Chronological Time Research Articles

Antiquarianism, archaeology, and aporetic immanence in Beckett’s prose

Beckett derides those antiquarians unaware of “the rupture of the lines of communication” between subject and object in his 1934 essay “Recent Irish Poetry”. However, Beckett will come to incorporate into the late prose specific terminology used by archaeologist, including those involved in the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, who were contemporaries of the same antiquarians he scorns so contemptuously in his early career. This paper traces and examines the Irish antiquarian elements in relation to megalithic archaeology in Beckett’s prose. The elements of antiquarian archaeology in Beckett function to present the existence of those populating the work as mediated by the aporia between ancient and modern epochs. Allusions to antiquarian and archeological terminology contribute to the issues of representation in Beckett’s work. Instances where historical material resides in Beckett’s prose will be analysed through the logic of reverberation. Based on the physics of sound, it will be argues that the fragments of historical material act like artefacts which do not represent historical discourse but reverberate within an aporia of chronological time.

Comparative phylogeography of diadromous and freshwater daces of the genus Tribolodon (Cyprinidae)

Far Eastern daces, genus Tribolodon (Cyprinidae), are thought to have diversified and developed unique diadromous life histories under changing conditions in the Sea of Japan and the surrounding environment. To examine the relationships between life history traits, distribution, and genetic population structures, we conducted a comparative phylogeographic analysis using partial mtDNA sequence data from samples collected over almost the full ranges of all four Tribolodon species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed several intraspecific haplotype groups that differentiated in the early Pleistocene to the Pliocene with or without geographic overlaps. A time-calibrated phylogeny suggested that the relatively smaller geographic ranges of the strictly freshwater species, T. sachalinensis and T. nakamurai, were explained not by the recent origins of these species, but by their limited dispersal abilities and smaller historical population sizes. The wider-ranging diadromous species, T. brandtii and T. hakonensis, exhibited similar major phylogeographic structures in their distributions, but the chronological order and timing of formation of this structure largely differed between the two species. In addition to those differences, the overlapping patterns of the differentiated intraspecific lineages in these species suggest dynamic, but somewhat restricted dispersal during the Plio-Pleistocene. Tribolodon hakonensis, one of the most widespread species of East Asian freshwater fishes, included both common and unique phylogeographic patterns compared to other fish species; the unique patterns (i.e., its wide range across freshwater biogeographic boundaries like the sea and mountains) would reflect its ecological features as a remarkable generalist inhabiting lakes, upper and lower reaches of rivers, and even coastal areas.

A Pandorga e a Lei: passado-presente-futuro

Going through the different times provoked by the theatre play The Pandorga and the Law (1983-1984) , by Joao das Neves, this article intends to think the relations between memory and crisis in contemporary Brazil, starting from the concept of duration and its ramifications, inaugurated by Henri Bergson. This play was read for the first time in the 1st Seminary of the Grupo Tortura Nunca Mais - RJ (GTNM-RJ), held on October 28, 29, 30, 31 and November 1, 1985, at Cândido Mendes University. This Seminar formalized the foundation of the GTNM-RJ. Our reflections are based on the Brazilian business-military dictatorship. The duration time is multiple and qualitative more than a linear chronological and quantitative time. Which past, present and future incessantly interact, raising problems, reviving wounds, scars and opening gaps. Beyond the borders of time to look at the horrors of the past, to understand what remains of past in the present, and to consider what it can beckon us to the future, imposes itself as a challenge to the understanding of the contemporary Brazilian panorama.

Space and Time in the Obsessive-Compulsive Phenomenon

Following the tradition of researchers of the phenomenological-anthropological school such as Straus, von Gebsattel, Tellenbach, and Blankenburg, the author attempts to approach the obsessive-compulsive disorder from a phenomenological perspective. This means setting aside any previous ideas about the phenomenon in question, including genetic, neurobiological, and clinical-statistical considerations. He takes as his starting point a clinically typical case he studied and treated with psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy for many years. After delving briefly into the interesting psychodynamic connections between the patient's symptoms and life story, he proceeds to analyze the obsessive world itself from a spatial and temporal point of view. Regarding the former, he points out that the features associated with human spatiality, according to Heidegger, the tendency to diminish distance and concede space, are specifically altered in the obsessive phenomenon. With respect to temporality, the author demonstrates the circularity and sterility of obsessive time (unlike that of creativity, which evolves in linear time) and the fact that the rites involved do not represent a victory over the rule of the clock, as religious rites do, but rather a deep submission to chronological time.

