Chronological Survey Research Articles

An Age-Specific Crisis Awareness Survey of COVID-19 Vaccines and Treatments Among Healthy Japanese Adults.

Introduction and objectives The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a worldwide phenomenon. This study conducted a chronological survey of crisis awareness regarding COVID-19 within different age groups. Methods An internet-based survey was performed on healthy Japanese adults to investigate the value of a hypothetical prophylactic vaccine and therapeutic drug for COVID-19 in each age group. In total, 12 groups comprising males and females in six different age groups, leading to a total of 1,200 individuals, were surveyed on a weekly basis. The survey was conducted on Friday of each week commencing from February 14, 2020, to April 10, 2020. At certain times or events such as when the government released major announcements or when there was a rapid increase in the number of infected individuals, a similar survey was conducted on an additional 1,200 individuals per week. Results A total of 12 surveys, including weekly surveys spanning over nine weeks, were conducted; a total of 19,113 samples from 12,254 individuals were obtained. The mean price for a hypothetical prophylactic vaccine was 2876.3 JPY (26.9 USD) at the first survey and was significantly increased to 3357.4 JPY (31.4 USD) for the most recent survey (p<0.0001). The percentage of healthy individuals who were unwilling to pay for a hypothetical therapeutic drug at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms was higher in the young age group than in the elderly groups at all phases, indicating a low level of crisis awareness among some young individuals. On the other hand, the percentage of those willing to pay for more than the standard prophylaxis influenza vaccine remained almost the same in all age groups, and it also increased when COVID-19 infection was widespread. In the sub-analysis, femaleswho have childrenand married individuals tended to answer higher costs for prevention. Conclusions Changes in crisis awareness in all age groups were found to be associated with an increasing familiarity along with an increase in the number of locally infected individuals. Though the percentage of those who will not pay was higher in the young age group than in the elderly age group, the percentage of those who will pay more than the standard costs of influenza vaccine or treatment drugs was the same between each aging group.

Enrollment of Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) and female participants in the US diabetes trials spanning 2000 to 2020: A chronological survey

AimsLittle is known about the enrollment practice of both Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) and females in the US diabetes trials. We aimed to perform a chronological survey to evaluate the enrollment of BIPOC and female participants in the US diabetes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) over the past two decades. MethodsWe searched databases to systematically include the US diabetes RCTs from 2000 January 1st to 2020 December 31st. Primary outcome was the adequate enrollment of both BIPOC and females, defined by the participation to prevalence ratio (PPR) > 0.8. We tested the temporal trend in adequate enrollment over time and used logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship between adequate enrollment and trial characteristics. ResultsA total of 69 US diabetes trials were included for analyses, with a median BIPOC and female enrollment percentage of 29.0 % and 45.4 % respectively. There were 22 (31.9 %) trials with adequate enrollment of both BIPOC and females. No significant trend of adequate enrollment percentage of BIPOC and females over time was observed (P = 0.16). Of trial types, those with medication interventions were significantly related to decreased odds of adequate enrollment, when compared to trials with non-drug interventions (odds ratio = 0.29, 95 % confidence interval: 0.11–0.84). ConclusionsLess than one third of the US diabetes trials adequately enrolled both BIPOC and females over the past two decades, and no temporal improvement in BIPOC and female participant enrollment was observed. These results highlight the need for more endeavors to mitigate inadequate representation regarding BIPOC and female enrollment in diabetes trials.

In the Shadow of the Palms: The Selected Works of David Eugene Smith

In the Shadow of the Palms: The Selected Works of David Eugene Smith

Development of a Benchmark Odia Handwritten Character Database for an Efficient Offline Handwritten Character Recognition with a Chronological Survey

A good benchmark dataset is a primary requirement in the offline handwritten character recognition (HCR) process. Only three handwritten numerals and alphabet datasets from Odia are publicly accessible for study, although many writers have used several datasets in their experiments. In this article, two tasks are done to address this issue. Those are the following: First, an extensive survey focused on various datasets is provided with the methodologies used in chronological order. The second factor is a solution to the lack of publicly available handwritten characters and numeral datasets. A new dataset of handwritten Odia characters with numerals has been developed. Anyone can access this dataset by sending an email to the authors of the article. This dataset was created with the help of 150 volunteers of various age groups, races, and qualifications. Some homogeneous experiments are conducted using deep learning models to evaluate the consistency of the dataset. One heterogeneous trial has also been performed to estimate the complexities of the characters present in the dataset by comparing them with the existing benchmark datasets.

