Chronological History Research Articles

Vladimir V. Lapin, Armiia Rossii v Kavkazskoi voine XVIII – XIX vv.

Vladimir Lapin’s Armiia Rossii v Kavkazskoi voine XVIII-XIX vv. (The Russian Army in the Caucasian War XVIII – XIX centuries) deals with the subject of the Russian involvement and conquest of the Caucasus in the course of 18th and 19th centuries. Unlike many traditional works on the subject the author does not present a chronological history of this conflict. Instead Lapin analyses the transformations the Russian Army underwent as a result of its prolonged interaction with the people and natu...

Fra Leopold Ranke ed Eduard Gans. Un autografo inedito di Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy dalle lezioni rankiane del 1827 sulla Rivoluzione Francese

- Certain circumstances and stylistic considerations lead us to believe that the manuscript MS. 114 in the Mendelssohn Archive at the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin is (in part) evidence of a course in "Contemporary History" held by Leopold Ranke at the city's university in the summer term of 1827. The course was on the chronological history of the French Revolution. Ranke had already dealt with the same subject the year before, though in a less detailed manner. And it was not until 1875 that he published a work on the period of the Revolution, but focussing solely on the war between the European powers in 1791-1792. Hence the importance of the new manuscript - in Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy's own hand - which, previously, had been mistakenly connected with the teaching of the Hegelian jurist Eduard Gans. Mendelssohn attended his course on the French Revolution in the summer of 1828.

A History of Iran

This survey of the history of Iranian civilization from ancient times to thepresent is intended for general audiences with little knowledge of Iranianhistory. The book’s nine chapters consist largely of chronological presentationsof political history, but occasionally make room for sections on religiousmovements, society, and the arts. The first two chapters briskly coverthe ancient period through the Sassanids. The third runs from the Islamicconquests through the fifteenth century and contains a long section on theevolution of Persian verse tradition. The fourth and fifth chapters cover theSafavids’ rise and fall, the development of early modern Twelver Shi`ism,and the tumultuous period leading up to the Qajars. The sixth surveys thelate Qajar period and the constitutional revolution, while the last three chaptersdetail the events of the twentieth century with an emphasis on the 1979Islamic revolution and what has happened since. As nearly a third of thebook deals with the twentieth century, the treatment of the ancient periodsand the first millennium of the Islamic era are comparatively spare.Axworthy’s main project is to trace the history of a sense of “Iranianness”or “Irananian identity” that he claims to have identified in ancientsources and uses to justify composing what he calls “a history of Iran.”Although he does not provide an explicit and comprehensive definition ofthis “Iranian identity,” he states clearly that he is not describing a sense ofnation (pp. xv-xvi and 117). Rather, he implies that this identity is a loosesense of affiliation based on the idea of a common land, language, andshared memory. But when he speaks, for example, of an “Iranian revival” inthe second century or an “Iranian reconquest” in the fourteenth, he uses thevery nation-centered paradigm of history that he seeks to avoid, even if herefrains from invoking a “national” sensibility ...

1. NARRATIVE FORM AND HISTORICAL SENSATION: ON SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER'S THE YEARS OF EXTERMINATION1

ABSTRACTSaul Friedländer's magnum opus, The Years of Extermination, has been received worldwide as an exemplary work of history. Yet it was written by a historian who in the last two decades has strenuously asserted the limits of Holocaust representation. At the center of this essay is a problem of historical writing: how to write a historical narrative of the Holocaust that both offers explanations of the unfolding events and also suggests that the most powerful sensation about those events, at the time and since, is that they are beyond words. I explore Friedländer's crafting of such a narrative by considering, first, the role of his attempt in The Years of Extermination to explain the Holocaust and, second, the narrative form of the book. The book is best seen, I argue, not primarily as a work of explanation but as a vast narrative that places an explanation of the Holocaust within a specific form of describing that goes beyond the boundaries of the historical discipline as it is usually practiced. This form of describing goes beyond the almost positivist attachment to facts that dominates current Holocaust historiography. By using Jewish individual testimonies that are interspersed in the chronological history of the extermination, Friedländer creates a narrative based on ruptures and breaks, devices we associate with works of fiction, and that historians do not usually use. The result is an arresting narrative, which I interpret by using Johan Huizinga's notion of historical sensation. Friedländer sees this narrative form as specific to the Holocaust. I view this commingling of irreducible reality and the possibility of art as a required sensibility that belongs to all historical understanding. And in this respect, The Years of Extermination only lays bare more clearly in the case of the Holocaust what is an essential element in all historical reconstruction.