Investigating the Affective Signature of Forgivingness across the Adult Years

Though dispositional forgiveness has been associated with affective well-being, it remains unclear whether these associations are consistent throughout adulthood. The current study investigated whether forgivingness interacted with chronological age or future time perspective to predict affect at the trait and daily level. Participants (n = 332, mean age: 45.5 years) completed baseline measures of forgivingness, positive and negative affect, and future time perspective, along with daily assessments of positive and negative affect for up to ten days. Results suggest that the associations between forgivingness and affective well-being differ somewhat based on age and future time perspective, and level of analysis.

Overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting observed over 3 years in Vietnamese children

ABSTRACTBackground: Malnutrition, both stunting and overweight/obesity, present a public health concern in many countries in the world.Objective: This study aims to examine: (1) longitudinal changes in prevalence of overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting among preschool children during 3 years and (2) secular changes in these prevalences of a specific age group of children aged 5.5–6.5 year over a period of 3 years.Methods: A cohort of 2,602 children initially aged 3–6 years old, 1,311 in an urban area and 1,291 in a rural area, was followed for 3 years. Of them, children aged 5.5–6.5 years old were identified to be included in three repeated cross-sectional surveys. The World Health Organization standard was used to classify children with overweight or stunting.Results: Findings from the cohort study indicate that between 2013 and 2016, the estimated prevalence of overweight including obesity (OWOB) increased with age, particularly in the urban setting (14.2%–29.9% in boys and 9.0%–21.6% in girls). The estimated prevalence of stunting decreased from 8.2% to 3.4% in boys and 9.5% to 3.5% in girls with a considerably greater decrease among rural children. There was a similar pattern of an age-related decrease of concurrent OWOB and stunting from 2.4% in 2013 to 1.4% in 2016 in boys and from 2.9% to 1.3% in girls with significant decreases in rural children. Secular trends in the group of children 5.5 to 6.5 show the same pattern as the longitudinal results: decreasing prevalence of stunting as well as concurrent OWOB and stunting. OWOB prevalence increased significantly in urban girls and rural boys.Conclusions: The pattern of increasing overweight, decreasing stunting and concurrent overweight and stunting both with increasing age and over chronological time is observed among Vietnamese preschool children.

Temporal Trends of Common Female Malignances on Breast, Cervical, and Ovarian Cancer Mortality in Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore: Application of the Age-Period-Cohort Model.

Background Reproductive system cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide which threatens women's health and lives. Breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer have the higher incidence and mortality among a series of gynecology malignant tumor. We aimed to compare and assess the temporal trends of common female malignances on breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer mortality in developed regions of Asia including Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore and analyze the detached effects of chronological age, time period, and birth cohort by age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Methods The mortality data for these three cancers were collected from the WHO Mortality Database in Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore from 1954 to 2013, from 1989 to 2013, and from 1964 to 2013, respectively. We fitted an age-period-cohort model and intrinsic estimator method to estimate the independent effect of each age, time period, and birth cohort on cancer mortality and describe the secular changes in three Asian countries. Results For the overall trends of breast cancer, the ASMRs of breast cancer showed a general increasing trend among three countries during the study periods while the change pattern in Singapore was different from the rest of the two countries for cervical and ovarian cancer. By APC analysis, the three cancer mortality risks generally increased with age and decreased with birth cohort. For period effects of breast and ovarian cancer, increasing effects with time were observed; however, for period effects of cervical cancer, converse change pattern was presented among three countries. Conclusions Our study shows that the ASMRs of breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer remain high in Singapore compared to Japan and Korea. Generally speaking, the mortality risk of three cancers increased with age, and period and cohort effects may collectively affect the common female malignances mortality for East Asian women.

