Chronological Order Research Articles

FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR'AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY

This study would evaluate the manuscript's design (organic and geometric), its significance, and its relevance to Islamic art and how it is proven to be a good example of visual art. A visual design is a combination of lines, textures, and colours. The creation of design depends upon the emergence of different types of lines. The development of this creative activity is associated with the evolution of the civilizations of mankind as well. Initially, the orientation of lines was used for communication and then for beautification. In this study, the specimen of Illuminated Qur'an manuscripts (16th century -18th century) has been collected from Ganjbkhsh library Islamabad (GBL) and Qatar national library. This study is conducted under the framework of physical analysis with the help of Artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of Arabesque's typology and its attributes during the 16th to 18th century. In total, 542 images from 96 Qur'an manuscripts of GBL and 28 images from the 5 illuminated manuscripts of the Qur’an of the Qatar National library are included in this study. GBL data has been organized chronologically, as 30 manuscripts are from the 16th century, 24 from the 17th century and 42 from the 18th century whereas Qatar national library data has no defined chronological order. FastAi drew the relative chronology of the untrained data of Qatar National library and its results.

Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Ungku Abdul Hamid (1922–2020): The Thinking and Worldview of an Illustrious Malaysian Muslim

This article seeks to examine the worldview of almarḥūm Royal Professor Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Ungku Abdul Hamid of Malaysia (1922–2020) as reflected in his scholarship and intellectual journey, which would be instructive in giving more insight into the mind of a learned Muslim in the context of a post-colonial Muslim nation. To gain a clearer idea of how Ungku Aziz’s mind was shaped and to better understand his thought process, this article examines the discussions, sources, and influences that left impressions on him, and how he focused his mind throughout his life in chronological order. The methodology adopted for this purpose is primarily a creative use of the archival or documentary research method which involves analysing the usage of key terms by the subject related to the question of “worldview” or “thinking framework,” “belief,” “thought,” and the “mind” in selected documents and records. In addition, verbal statements of relevant information were also utilised to furnish certain details. Finally, this article argues that while there are areas of Ungku Aziz’s discussions and statements which could be more informed by insights from the intellectual tradition of Islam, Ungku Aziz generally held a more nuanced and learned view of Islam as a religion and civilisation—different from many other economists or Muslim Western-trained academics of his time.

О необходимости изучения профильной классической литературы студентами юридических вузов и факультетов

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the need for students of legal specialties to study fundamental literary works in order to understand social, psychological and legal categories. It is impossible to imagine the formation of a person without the influence of works of classical Russian and world literature. This article is devoted to the importance, significance and expediency of studying works of fiction that affect the interaction of people and the functioning of society by students of law specialties. Methods: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special methods of legal science (comparative law, formal law). Results: education as the foundation of every person›s life and as a consequence of the development of society as a whole is the most important branch of government activity. Legal education, like no other, lays down the moral, psychological and social components of future law enforcement officers. The quality of legal education is based on a balanced combination of knowledge and application of the colossal historical experience of our country, the richest cultural heritage and modern achievements of science, technology and technology. Discussion: the author has developed and proposed the concept of analyzing the plots of classical literary works from the point of view of modern judicial proceedings, including the interaction of participants in the process, evidence, and motivation of decisions. The article proposes a list of works of classical fiction, systematized taking into account the course of study and the disciplines studied within it, from the point of view of the importance of mastering the relevant discipline. The list is arranged in chronological order based on the plot and analyzed legal categories of interest in the framework of the study of a particular discipline. The author›s justification is based on the approach of the author›s criminology course of Professor O.Ya. Baev.

TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

In the third part of the article, the main historical events in dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from the time Ukraine gained independence in 1991 and until now are considered in chronological order. The most important achievements of the scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who were awarded the State Prizes of Ukraine in the field of science and technology, as well as the prizes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine named after outstanding scientists of Ukraine – V.I. Vernadsky, P.A. Tutkovsky, S.I. Subbotin. In the early 1990s, in the conditions of complex social transformation, there was a significant quantitative reduction in personnel potential, but the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine managed to get out of the crisis. At the expense of internal reserves, the network of its institutions and scientific units was reorganized. After the declaration of Ukraine’s independence, a number of academic institutions were created as part of the Earth Department of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1996, the Ukrainian flag was raised in Antarctica – Ukraine, according to an agreement between the British and Ukrainian governments, officially took possession of the “Faraday” research station, which became the property of Ukraine and received the name “Akademik Vernadsky”. Information provided regarding the Targeted comprehensive programs of resource-oriented scientific research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: “Mineral resources of Ukraine and their extraction” (2004–2008), “Comprehensive bio-resource, hydrophysical and geological-geophysical research of the marine environment, promising oil and gas structures and mapping of the distribution of gas hydrates in the water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov” (2007–2009), “Strategic Mineral Resources of Ukraine” (2009–2015), “Comprehensive Assessment of the State and Forecasting of the Dynamics of the Marine Environment and Resources of the Azov-Black Sea Basin” (2010–2012), “Comprehensive Monitoring, Assessment and forecasting the dynamics of the state of the marine environment and the resource base of the Azov-Black Sea basin under conditions of growing anthropogenic load and climate change” (2013–2015), “Mineral and raw material base of Ukraine as the basis of state security” (2016–2020), “Critical and strategic mineral resources of Ukraine under the conditions of globalization and climate change” (2021–2025). In a difficult time for the country, scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the conditions of war continue their activities aimed at maintaining the functioning of the branches of the economy of Ukraine, monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring counteraction to the aggressor and adverse natural phenomena.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGULATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INTO THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF INVESTMENT IN CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS

The article examines the problematic issues of the implementation of European Union regulations into the national legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of investment in certain international transport connections. The main regulations in this area have been analyzed, and individual normative legal acts of Ukraine have been identified, which reflect the consequences of the implementation of the European Union regulations in the process of investment implementation using the example of certain international transport connections. A detailed study was carried out in chronological order of the main Regulations of the Council (EEC) with an analysis of the key provisions of each of them. The peculiarities of the specific historical period of the formation and development of the new provisions of the mentioned Regulations have been identified, and their mutual influence has been established. The need to implement certain provisions of the Regulations into the national legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of using international transport corridors has been proven. The priority directions of the development of international transport links with the participation of Ukraine in the context of the assumed international obligations to the EU were noted and emphasized. The author’s proposals regarding the adoption of new bilateral treaties of Ukraine both with EU member states and with all other non-member states with which Ukraine cooperates in the investigated sphere of relations with an emphasis on all possible reservations about public order in Ukraine in the context of providing our territory for transit corridors as well as in the aspect of the development of new international connections, especially taking into account the current threats in the conditions of Russia's military aggression against our country.

1,2-trans-Diaminocyclohexane (DACH) in Asymmetric Catalysis: Nearing Fifty Years of Faithful Service and Counting

AbstractThis review highlights the use of DACH as a versatile ligand in catalytic asymmetric transformations providing mechanistic rationales and relevant comments presented in chronological order for each of the 21 reaction types with references up to December 25, 2023. Intended to be as practically comprehensive as possible, this review assembles useful examples of using DACH as a ligand in organocatalytic or as metal complexes in asymmetric transformations. The resulting enantiomerically enriched, if not pure, chiral non-racemic small molecules are of great utility as value added intermediates in the total synthesis of natural products, in the design and synthesis of medicinally important compounds, and in other areas in organic and bioorganic chemistry where chirality plays a role. The graphic image depicts Spartacus with his arms folded in the same sense of chirality as (R,R)-DACH.1 Introduction2 DACH: A Brief Historical Narrative3 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkenes4 Catalytic Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Alkenes5 Catalytic Asymmetric Sulfoxidation and Sulfimidation6 Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4-Conjugate Addition6.1 Using Jacobsen’s DACH Metal–salen Complexes as Catalysts6.2 Using Takemoto’s Bifunctional H-Bonding DACH Thiourea Organocatalyst6.3 Using DACH Ni(II) Complexes as Catalysts6.4 Using DACH H-Bonding Catalysis7 Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes8 Catalytic Asymmetric Claisen Rearrangement9 Catalytic Asymmetric 1,2-Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Compounds9.1 Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Dialkylzinc to Aldehydes and Ketones9.2 Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation of Aldehydes and Ketones9.3 Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Cyanide to Aldehydes and Ketones10 Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation11 Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Alkenes12 Catalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions13 Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination of Alkenes14 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Prochiral Ketones and Imines15 Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reactions16 Catalytic Asymmetric Opening of Small Ring Systems16.1 Desymmetrization of meso-Epoxides and meso-Aziridines16.2 Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Epoxides16.3 Enantioselective Addition of CO2 to Epoxides16.4 Enantioselective Ring Opening of Oxetanes17 Catalytic Asymmetric Strecker Reactions18 Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions19 Catalytic Asymmetric Henry and Aza-Henry Reactions20 Catalytic Asymmetric Morita–Baylis–Hillman and Rauhut–Currier Reactions21 Catalytic Asymmetric Petasis Reactions22 Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Reactions23 Miscellaneous Catalytic Reactions24 Conclusion and Outlook25 DACH Catalysts and Ligands List