Psychological health of Indian youth during COVID-19: a study through three chronological surveys

The COVID-19 pandemic and its aftereffects have affected human lives psychologically, economically, and socially. The study examines the dynamics of mental health problems faced by young adults and the consequent effects on their daily lives during the pandemic period. Three surveys were conducted among colleges/universities going students in India during the time periods May-June 2020, October 2020-February 2021, and January-February 2022; using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) 17+ self-reported extended version. Through 1,021, 743, and 932 responses in the three surveys respectively, the effect of the pandemic on the mental health (characterized by behavioral problems and social dysfunction) of respondents, categorized on basis of demographic variables and ‘COVID-19’ status was studied. Females were found to be more ‘distressed’ than during this period. There was no effect of age and family income. The 45% of the respondents in the Non-COVID group and 48% in the COVID-19 group had severe distress. With the passing of time, both the number of problem areas and the severity of problems faced by young adults increased thus affecting their day-to-day activities. The proportions of the respondents in borderline and abnormal categories were much higher both for difficulty and the impact scores of SDQ than the standard proportions.

Pompey's Head and Caesar's Tears: the History of an Anecdote

In many sources, Caesar is said to have wept and become indignant at the sight of Pompey’s head presented to him as a gift from Ptolemy XIII. Given that Caesar does not mention the episode in De Bello Ciuili, this paper attempts, through a chronological survey of later extant sources, to determine their interdependence by observing the stable and fluid elements in each, and then to outline the history of the shaping of this anecdote. The episode might have been included in early accounts of the events surrounding Pompey’s death, produced by pro-Caesarian historians in the immediate aftermath of Caesar’s death. Declamatio not only picked up and reworked this historical anecdote and led to its reinterpretation in an anti-Caesarian way, but also probably played a major role in its broader diffusion.

Review: Peru: A Journey in Time, edited by Cecilia Pardo and Jago Cooper

Review: <i>Peru: A Journey in Time</i>, edited by Cecilia Pardo and Jago Cooper

Antecedents and Origins of The Circular Economy Research Area in The History of Economic Thought

As the circular economy is gaining momentum in the UN Decade of Action for Sustainable Development, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the history of environmental economic thought. Although the iterative development of the circular economy concepts and schools of thought, including “spaceship economics”, industrial ecology, performance economy, Cradle to Cradle philosophy, and biomimicry, dates back only to the 1970s, today’s circular framework is the product of many centuries of economic theory. While most of the research on the topic has been sporadic and fragmented, the present study takes a holistic approach to provide a comprehensive chronological survey. Based on retrospective analysis, the paper reviews the key relevant economic ideas from the 16th century onwards that contributed to the theoretical understanding of the circular economy. It sheds light on the legacy of the classical tradition, particularly the physiocratic school and the Malthusianism, and the neoclassical theory, including the establishment of environmental economics as a separate subdiscipline and the evolution of ecological economics, among other things, which shaped an integrated circular economy approach in a postparadigmatic period. The research findings suggest that the emergence of modern environmental and natural resource economics in the 1960s–70s as well as the rise of green growth thinking in a diversified policy discourse after the 2008– 2009 Great Recession facilitated the development of the circular economy field and led to the promotion of the circular economy within the global sustainability context since the 2010s. Highlighting the antecedents and origins of the circular economy research area, along with the rationale behind the adoption of a restorative and regenerative economic system, these results incorporate the circular framework into the body of existing knowledge and help to capture the essence of the circular economy.

The chronological study on parametric evolution of pool boiling with nanofluids: An experimental review

• Summary of chronological survey for research articles and review articles. • Identification and evolution study of parameters affecting nanofluid pool boiling. • Summary of experimental procedures and novel schematics. • Statistical comparison for evolution of research methods over decades. • Proposal for future scope of research with interdisciplinary technologies. The present review work focusses on parametric evolution in pool boiling heat transfer with nanofluids. The design philosophy for new setup schematics are presented along with various uncertainty analyses procedures. The effect of new parameters viz. ambient pressure, boiling time, electric and magnetic fields, repetitive quenching and novel surfaces is discussed. The compilation of effects of basic parameters viz. nanoparticle concentration, nanoparticle size and base fluids is also presented. The timeline comparison revealed the exploration of multiple nanoparticles and base fluids combinations for enhanced performance in pool boiling parameters. The development of object oriented setups and uncertainty techniques provided better benchmark for future studies. It was evaluated that the studies focussed with nanoparticle concentration and size as variable parameters, revealed heat transfer coefficient (HTC) variations ranging from ∼ -50 % to ∼ 200 %. Similarly, critical heat flux (CHF) variations were noted to vary from ∼ 20 % to ∼ 300 %. The empirical nature of the studies attributed the high range of variations to physical effects of surface-fluid-nanoparticle interactions. The studies with evolution parameters presented clearer insights for HTC and CHF enhancements. The pressure variation affects revealed ∼ 300 % CHF and ∼ 130 % HTC enhancements. Similarly, boiling time assessment showed access of ∼ 250 % CHF enhancements with increasing boiling durations. The repetitive quenching analysis discussed accelerated quenching velocity fronts, indicating rapid cooling with nanofluids. The presence of electric and magnetic field resulted controlled pool boiling behaviours with ferromagnetic nanofluids. Similarly novels heater surface designs and sonication methods indicated HTC and CHF enhancements of ∼ 100 % and ∼ 200 %, respectively, with minimal nanoparticle depositions.