Introduction

Introduction Benjamin M. Baader (bio) The essays in this volume use the methodology of gender theory in order to interrogate the category "Jewish." Gender studies has for decades critically examined the categories "male" and "female" and has created an entire body of theoretical approaches to analyze their operations,1 while the theorizing of "Jewish" is a relatively recent development in the field of Jewish studies. Thus, a group of scholars has set out to explore whether this gender studies tool kit might be deployed productively to investigate Jewish difference and Jewish coherence. Lisa Silverman and I first organized a 2010 Association for Jewish Studies (AJS) roundtable on the issue, and then together with Beth Berkowitz and Chaya Halberstam we convened the conference "Grammars of Coherence and Difference: Jewish Studies Through the Lens of Gender Studies," at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee in May 2015.2 Roughly half of the essays in this journal issue began as presentations at the scholarly gathering in Milwaukee, which was structured as a dialogue between gender studies scholars and Jewish studies scholars from a large range of disciplines and working in the entire spectrum of geographic and historical locations. The discussions at the conference stood out because Jewish studies scholars from areas as disparate as rabbinics and modern Jewish history joined in the same conversation; because Jewish studies scholars seriously engaging with gender studies scholars opened radically new vistas to all of us; and because for much of our gathering, we succeeded in addressing some of the big conceptual questions that underlie the nitty-gritty of our scholarly engagement with things Jewish. At the same time, more questions were raised than answers provided, and we organizers were left exhilarated, yet not fully satisfied. Thus, I am delighted that our firework of thoughts, ideas, and explorations finds a more organized and permanent expression in this volume. Throughout the history of this project, the scholars involved in it have been struggling with—and at times disagreed about—terminology. While Silverman and I used "Jewishness" at the AJS roundtable, the group that organized the Milwaukee conference became cautious about the term, due to its vagueness and theoretical imprecision. We tried to step away from the concept of "Jewishness," and called the conference "Grammars of Coherence and Difference," [End Page 1] to suggest that the operations of gender and the operations that create the category "Jewish" were comparable systems in which order and meaning is created in logical and systematic ways, like in the grammar of a language. Yet while we call the grammar that produces the categories of "male" and "female" by the name of "gender," an equivalent term for the grammar that produces the category of "Jewish" is lacking. In order to address this want, Silverman had suggested in 2011 and 2012 publications using the term "Jewish difference" as the equivalent of the term "gender."3 In the call for a Jewish Difference Working Group, that we conference organizers composed in the months after the conference in Milwaukee, this program is made explicit: Right now, Jewish studies scholarship lacks a common term that refers to the relationship between the constructed poles of the Jew and the non-Jew. This relationship forms the basis of much of our work across chronological and geographic time spans. We often call upon the terms "Jewishness" and "Jewish identity" to perform some of this work, but these terms are limited in their ability to refer to the much more specific and powerful analytical and cognitive structures at play in how we come to understand the meanings of the Jewish and non-Jewish. We propose using the term Jewish difference to refer to this relationship. Jewish difference occupies a linguistic space similar to the one gender occupies with regard to the relationship between "man" and "woman": it names the analytic structure that houses the "Jew" and "non-Jew." It is one of a number of analytic categories or frameworks, like gender and class, that often intersect, overlap, and use each others' terms in order to articulate their power. However, Emily Sigalow is alone, among the contributors to this volume, in using the term "Jewish difference" in the novel conceptual meaning that we...

T. S. Eliot’s Modernist Techniques in ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

This paper explores T. S. Eliot’s modernist techniques in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1915) acclaimed as the first poem in Modernism constructed upon Baudelaire’s concept of modernity. The representative modernist poet Eliot is incomparably different from the Romantic or Victorian poets, influenced by Freudian psychoanalysis which classifies the human self into the Id, the Ego and the Super-ego, and by Jamesian “stream of consciousness.” Through the “interior monologue” or daydream of the prudent and indecisive Prufrock, Eliot remarkably presents “alienation” in urban life, a theme of Modernism by describing the incommunicative speaker who is unable to have a rendezvous with the sensual women in his unconsciousness. Furthermore, the poet superbly depicts psychological time in Prufrock’s consciousness rather than mechanical or chronological time under the influence of the Bergsonian concept of time. Eliot’s modernist technique also is obviously displayed through the peculiar metaphor, simile, metonymy, symbol, and the more complex conceit than the conceit of the metaphysical poets. In conclusion, Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” projecting the speaker’s vacillating (un)consciousness or subconsciousness is indeed the first innovative modernist poem bridging the chasm between his conventional Harvard juvenilia and the modernist masterpiece The Waste Land.

