human needs; further research is needed on the risk analysis of the disease and use of antiviral medications. This research focuses on the case instances through the chronological dates in various parts of Indian states. The primary analysis of case instance is dependent on three stages; they are confirming stage, fatality stage, and recovered stage. The relevant datasets are obtained through Kaggle (from January 2020 to May 2021). The dataset has multiple categories that further intensify to perform high-end classifications. Initially, data preprocessing is done that include cleaning and feature selection on the prepared dataset, and then the prediction process is carried out using an Ensemble training approach. Approaches of Ensemble learning utilize many learning algorithms to achieve improved prediction efficiency. The stacking mechanism is used for aggregating accuracy. From the experimental observations, the suggested learning strategy is found to attain the maximum degree of precision for each stage (confirmed: 84.37%, fatality: 82.13%, and recovered: 88.67%) compared to the other approaches that are chosen to perform alone. Assessing the stability of the learning model is done by bootstrapping validation.

Death and burial in Kyivan Rus’ according to written sources

The spread of Christianity in the lands of Kyivan Rus caused radical, but not rapid, changes in the religious, philosophical, and mental worldviews of contemporary society. Funeral rites were a significant factor in which the feature of the spiritual transformation of local societies was reflected. The proposed study is devoted to the peculiarities of the Christian funeral rite and ceremony in the lands of Kyivan Rus’ and the Galician-Volhynian state, which are covered in written sources of the time. Therefore, the upper chronological date of the study is the XIV century. Their elaboration and systematization led to the construction of the article in a linear way – starting with pre-death, and then post-mortem preparations, directly funeral and memorial service. The analysis and generalization of the funeral rite, characteristic for the Christian Orthodox tradition as a whole, is carried out. At the same time, their separate local elements are highlighted. Some comparisons and parallels between the Rus’ and Byzantine funeral traditions were made.

Luminescence Dating of Relics in Ancient Cities Provides Absolute Dates for Understanding Human-Land Relationships in Qinghai Lake Basin, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

The study of ancient city sites provides valuable evidence for understanding human-land relationships. Qinghai Lake Basin, on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, was a key location for economic and cultural exchanges between East and West in ancient China and archaeological surveys have identified the remains of many ancient cities. Although there are relatively good historical records for some ancient cities, their absolute ages are still unclear due to a lack of systematic chronological dating. In this study, OSL dating of ceramic and tile remains from three ancient cities in Qinghai Lake Basin, Xihaijun (XHJGC), Beixiangyang (BXYGC), and Fuxi (FSC), was combined with documentary and paleoclimate evidence to investigate historical human-land relationships. Relics from XHJGC and BXYGC were dated to 0–220 AD, in the Han Dynasty, while tiles from FSC were dated to 120–520 AD, largely corresponding to the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. Luminescence ages were generally consistent with dates recorded in historical documents, indicating that the OSL method can be reliably used to date buried tiles in ancient cities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Comparing the dates with paleoclimatic records suggests that the warm and humid climate at c. 2 ka was an important driver of immigration to the region that led to the construction of cities in the Qinghai Lake area during the late Western Han Dynasty. During the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–589 AD), communication between East and the West flourished, and human activities in the area were strong with the continuation of the war in Central China and Hexi Corridor. Fuxi was largely abandoned in the later Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, although it was still used intermittently until the Ming Dynasty. Pollen records confirm that humans were extensively engaged in agricultural production in the Qinghai Lake area during the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Multi-Analytical Characterization and Radiocarbon Dating of a Roman Egyptian Mummy Portrait.

Fayum mummy portraits, painted around 2000 years ago, represent a fascinating fusion of Egyptian and Graeco-Roman funerary and artistic traditions. Examination of these artworks may provide insight into the Roman Empire’s trade and economic and social structure during one of its most crucial yet still hazy times of transition. The lack of proper archaeological documentation of the numerous excavated portraits currently prevents their chronological dating, be it absolute or relative. So far, their production period has been defined essentially on the basis of the relevant differences in their pictorial style. Our study introduces the use of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) to assess the age of a fragment of an encaustic painting belonging to the corpus of the Fayum portraits. The unexpected age resulting from 14C analysis suggests the need to reconsider previous assumptions regarding the period of production of the Fayum corpus. Furthermore, our multi-analytical, non-invasive approach yields further details regarding the fragment’s pictorial technique and constituting materials, based on spectral and morphological analysis and cross-sectional examination.

How Cultural Heritage Studies Based on Dendrochronology Can Be Improved through Two-Way Communication