The first issue of annuities by the Diputación of the kingdom of Aragon (1376–1436): raising capital and sovereign debt in the Middle Ages

ABSTRACT This article presents new data on the kingdom of Aragon’s issue of sovereign debt 25 years earlier than the point at which there is routine documentation. The primary focus of this study is to examine how the representative institutions of this territory within the Crown of Aragon undertook the task of raising capital in financial markets. Contrary to a well-established historiographical perspective, this inland kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and a supra-local political body called the Diputación employed advanced financial instruments that were used in major cities along the Mediterranean coast, and managed to attract investors. A chronological survey is undertaken of the evolution of this debt and how it shaped the kingdom’s relationship to the monarchy, seeking to meet royal demands for extraordinary funding. This study of the management of public debt sheds light on deep structural changes that encompassed fiscality, the creation of new institutions and self-government.

Survey and Comparative Study of LoRa-Enabled Simulators for Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most important emerging technologies, spanning a myriad of possible applications, especially with the increasing number and variety of connected devices. Several network simulation tools have been developed with widely varying focuses and used in many research fields. Thus, it is critical to simulate the work of such systems and applications before actual deployment. This paper explores the landscape of available IoT and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) simulators and compares their performance using the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) communication technology called LoRa (Long Range), which has recently gained a lot of interest. Using a systematic approach, we present a chronological survey of available IoT and WSNs simulation tools. With this, we categorized and content-analyzed published scientific papers in the IoT and WSNs simulation tools research domain by highlighting the simulation tools, study type, scope of study and performance measures of the studies. Next, we present an overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its architecture, transmission parameters, device classes and available simulation tools. Furthermore, we discussed three popular open-source simulation tools/frameworks, namely, NS-3, OMNeT++ (FLoRa) and LoRaSim, for the simulation of LoRa/LoRaWAN networks. Finally, we evaluate their performance in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), CPU utilization, memory usage, execution time and the number of collisions.

Exploring ethnic representativeness in diabetes clinical trial enrolment from 2000 to 2020: a chronological survey

Aims/hypothesisEthnic representativeness of participant enrolment in diabetes RCTs involving multiple ethnicities remains unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate the status and temporal trend of ethnic representativeness in enrolment to diabetes RCTs, and to assess under-enrolment of non-white ethnic groups and explore trial characteristics associated with under-enrolment.MethodsWe conducted a chronological survey by systematically searching the literature to include eligible RCTs published between January 2000 and December 2020. We assessed temporal trends in enrolment of ethnic groups in the included trials. Univariable logistic regression was used to explore the association between trial characteristics and under-enrolment of non-white groups, using a participant to prevalence ratio of <0.8 to define under-enrolment. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021229100).ResultsWe included 405 RCTs for analysis (327 multi-country trials, 69 conducted in the USA and nine conducted in the UK). The median enrolment rate of all non-white groups was 24.0% in the overall RCTs. Trials conducted in the USA and the UK had median enrolment rates of 29.0% and 12.0% for all non-white groups, respectively. There was a temporal trend towards increased participation of non-white ethnic groups in the overall RCTs; however, no significant improvement over time was found in the US or UK trials. Non-white groups were under-enrolled in most included trials: 62.3% (43/69) in US trials and 77.8% (7/9) in UK trials. The US trials with a high female proportion were associated with lower odds of under-enrolment of all non-white groups (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.07, 0.65), while trials receiving funding from industry showed increased odds of under-enrolment (OR 4.64; 95% CI 1.50, 14.35). Outpatient enrolment and intervention duration were significantly associated with under-enrolment of Black participants. Only a small proportion of trials reported subgroup results or explored the effect modification by ethnicity.Conclusions/interpretationA temporal trend towards increased non-white ethnic enrolment was found in diabetes RCTs globally, but not in the USA or the UK. Non-white ethnic groups were under-represented in the majority of diabetes trials conducted in the USA and the UK. Some trial characteristics may be associated with non-white under-enrolment in diabetes trials. These findings provide some evidence for non-white ethnic representativeness in diabetes trials over the past two decades, and highlight the need for more effective strategies and endeavours to alleviate under-enrolment of non-white ethnic groups.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary peer-reviewed but unedited material available at 10.1007/s00125-022-05736-z.