El poblado naviforme de Cap de Barbaria II (Formentera, Islas Baleares). Nuevos datos sobre su cronología y secuencia de ocupación

En este trabajo presentamos un conjunto de 6 fechas de carbono 14 del poblado de Cap de Barbaria II (Formentera, Islas Baleares), que permiten acotar su ocupación dentro de la Edad del Bronce. Además, se tratan aspectos metodológicos relativos a la calibración e interpretación de las fechas en función de la naturaleza de las muestras (hueso y concha). La información delimita cronológicamente el grupo arqueológico naviforme en las islas Pitiusas (Ibiza y Formentera) y proporciona datos importantes para la comprensión de su formación, desarrollo y extinción en el conjunto del archipiélago balear.

A Brief Take on the Australian Novel

A Brief Take on the Australian Novel

Time perception, pacing and exercise intensity: maximal exercise distorts the perception of time

IntroductionCurrently there are no data examining the impact of exercise on the perception of time, which is surprising as optimal competitive performance is dependent on accurate pacing using knowledge of time elapsed. MethodsWith institutional ethics approval, 12 recreationally active adult participants (f=7, m=5) undertook both 30s Wingate cycles and 20min (1200s) rowing ergometer bouts as short and long duration self-paced exercise trials, in each of three conditions on separate occasions: 1) light exertion: RPE 11, 2) heavy exertion: RPE 15, 3) maximal exertion: RPE 20. Participants were unaware of exercise duration and were required to verbally indicate when they perceived (subjective time) 1) 25%, 2) 50%, 3) 75% and 4) 100% of each bout's measured (chronological) time had elapsed. ResultsIn response to the Wingate task, there was no difference between durations of subjective time at the 25%, nor at the 50% interval. However, at the 75% and 100% intervals, the estimate for the RPE 20 condition was shortest (P<0.01). In response to rowing, there were no differences at the 25% interval, but there was some evidence that the RPE 20 condition was perceived shorter at 50%. At 75% and 100%, the RPE 20 condition was perceived to be shorter than both RPE 15 (P=0.04) and RPE 11 (P=0.008) conditions. ConclusionThis study is the first to empirically demonstrate that exercise intensity distorts time perception, particularly during maximal exercise. Consequently external feedback of chronological time may be an important factor for athletes undertaking maximal effort tasks or competitions.

The roles of chronological age and time perspective in memory positivity

ABSTRACTThe observation that older adults show enhanced cognition for emotionally positive information has been labeled the positivity effect (Reed, Chan, & Mikels, 2014). According to the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST, Carstensen, 1991), a prominent lifespan development theory, cognition is strongly influenced by motivational goals, and these goals are impacted by subjective time perspective. Although the positivity effect is most commonly observed in older adults, as age usually co-varies with time perspective, the SST posits that time perspective, not age, is the key explanatory factor of positivity. We examined the effects of these predictors on positivity in an episodic memory task in younger and older adults and found that age, not time perspective, was a key predictor of memory positivity. Our results add to the growing literature that challenge the notion that time perspective is the driving force behind age-related differences in emotional processing and functioning.

On the Threshold: Time and the Speaking Subject in Harold Pinter’s Silence

The article investigates Harold Pinter’s play Silence from a linguistic and phenomenological point of view. Silence is probably one of the least studied – though one of the most difficult and compelling – of Pinter’s plays. The author iden­tifies the broken syntax and the combi­nation of utterances and silences as indicators of time and space shifts. She claims that the patchwork which appears from the structure of the play depicts the loss of logic, and that the abandonmen­t of chronological time in linguistic terms conveys the subjecti­ve, circular, and illogical elemen­t of the human experience of time. Characters’ bodies and utterances materialize both their own past recollections and their presen­t experiences. The presen­t work may be useful to theatre scholars as an example of drama as a portrayal of philosophical and linguistic theories about time and discourse.