A significant part of our cultural heritage consists of wood. Research on historical wooden structures and artefacts thereby provides knowledge of people’s daily lives and the society in which they lived. Dendrochronology is a well-established dating method of wood that can also provide valuable knowledge about climate dynamics, environmental changes, silviculture, and cultural transformations. However, dendrochronology comes with some limitations that end users in cultural heritage sciences must be aware of, otherwise their surveys may not be ultimately performed. We have drawn attention to studies in which dendrochronological results have been misinterpreted, over-interpreted, or not fully utilized. On the other hand, a rigorous dendrochronological survey may not respond to the request of information in practice. To bridge this rigour-relevance gap, this article has considered and reviewed both the dendrochronology’s science-perspective and the practitioner’s and end user’s call for context appropriate studies. The material for this study consists of (i) interviews with researchers in dendrochronology and end users represented by cultural heritage researchers with focus on building conservation and building history in Sweden, and (ii) a review of dendrochronological reports and the literature where results from the reports have been interpreted. From these sources we can conclude that a continuous two-way communication between the dendrochronologists and end users often would have resulted in improved cultural heritage studies. The communication can take place in several steps. Firstly, the design of a sampling plan, which according to the current standard for sampling of cultural materials often is required, is an excellent common starting point for communication. Secondly, the survey reports could be developed with a more extensive general outline of the method and guidance in how to interpret the results. Thirdly, the potential contribution from dendrochronology is often underused, foreseeing historical information on local climate, silviculture, and choice of quality of the wooden resource, as the focus most often is the chronological dating. Finally, the interpretation of the results should consider all the available sources where dendrochronology is one stake for a conciliant conclusion.

Prediction of COVID-19 confirmed, death, and cured cases in India using random forest model

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is an unusual viral pneumonia in patients, first found in late December 2019, latter it declared a pandemic by World Health Organizations because of its fatal effects on public health. In this present, cases of COVID-19 pandemic are exponentially increasing day by day in the whole world. Here, we are detecting the COVID-19 cases, i.e., confirmed, death, and cured cases in India only. We are performing this analysis based on the cases occurring in different states of India in chronological dates. Our dataset contains multiple classes so we are performing multi-class classification. On this dataset, first, we performed data cleansing and feature selection, then performed forecasting of all classes using random forest, linear model, support vector machine, decision tree, and neural network, where random forest model outperformed the others, therefore, the random forest is used for prediction and analysis of all the results. The K-fold cross-validation is performed to measure the consistency of the model.

SLAVIC JEWELRY OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES FOUND FROM SULA BASIN IN POLTAVA REGION: NEW FINDS

Article presents jewelry findings from Sula basin in the Poltava region. They were discovered between 2011 and 2016 on Slavic monuments of the early Middle Ages — Penkivka culture and Sakhnivka horizon. Jewelry findings find analogies among the Dnieper treasures by Martynivka and jewelry of Pastyrske hillfort.
 Two fibulae (radiate-headed and anthropozoomorphic) and small bell were detected on settlement Khyttsi tract Shemberovo (fig. 1; 2). Fragment of radiate-headed brooch (fig. 1: 1; 2: 1) may belong to fibulae with a border of birds’ heads. Small bell (fig. 1: 2; 2: 2) decorated of two mortise lines finds wide analogies among Slavic antiquities (treasures of the Martynivka and Kolochyn culture) and early medieval cemeteries of the Crimea: Skaliste and Luchiste. Radiate-headed brooch and small bell date to the second half of the 6th—7th century.
 Anthropozoomorphic brooch (fig. 1: 3; 2: 3) belongs to the jewelry made on the Pastyrske hillfort. The spread of such fibulae indicates the migration of a small part of the inhabitants of the Pastyrske hillfort or with trade and exchange relations. Fibula belongs to the Sakhnivka cultural and chronological horizon and dates from the second half of the 7th — the first half of the 8th century.
 Other finds of were found on settlement Vovchyk tract Rudka (fig. 9; 10). Products of Penkivka culture are: fragment of radiate-headed brooch, five fragments of bracelets and six heraldic belt set details (fig. 9: 1—12; 10: 1—12).
 Lunar-shaped item (fig. 9: 17; 10: 17) dates from period of Kievan Rus. Two buckles belong to the jewelry of the late Middle Ages or Modern times (fig. 9: 13, 14; 10: 13, 14).
 The new findings enrich the understanding of typological diversity, evolution and their ranges and help to identify areas of trade and economic ties, migration routes, to identify certain cultural and historical areas.

Мечи и кинжалы без металлического навершия из меотских памятников правобережья Кубани

The article is devoted to typology and chronology of swords and daggers without a metal pommel from the Maeotian cemeteries of the right bank of the Kuban. We took into account 57 pieces of this type of weapon from closed complexes. In this paper, we use the typological scheme of A.M. Khazanov, developed on the materials of the Sarmatian armament. The Maeotian swords and daggers of mentioned group are divided into three types: 1 – swords and daggers with a rain-guard; 2 – swords and daggers without a rain-guard, the blade and the hilt make an obtuse angle; 3 – swords and daggers without rain-guards, the blade and the hilt make a right angle. Metal tangs of hilts differ by shape and size; thus they are divided into two variants: “a” – rectangular or triangular; “b” – a long pin. The swords of the “a” variant had wooden overlays on the handles, sometimes fastened with rivets or winding, and the handles of the “b” variant swords were mounted on a tang. Chronological dating of the burials indicates that bladed weapon of this type appears among the Maeotians of the Kuban right bank in the beginning of the 1st cent. AD and remains there until the middle of the 3rd cent. AD. And the main time of its use is the 1–2 cent. A.D. Swords and daggers of all types from Maeotian assemblages have existed at the same time, just like ones from the Sarmatian burials of the Lower Volga region. But, unlike the Sarmatian sites with no predominance of any particular sword type, the Maeotians show clear advantage of type 2 blades.