The People's Porn: A History of Handmade Pornography in America

Erotic artifacts of ivory, gold, and porcelain by skilled artists from ancient cultures can now be found in museums, where their display confers respectability. In contrast, ordinary Americans have long combatted public taboos by transforming humbler materials into handmade pornographic objects, of which a few survive. Drawing on the archives of the Kinsey Institute and private collections, Lisa Z. Sigel examines sexualized, prosaic American artifacts made of wood, bone, soap, pipe cleaners, and clay, along with samizdat fiction and everyday objects such as dolls, coins, and photographs, defaced or altered for obscene effect. Although audiences today often define pornography as slick commercial moving images, Sigel believes primitive physical artifacts are more accurate indicators of the sexual and gender issues behind explicit representations. Most of the book's examples are anonymous one-offs, which makes Siegel's narrative less a formal history than a chronological survey of demotic technologies and the motivations of unfiltered psyches. Even so, she says, “working from object to the creator and from the creator to the culture, we can get an idea of American culture and experience over time” (p. 21).

Reinvigorating the Field: A Critical Intervention in the Study of Antisemitism

Reinvigorating the FieldA Critical Intervention in the Study of Antisemitism Emilie Wiedemann (bio) Rigorous and wholly engaging, key concepts in the study of antisemitism is the volume I was missing during my postgraduate degree in Jewish studies. Coeditor Kalman Weiser in fact introduces the volume as a "pedagogical tool" describing the challenges of his North American, European and Israeli colleagues in teaching about antisemitism.1 From a student's perspective too, the work will certainly be a welcome addition to university reading lists, and a sure sign that the field is diversifying away from the chronological surveys that constitute something of a canon in antisemitism studies. Reflective of the field as a whole in the past few decades, traditionally assigned works tend to address very similar questions: what antisemitism is, why it is important, and how we can understand it through specific historical events in (usually) European history. Students are left with a singular, reified conception of Jew-hatred and how to study it, studded with chronological markers and periodisation. Key Concepts is an antidote which promises to enliven classroom scholarly debate: if I'd had a copy to hand five years ago, I'd have written a very different graduate essay on modern antisemitism. Beyond its pedagogical promise, Key Concepts also makes a compelling intervention in the field. The twenty-one accessible and original chapters encourage curiosity and innovation over rigidity and prescription. Its interdisciplinary scope includes contributions from philosophers, historians, social scientists and legal scholars, and delivers a core message: there is no one way to study antisemitism, but multiple intersecting ones. All in all, the volume strikes a discerning contrast to the aforementioned "simplistic or politically motivated" works which have monopolised the field in recent decades.2 Yet, Key Concepts does not only feel different; it also feels radical. Why? It is not a flashy volume. If anything, Weiser's introduction understates the originality of its intervention, which he explains seeks to "address … intellectual dilemmas" as well [End Page 199] as fulfill an educational brief.3 However, the form, structure and conceptual premise of the work effectively counters nationalist historiographical approaches that have tended to dominate antisemitism studies.4 What's more, it does this in ways that raise novel questions about the field itself, securing its place as a profound and critical intervention. Certain editorial choices signal the volume's original approach. Take the structure of the book itself. The essays are arranged in alphabetical order—the most "neutral way," according to Weiser.5 The editors suggest possible thematic groupings, but the choice of order is left to the reader. Key Concepts then invites an interactive or selective reading experience, which amounts to a sharp break from the current field in two related ways. First, that the essays are not presented in any chronological order abandons a certain teleological subtext which often runs through the study of antisemitism. It tells us: one does not have to study the history of antisemitism in relation to the Holocaust or the establishment of the State of Israel, which are so often the lynchpins of not only courses on antisemitism, but also of the major works these reference.6 Nonetheless, the volume maintains a strong sense of history. Each essay masterfully historicizes the concept at play in different ways. For instance, in "Sinat Yisrael (Hatred of Jews)," Martin Lockshin historicizes rabbinic perceptions of Jew-hatred, interrogating the development of the perception of an "inevitable and/or universal" antisemitism in the modern era.7 This approach de-centers any single event or series of events from a historical narrative and is open to an array of Jewish experiences. This choice to study antisemitism as a series of concepts rather than as a series of events has a second, arguably larger, implication for the type of intervention the volume makes. The editors position themselves in line with an emergent turn in antisemitism studies to maintain conceptual distance between the category of antisemitism and the historical events the term has been used to describe.8 Scholars have taken the concept of antisemitism itself as an object of study and have asked: what has this term meant, to whom, and under what...