LGG-15. DEEP LEARNING ENABLES LONGITUDINAL RISK PREDICTION FOR PEDIATRIC LOW-GRADE GLIOMAS AFTER SURGERY

Abstract BACKGROUND Disease progression is challenging to predict following surgery for pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG), and early progression indicators on MRI surveillance imaging would help guide management. Longitudinal surveillance imaging data may capture subtle temporal tumor changes and patterns that could inform recurrence risk but are difficult to synthesize clinically. We applied deep, self-supervised learning to longitudinal surveillance MRI to predict short-interval event-free-survival (EFS) risk from time-of-scan. METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 278 patients (2,174 scans) who underwent surgical resection for pLGG at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children’s Hospital (DFCI/BCH) from 1990-2022. A deep-learning model was pretrained with T2-FLAIR sequences to determine the chronological scan order for each patient (temporal pretraining). The model was fine-tuned to predict 1-year EFS from point-of-scan using a subset of scans from DFCI/BCH and then validated on a hold-out dataset (511 scans, 67 patients). Separately, the model was fine-tuned on an external dataset from the Children’s Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) and validated on a hold-out set (204 scans, 61 patients). Results were compared to a model trained without temporal pretraining. RESULTS Median follow-up and interval between scans were 73 and 6.3 months for DFCI/BCH and 20 and 5.8 months for CBTN. Temporal pretraining improved performance for 1-year EFS, for DFCI/BCH (AUC: 0.83 [0.71-0.90] vs. 0.78 [0.62-0.91]; F1-score: 0.80 vs. 0.67), and CBTN hold-out sets (AUC: 0.75 [0.58-0.90] vs. 0.53 [0.35-0.70], p=0.01; F1-score: 0.65 vs. 0.55). Increasing the number of longitudinal scans available to the model incrementally improved performance up to 7 scans/patient for DFCI/BCH and 10 scans/patient for CBTN. CONCLUSIONS Deep-learning with temporal pretraining improves the predictive analysis of tumor growth patterns in postoperative pLGG surveillance MRI, enabling accurate short-interval EFS prediction. This model could help inform patients and clinicians regarding surveillance regimen and initiation of adjuvant therapy.

A Survey on the Oscillation of First-Order Retarded Differential Equations

In this paper, a survey of the most interesting conditions for the oscillation of all solutions to first-order linear differential equations with a retarded argument is presented in chronological order, especially in the case when well-known oscillation conditions are not satisfied. The essential improvement and the importance of these oscillation conditions is also indicated.

Міжнародний досвід охорони мікобіоти

The article examines the issue of the protection of fungal biodiversity using world experience. In chronological order, the stages of the creation of international environmental protection organizations, the adoption of conventions of a non-political nature, the texts and appendices to these documents on the subject of species biodiversity were analyzed. Lists of species in the IUCN Red List were studied. It was revealed that since 1948, when the IUCN was established, 26 different kinds of International Conventions, documents and initiatives have been proclaimed/adopted. Among these documents, 8 did not address the issue of biodiversity conservation or touched on this issue indirectly, only indirectly, 18 conventions and initiatives directly related to the protection of biodiversity. Analyzing the texts of these documents, the questions to which they are devoted, and their appendices, we found that specific information about mushrooms, i.e. with an indication of the species or genus, is available only in two documents: the International Red List of Mushrooms (625 species) and the IUCN Red List (811 species). Mushrooms are not mentioned as objects of protection in any Convention. The information about fungi that needs to be preserved is younger, compared to this information about plants and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to further consider the species composition of mushrooms and assess the state of their populations in order to include endangered species in the Red Lists of the national and international levels.