“Once upon a time”: childhood temporalities in late- and Post-Franco Spanish cinema

Since the early 1970s, children and childhood have proved fertile terrain for Spanish film-makers. The Spirit of the Beehive (El espíritu de la colmena, Erice, 1973), Raise Ravens (Cría cuervos, Saura, 1976) and Pan’s Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno, del Toro, 2006) provocatively reimagine childhood temporalities through their opening sequences, cinematography and the depiction of objects of inheritance. For contemporary queer theorists, childhood temporalities facilitate the comprehension of postmodern experiences of time as well as subverting the politics of reproductive futurism centred on the child. In late- and post-Franco Spain, the child’s subversive relationship to time constitutes a direct challenge to the rigid linearity of Francoist historiography and the atomisation of Republican memory and history. Beyond Spanish borders, these films reveal that the figure of the child challenges conceptualisations of chronological time as rigid, fixed, linear and progressive. In the case of transnational co-production Pan’s Labyrinth, this evokes a plethora of histories, concerned with colonial pasts and globalised presents, buried beneath the surface of postmemory cultural production.

Spatial Clustering Algorithm for Time Series Rainfall Data Using X-Means Data Splitting

The aim of this study is to present a new spatial clustering process for time series data. It has become an important and demanding application when the data involves chronological long time series and huge datasets. A great challenge in clustering is to achieve an optimal solution in searching similarity along the series. Furthermore, it also involves a very large-scale data analysis. Unfortunately, the existing clustering time series algorithms have become impractical since data do not scale properly for longer time series. The performance of the clustering algorithm gets even worse if it relies on actual data and many clustering algorithms are often faced with conflict in handling high dimensional data. In the case of spatial time series, the problem can be solved by unsupervised approaches rather than supervised classification, with appropriate preprocessing techniques to transform the actual data. The unsupervised solution using time series clustering algorithms is capable to extract valuable information and identify structure in complex and massive datasets as spatial time series. Therefore, a clustering algorithm by introducing data transformation using X-means data splitting is proposed to investigate the spatial homogeneity of time series rainfall data. The hierarchical clustering was used to demonstrate the similarity once the data was divided into training and testing sets. The proposed algorithm is compared with five types of data transformation techniques, namely mean and median in monthly data and the rest is in daily data such as binary, cumulative and actual values. Results indicate that data transformation using X-means data splitting in hierarchical clustering outperformed other transformation techniques and more consistent between training and testing datasets based on similarity measures.

Jornada Ampliada e Cultura Digital: cotidiano e espaços-tempos do educar

Resumo: A ampliação da jornada escolar na rede pública brasileira é uma das iniciativas do governo para alcançar a melhoria da qualidade na educação básica. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir, além da ampliação do tempo cronológico, o desenvolvimento de espaços-tempos outros do educar a partir da articulação de dois programas governamentais distintos. O referencial teórico-metodológico parte dos estudos multirreferenciais, contemplando a teoria dos cotidianos e da cultura digital. Entre os resultados, apontamos a necessidade de políticas públicas que fomentem o protagonismo e a formação de professores, ao invés de programas que visem alcançar apenas indicadores educacionais.

Speeds of light in Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron electrodynamics

Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron (SHP) electrodynamics formalizes the distinction between coordinate time (measured by laboratory clocks) and chronology (temporal ordering) by defining 4D spacetime events xμ as functions of an external evolution parameter τ. As τ grows monotonically, the spacetime evolution of classical events xμ (τ) trace out particle worldlines dynamically and induce the five U(1) gauge potentials through which events interact.In analogy with the constant c that associates a unit of length x0 with intervals of time t in standard relativity, we introduce a constant c5 associated with the external time τ. Whereas the nonrelativistic limit of special relativity can be found by taking c → ∞, we show that 5D SHP goes over to an equilibrium state of Maxwell theory in the limit c5 → 0. Thus, the dimensionless ratio c5/c parameterizes the deviation of SHP from standard electrodynamics, in particular the coupling of events. Put another way, Maxwell theory can be understood as currents and fields relaxing to an equilibrium independent of chronological time as c5τ slows to zero. We find that taking 0 < c5/c < 1 enables the resolution of several longstanding difficulties in SHP theory.