O surgimento do direito ambiental no Brasil, sua evolução e o cumprimento da agenda 2030

This article aims, as a general objective, to make a brief presentation on the evolution of Brazilian environmental law, its phases, and its current setback regarding sustainability. Although the Atlantic Rainforest, as well as the Amazon Forest, the Serra do Mar, the Pantanal Matogrossense, and the Coastal Zone have the status of national heritage, according to the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, these biomes have been losing space for deforestation, agriculture, and livestock, and currently only 12.4% of the original Atlantic Rainforest area is left in Brazil. As specific objectives of this article, it intends to analyze whether the commitments made by Brazil in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an action plan adopted by the country and 192 other UN member states, have been fulfilled and also to make an analysis of the current Federal Senate Bill No. 168/2018. After the chronological survey of environmental legislation, it concludes that the Brazilian Environmental Legislation is currently not being effective in the protection of Brazilian biomes, meeting interests in deforestation, at the expense of Brazilian native species and in disagreement with the commitment made to Sustainability in the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainability principles presented in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988.

Uniformly optimally reliable graphs: A survey

AbstractWhich is the most reliable graph with n nodes and m edges? This celebrated problem has several aspects, according to the notion of optimality (in a local or uniform sense), failure type (either nodes or edges), or reliability model (all‐terminal connectedness, two‐terminal or multiterminal setting). This article presents a chronological survey of the multiple proposals to address the problem, together with recent trends and enigmatic conjectures posed decades ago that promote further research.

Chapter Five: The Archaic and Classical Figurines

The terracotta figurines and protomai from Eleon form a compelling corpus of evidence for activity on the acropolis during the Archaic and Classical periods. This chapter provides an overview of the figurines recovered in the first five years of excavation at Eleon. A chronological survey relies on stylistic analysis, as nearly all come from the ramped entryway to the site, either built into the fill of the ramp itself in secondary deposition, or in later pits disrupting these levels. The assemblage is composed of a range of handmade and moldmade female figurines in seated and standing postures; the lingering Archaic type of the early Classical period is prevalent among these. Given their quantity and the nature of the associated material, it can reasonably be assumed that the figurines are linked to votive activity on the hilltop, although specifics elude us beyond association with a female deity. Dedication of the figurines peaked in the mid-fifth century, at least 25 years after the construction of the polygonal wall. This may be indicative of shifts in votive practice over time, as well as developments in local terracotta production before the emergence of a “Boeotian” coroplastic style.

The Ages of Jihadi Salafism: A Dual Exchange of Ideas and Contexts in Ideological Formation

In this study I try to trace the ideological formation of jihadi Salafism through a chronological survey of the foundational texts, which were penned by people, who were regarded as ideologues of jihadi Salafism, in the form of reaction pieces to the conjuncture they were set against. I argue in this article that there is a strong connection between some religious, political, and military developments and facts, internal or external in origin, that influenced the Muslim world and each major theme of jihadi thought that went into circulation over time. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate that the jihadi ideology, generated as an anomaly of the mainstream Islamic movement in the post-independence period, emerged interrelated with the facts and developments aforementioned above, matured, developed, and became a terrorist movement. The study’s coverage is the course of jihadism from the 1960s to 2006 when ISIS began to take form.

&lt;p class="NormalParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authorship and date of five family-series nomina in Oligochaeta (Annelida): &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lumbricidae, Naididae, Enchytraeidae, Tubificidae and Lumbriculidae&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Anonymous 1999; ‘the Code’ below) provides Rules for the nomenclature of the ‘names of the group family’, or family-series nomina (Dubois 2000). These Rules have long been ignored or disregarded by some taxonomists, so that the authorship(s) and date(s) currently attached in the literature and in some taxonomic online databases to some family-series nomina of Annelida Oligochaeta[1] prove to be wrong according to the Code. For example, the database Taxonomicon &lt;http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/&gt; credits the nomina Naididae to Ehrenberg (1828), Tubificidae to Vejdovský (1876), Enchytraeidae to Vejdovský (1879) and Lumbriculidae to Vejdovský (1884a). Vejdovský (1884b: 59) also claimed authorship for the nomen Lumbricidae. All of these attributions are incorrect, as will be established below through a chronological survey of the relevant works where these nomina were made available. [1] The nomen Oligochaeta is here used in its original sense (Grube 1850), i.e. excluding the Hirudinea.

News, Events, Publications, and Awards

News, Events, Publications, and Awards