Парки-пам’ятки садово-паркового мистецтва Вінниччини як об’єкти історико-культурного туризму

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the study of parks as monuments of landscape art in Vinnytsia region. Attention is focused on historical and cultural tourism, the purpose of which is to visit places related to history and historical heritage, which includes such objects as palace and park ensembles, historical buildings, and natural monuments of the native land. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and systematicity. The purpose and objectives of the study led to the use of general scientific and special historical methods. The former include the methods of analysis and synthesis (of historical facts and sources), comparison and generalization in drawing conclusions. Among the historical methods is the chronological method, which allowed us to study the process of development of landscape gardening in Ukraine and in Vinnytsia region in chronological order. We also used the following methods: regional (which allowed us to trace the regional peculiarities of the region), problematic-chronological, comparative-historical. The scientific novelty of the study is that the information about parks as monuments of landscape gardening art of Vinnytsia region is comprehensively systematized. The main objects of garden and park tourism of national and local importance are characterized. Conclusions. Parks adorn the Vinnytsia land, have great natural, historical, scientific, educational, recreational, tourist and aesthetic significance, and are an integral part of the cultural heritage of our people. For this reason, they should be considered as important objects of tourist activity in the region. The article covers the history of the parks: Antopilskyi, Verkhivskyi, Nemerchenskyi, Nemyrovskyi, Obodivskyi, Tyvrivskyi, Cherniatynskyi, Pecherskyi and Tulchynskyi. Each of these parks-monuments of landscape art has its own past, associated with historical events, prominent personalities who visited it, legends and stories. The parks have preserved valuable plantings and architectural and artistic monuments that are important not only historically but also have a certain significance for contemporary practice. The main purpose of parks-monuments of landscape art is to preserve, maintain and restore park landscape compositions, as well as to conduct excursions and public recreation. Their territories can also be used for scientific research. They combine environmental protection functions with historical, tourist, cultural, and aesthetic ones. That is why they deserve special attention, care, maintenance and protection.

MILESTONES ON THE ROAD TO OPTIMAL FERTILIZATION

This report aims to trace the development of research and achievements in optimizing the fertilization of agricultural crops. Optimized fertilizer usage leads to saving costs and reducing the environmental impact. The significant stages in the development of these studies and applications are presented in chronological order, as well as the results obtained. Literary sources describing the methods and algorithms that are the basis of an automated agrochemical service system are presented. The technical means for implementing the system are described.

S. Nurmagambetov’s frontline awards

The article is based on the results of the research of one of the historical participation of the most legendary military leader, the first Defense Minister, Sagadat Kozhakhmetovich Nurmagambetov, the sovereign Kazakhstan in the Great Patriotic War, it tells about his frontline feats and military merits. The opinions from his superiors and frontline fellow soldiers about S. Nurmagambetov’s personal contribution to the victory and the unit he commanded are represented in the research. The article shows the award system of the Soviet pre-war period, its development during the Great Patriotic War and the state insignia meaning. Sagadat Nurmagambetov’s awards in its chronological order based on archival documents and the achievements of the combat units in which he fought on various fronts of the World War II have been presented.

MAP OF SIBERIA GOVERNORATE IN 1765 AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYINGTHE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF SIBERIA IN PRESENT-DAY NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST

The paper studies the issue of the chronological order of establishing Russian settlements within the territory of present-day Novosibirsk Oblast in the 18th century. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of the data from the 1765 map of Siberia Governorate with the dates indicated in N. A. Minenko’s monograph “On the Old Moscow Highway”, adjusting the dates of the founding of some settlements as a result. It has also been established that some areas of the region were developed by the Russians a little earlier than previously thought. Another result of the analysis is the discovery of settlements that were not mentioned in the monograph.

Apollinaire, G. (2022). Zone. In Russian translations and ‘Russian mirror.’ Ed. By Y. Fridstein and O. Tsareykina. Foreword by N. Zubkov. Moscow: Tsentr knigi Rudomino. (In Russ.)

The review examines a publication of the poem ‘Zone,’ which counts among the most famous works by the innovative French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, in the original language and seven Russian translations, two of which were made in 2022 under the auspices of the Pushkin programme funded by the French Institute of the French Embassy in Moscow to promote book publishing. The book’s structure can baffle the reader, just like Apollinaire’s poem does. Opening with a double dedication to the 110th anniversary of the poem’s original publication and the centenary of M. Kudinov’s birth, the book then displays the original French version of ‘Zone,’ followed by the publisher’s colophon. The subsequent sections of the book seem to follow the conventional logic: N. Zubkov’s foreword discusses the unique characteristics of the French poem’s poetics and outlines the key points for a comparative analysis of the translations. The sequence of the printed translations is at odds with their chronological order, a conscious decision made by the publisher. The final section entitled ‘In the Russian mirror’ features insightful comments on the poem offered by distinguished scholars of French poetry such as N. Balashov, S. Velikovsky, Z. Kirnoze, and M. Yasnov.