Book Review: Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life

Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life provides an overview of the relationship between politics and religion in the United States. Smith, president of Tyndale International University, history instructor at Georgia Gwinnett College, and Presbyterian minister, with his collaborators, has created a resource that spans the history of the United States from the colonial era to the present day. The 360 entries in the encyclopedia are arranged alphabetically by topic and are signed by the contributor, and each article includes references for further reading. Cross-references, a chronological time line, and a comprehensive index help to identify particular topics and to facilitate further reading.

Adopting, Abandoning, and Re‐adopting Healthy Eating Patterns Sends Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors on a Rollercoaster Ride

The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourages people to adopt a healthy eating pattern (HEP) for disease prevention. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and the Mediterranean‐Style Eating Pattern (Med) are representative of HEPs and are known to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Unfortunately, for many Americans it is difficult to sustain a HEP long term which may result in alternating HEP periods. The short term impact of this type of dietary rollercoaster on CVD risk factors requires investigation. The objective of this study was to assess changes in CVD risk factors when subjects adopt, abandon, and then re‐adopt HEPs using data from two previous randomized crossover controlled feeding studies. We hypothesized that subjects would be less responsive to HEP‐induced improvements in CVD risk factors after abandonment of the DASH or Med diet. Subjects in study (S) 1 (n=15) consumed a DASH diet for two 6‐wk periods and subjects in S 2 (n=38) consumed a Med diet for two 5‐wk periods. The first and second HEP periods of both studies were separated by a washout period (mean=5 wk, median=4 wk). Subjects in both studies consumed the HEP during both periods which differed by the amount of red meat. Clinical measures of CVD risk (fasted and 24‐h ambulatory blood pressures (BPs) and blood lipoprotein concentrations) were assessed at baseline and during the last week (post) of each HEP period. The combined age and BMI of subjects (n=53, 19 M, 34 F) was 50 ± 2 y and 31 ± 1 kg/m2, respectively. A mixed effects ANOVA with doubly repeated measures was performed with a SAS glimmix procedure. The model assessed the main effect of S (1 vs 2), diet (high vs low red meat), time (pre vs post), period order, and interactions with a random subject effect. Data are shown as LS mean ± SEM adjusted for age, sex, and body mass. Post hoc analyses were performed using lsmestimate statements to compare CVD risk factors at each chronological time point (pre period 1, post period 1, pre period 2, post period 2), and the change magnitude using a Bonferroni adjustment. Only a main effect of time was observed. Adopting, abandoning, and re‐adopting HEPs decreased, increased, and then decreased indexes of CVD risk. Examples include total 24‐h systolic BP (−5 ± 2, 7 ± 3, and −7 ± 2 mm Hg, respectively) and total cholesterol (TC) (−18 ± 4, 26 ± 8, and −13 ± 4 mg/dL, respectively). Comparable patterns of change occurred for fasted supine systolic and diastolic BPs and LDL and HDL cholesterols but not TC:HDL. The magnitude of changes in CVD risk factors after adopting, abandoning, and re‐adopting the healthy eating pattern were not different. These results show that the cardiovascular benefits of adopting HEPs occur quickly, but are short‐lived when less HEPs are re‐established. Re‐adopting a HEP after lapsing from previous consumption does not blunt re‐gaining improvements in CVD risk factors. These findings support the importance of consistently consuming a healthy eating pattern for cardiovascular health, in part, because clinical CVD risk factors are sensitive to short‐term eating changes.Support or Funding InformationPork Checkoff (S 1 and 2), Beef Checkoff (S 2), NIH UL1TR001108 (S 1 and 2), USDA 2011‐38420‐20038 (S1), and NIH 5T32DK076540‐08 (S 2)