The myth of Gorgo/Medusa in ancient written sources

The present article reports all ancient writers and poets who dealt with the Gorgoneian head and the Gorgon-Medusa related myth presented in a chronological order basically during the 1st millennium B.C. from Homeric epics to late antiquity of Fabius Planciades Fulgentius and Ioannis Malalas in the 5th and 6th c. A.D. Essentially it is a discussion on the ancient written sources, based on the original texts. Especially for the most ancient sources - such as Homer, Hesiod, Cyclic epics – and references were made to known scholars in the field of philology. Particularly critical discussion and comments are made, along with the investigation of the primary ancient writing sources, as well as the related iconography. The final conclusions show the degree of influence of ancient written sources on art, but also vice versa, that is, how much art influenced ancient texts.

Predicting Scientific Breakthroughs Based on Structural Dynamic of Citation Cascades

Predicting breakthrough papers holds great significance; however, prior studies encountered challenges in this task, indicating a need for substantial improvement. We propose that the failure to capture the dynamic structural-evolutionary features of citation networks is one of the major reasons. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces a new method for constructing citation cascades of focus papers, allowing the creation of a time-series-like set of citation cascades. Then, through a thorough review, three types of structural indicators in these citation networks that could reflect breakthroughs are identified, including certain basic topological metrics, PageRank values, and the von Neumann graph entropy. Based on the time-series-like set of citation cascades, the dynamic trajectories of these indicators are calculated and employed as predictors. Using the Nobel Prize-winning papers as a landmark dataset, our prediction method yields approximately a 7% improvement in the ROC-AUC score compared to static-based prior methods. Additionally, our method advances in achieving earlier predictions than other previous methods. The main contribution of this paper is proposing a novel method for creating citation cascades in chronological order and confirming the significance of predicting breakthroughs from a dynamic structural perspective.

CORRELATION OF STEREOTYPICAL AND IRREGULAR IN EPISTOLARY TEXT ADDRESSEEORIENTATI

The research aims to explore the dynamics of the emergence in the written speech of various addressers – on the one hand, standard, stereotypical, commonly accepted forms of addressing the addressee, and individual, non-standard addresses that do not belong to the regularly repeated elements peculiar of the author’s epistolary art, on the other. Accordingly, the objectives include 1) a search for criteria to distinguish the stereotypical forms of address, 2) the establishment of epistolary address models formation, and 3) the comparison of new vocative models emergence dynamics in terms of the gradual rise of the total amount of letters in various addressers. To achieve the aforementioned aim, we have utilized the descriptive method, content analysis, and linguistic modelling approach. To distinguish between the vocative formations regularly used by this or that letter writer and nonstandard, unique writer’s individuality-embodying addresses, we have introduced a one-per cent statistical threshold. This made it possible to attribute to the stable components of the addresser’s behaviour those address models whose verbal implementations had reached over 1% of the total number of addresses in this author’s epistolary. The number of models that had crossed the one-per cent statistical threshold appeared to be much lower than the number of non-standard addresses, yet, in total, regular vocative formations implemented in the letters of any addresser quantitatively exceed the non-usual vocative constructions. Consequently, to provide an accurate picture of the correspondence party’s written speech stylistics, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the regular and irregular in their written speech. To compare the dynamics of the rise of the models that had crossed the statistical threshold, and all the address models recorded in the letters of various writers, we built a diagram that compares the number of letters (a horizontal axis) and the number of vocative formation models implemented in those letters (a vertical axis). The results of comparing the dynamics of vocative models formation in the array of letters by A.F. Koni and V.G. Korolenko arranged in chronological order suggest that, as a rule, the commencement of the correspondence is accompanied by standard and commonly used vocative figures, which we consider to be the stereotypical elements of addressers’ speech behaviour and meet linguistic and ethical standards of written communication. In the case of prolonged correspondence, the individual peculiarities of authors’ vocative art find their expression in a continuous flow of letters. The emergence of new vocative models that become productive in the middle or even at the terminal stage of correspondence by this or that addresser is possible, but it depends on extralinguistic factors (the change of communicants’ social status, the expansion of correspondents’ circle etc.). The dynamics of the rise of stereotypical vocation formations largely follow certain general rules of speech generation; the introduction of irregular address models in epistolary discourse depends on a wide range of communication conditions and characterizes the addresser’s individual style. Further research perspectives are connected with the need to clarify the extralinguistic factors affecting the distribution of the stereotypical and irregular address models in the dynamics of written speech generation, as well as with the consideration in this respect of other structural features of a letter.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN EXHIBITING FLEXIBILITY INYOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND KARATE PRACTITIONERS (KARATEKA)

Abstract The athlete's ability to achieve the maximum amplitude of movement in certain sports can be crucial for achieving a top result. Most theorists consider flexibility to be one of the essential motor skills of humans. Flexibility is defined as the ability of the locomotor apparatus to realize movements of optimal amplitude in a certain joint. The goal of this research was to determine the differences in flexibility between football players and karate practitioners (karateka) between the ages of 12 and 14 years, in chronological order. The purpose of this paper is to determine the differences in flexibility between football players and karateka based on the obtained results, and to further determine whether and within which variables of flexibility karateka are more dominant than football players. This research will complete the findings and fill the knowledge gaps that exist about flexibility. The importance of this research is reflected in that it will gather relevant information about the status and differences in flexibility between football players and karateka within the specified age group. The research was carried out on a sample of 40 respondents who make up two subsamples, football players (n=20; age 12.70 ± 0.86) and karateka (n=20; age 12.95 ± 0.82). Tests were applied to determine height and body mass, as well as to determine flexibility (10 variables). The obtained results were processed in the program package IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. Descriptive parameters were calculated for all collected data, normality of distribution was determined, while differences in tests were determined by T-test for independent samples. The results showed that in terms of body height and mass, there are no statistically significant differences between young football players and karateka, nor in the ability to lower a stick behind the back (MFLISK). In all other flexibility tests (deep front bend off an elevated platform/block, deep bend with legs apart, side split, active straight leg raise while lying on the back (degrees) for both legs, leg raises while lying on the chest, leg raise while lying on the side) a statistically significant difference was obtained at the significance level of .99% (p ≤ 0.01), and all in favor of karateka. We can conclude that the level of flexibility is higher in karate practitioners compared to football players, which was to be expected. The main discovery of this study is the existence of statistically significant differences in almost all flexibility variables, where better values were shown in favor of karatekas, except for the back stick raise test, where no statistically significant difference was found between football players and karateka. The research can serve other researchers who will deal with similar issues, and the findings of this research will complete the mosaic of research regarding flexibility in karate and football. The obtained results will benefit sports teams, researchers, trainers and physical education professors, as a relevant indicator of the importance and significance of flexibility development and flexibility training in sports. Key words: flexibility, football, karate,

Kristīne Beķere. Latvijas labā: Politiskā darbība trimdā 20. gadsimta 40.–80. gados. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022

The book Latvijas labā: Politiskā darbība trimdā 20. gadsimta 40.–80. gados (For the Good of Latvia: Political Activities of Latvian Exiles from the 1940s through the 1980s), written by the chief editor of The Journal of the University of Latvia. History (Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls. Vēsture), historian Kristīne Beķere focuses on the political actions of Latvian exiles in the Western world during the postwar, and especially, Cold War era. The purpose of the study is to provide an overview of the activities of the Latvian exiles related to the protest movement against the occupation and annexation of Latvia by the USSR. The book defines many periods of exiles’ activities. K. Beķere has identified the most important activities for each stage of history and describes them in a chronological order. Thus, for example, the author describes the period of the emergence of exile after the Second World War, the strengthening of exile organisations, and the development of political activities during the escalation period of the Cold War in the 1950s and 1960s, and the period since the 1970s (Cold War relaxation or detente phase), which created new more active forms of exile’s international protest against the occupation of the Baltic. K. Beķere’s book marks the increasing attention in historiography towards the history of the Latvian exiles. In recent years, for example, a voluminous book by the US–Latvian historian Andrejs Plakans has been published. The book For the Good of Latvia is one of the important contributions to systematise both – the information about the political history of the Latvian exile community and its important information work in the world mostly during the Cold War era.

The Scientific Event as a Formative Activity in Postgraduate Studies : Perspectives from the Scientific Committee of the FORPED PPGGOC

Aims: To share the experiences of a scientific committee of an academic-scientific event proposed as a teaching activity for postgraduate studies.<br /> Methodology: It is a descriptive, exploratory, and applied study; the methodology consisted of a bibliographic research that sought inputs on scientific communication and good project management practices for their application in the management of the scientific committee. The management, organization, and monitoring of activities and tasks were carried out through a shared electronic spreadsheet with the team, stored in the cloud.<br /> Results: As a result, the main milestones, activities, and artifacts produced by the scientific committee of the event were presented, as well as the details and chronological order of the activities, in guide format, to contribute to the academic training of postgraduate students and those interested in organizing academic-scientific events. The activities and artifacts in other events should be replicated to improve the documentation presented in this study.