Did the Social Studies Really Replace History in the Local Curriculum? The Case of Elyria, Ohio and the North Central States

Numerous critics of the social studies have argued that the four-year pattern of chronological history courses in place in most U.S. schools was suddenly and pervasively replaced by interdisciplinary courses recommended by the NEA Committee on Social Studies report in 1916. In this historical study, the author challenges this view. By drawing upon educational discourse and practice—as represented by a local survey of Elyria, Ohio, supplemented by regional data—the author demonstrates that social studies advocates were not antagonistic towards history, that most students were not taking the four-year history sequence, and that most schools did not quickly adopt the new social studies classes recommended by the NEA Committee.

Silent Eloquence: Lucian and Pantomime Dancing (review)

Reviewed by: Silent Eloquence: Lucian and Pantomime Dancing Simone Beta Ismene Lada-Richards . Silent Eloquence: Lucian and Pantomime Dancing. Classical Literature and Society. London: Duckworth, 2007. Pp. 240. $31.00 (pb.). ISBN 978-0-7156-3491-2. In 2005, in Oxford, the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama held a symposium on New Perspectives on Ancient Pantomime, now [End Page 117] published as E. Hall and R. Wyles (eds.), New Directions in Ancient Pantomime (Oxford 2008), but the general content of the paper delivered there by Ismene Lada-Richards can now be read in this book. While chapter 1 traces the chronological history of pantomime, chapter 2 is dedicated to the other performative genres with which pantomime competed. In dealing with tragedy, Lada-Richards stresses both similarities (the subject-matters) and differences (drama of the body vs. drama of words). The technical aspects of the performance—venues, music, lyrics—are the subject of chapter 3, where special attention is given to the professional preparation of the dancer, his ability at imitating and creating êthê ("characters") and pathê ("passions"), his memory, his performative language. Pantomime dancing always provoked different reactions: praise and blame, love and hate, acceptance and refusal, etc. While chapter 4 explains why so many politicians struggled to include the most popular performers in the festivals they organized, chapter 5 tells why dancers were kept apart from the urbane citizenry. In Greece dance played a major role in education and cultural life; in Rome, on the other hand, the dancers' social status was very low; their job gave them high popularity but carried the negative connotation of mollitia ("debauchery"). This hybrid heart of pantomime is reflected by the arguments put forth by the protagonists of Lucian's treatise, the criticism of Crato and the praise of Lycinus. The main point of Lycinus' harangue is that pantomime dancing was a learned and educational spectacle (paideusis is a key word), with ample moral essence, addressed to a sophisticated audience. Its learned features were justified by the genre's affiliation to the powers of memorization, rhetoric, and philosophy; its morality was guaranteed by the paradigmatic force of the exempla narrated by the dancer. The pantomime performer fashioned by Lycinus was molded in accordance with the cultural preoccupations of the Second Sophistic. But was this self-presentation really consistent? The answer is given in the last chapters, where Lada-Richards deals with the way political and cultural elites considered pantomime. Since they wanted to show themselves as upholders of the acquisition of literacy through the art of logos, they could not be for a nonliterary teaching such as pantomime, because such a performative genre was a very unlikely candidate for the dissemination of an educational legitimacy based on a "textual" culture. At the same time, in his attempt at intellectualizing the dancer, Lycinus overlooked the most interesting aspect of pantomime, its peculiar value as a communicative channel that depended on its ability to affect those inner regions unattainable by verbal language. Public declaimers understood well this truth, since their career paths often crossed with pantomime dancers: their life might be equally glamorous, but was also precarious, because it depended on the public; their fame had to be "visible" (that is, enacted in public performances); they had to defy dancers in their territories by improving their art of impersonation, using a physical dramaturgy, and exploiting the gestural vocabulary of bodily communication. Since he too was a public declaimer, however, what were Lucian's real feelings (his own, not just Lycinus') toward this genre? The last chapter deals with this question. Since Lucian was not a real member of the club of the Second Sophistic, his attitude might have been different from his colleagues. This explains why in the dialogue the overall picture of pantomime is positive; the extoling of pantomime was both a compliment to Lucius Verus for his choice of entertainment and an attempt at showing himself "as a bold path-maker and reliable taste-maker, a wielder of true power, actively shaping and guiding, rather that being shaped and guided by, current perceptions of the boundaries between cultural legitimacy and illegitimacy." [End Page 118] As this summary shows, Lada-Richards...

Radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the Central Rhineland sites of Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg, Germany

The late glacial open-air sites of Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg in the German Central Rhineland are well known for their Magdalenian occupation and activities. The latter site also produced evidence for a younger, Final Palaeolithic occupation of the locality by people of the Federmessergruppen. Both sites are particularly well preserved, largely due to their burial beneath volcanic deposits of the late glacial Laacher See eruption. We conducted a program of AMS radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses with the aim of improving understanding of the chronological history and ecological setting of the two sites. Previously published radiocarbon dates appeared to indicate that the earliest Magdalenian occupation at Gönnersdorf fell around 12,900 uncalibrated 14C yr BP, while the earliest occupation at Andernach may have been more than 500 radiocarbon years earlier. The AMS determinations presented here revise this impression and suggest that the onset of occupation at the two sites was in fact simultaneous and prior to the warming of Greenland Interstadial GI 1e. At Gönnersdorf, a chronological hiatus exists between the main Magdalenian faunal assemblage and mega-faunal remains interpreted as collected sub-fossil material. At Andernach-Martinsberg, there is a clear chronological hiatus between the Magdalenian occupation and subsequent Federmessergruppen activities at the site. However, an intermediate radiocarbon date on an atypically preserved horse bone is suggestive of ephemeral human visits to the site between these well demonstrated phases. A date of similar age on an elk bone from Gönnersdorf may indicate broadly contemporaneous human presence at Gönnersdorf too. Stable isotope analysis of faunal remains from Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg was conducted with the aim of both reconstructing and comparing local environmental conditions at the two sites, and also potentially identifying subtle variations in the chronological development of the two sites not detectable at the level of precision of current radiocarbon dating techniques. No spatial trends in the faunal isotope signatures were observed within each site. In the case of samples with both radiocarbon and isotope data, no chronological pattern was observed for the isotope results. The Magdalenian faunal isotope signatures at the two sites resembled each other, suggesting comparable climatic and environmental conditions. The faunal δ 13C signatures at Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg were similar to those at contemporary European sites. While the faunal δ 15N values were similar to those at contemporary sites in Germany, the UK, and Belgium, they were lower than those from the South of France. This difference in δ 15N values is thought to relate to regional differences in the timing of changes in soil and plant nitrogen cycling in response to ameliorating climatic conditions.

True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army (review)

Reviewed by: True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army Walter D. Kamphoefner True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army. By Martin W. Öfele. Westport: Praeger Publishers. 2008. Building upon his earlier work, German-Speaking Officers in the U.S. Colored Troops (2004), Martin W. Öfele here takes a broader, multi-ethnic look at the immigrant role in the U.S. Civil War. For the most part this is straight, chronological history largely structured around battles, although Öfele does present a broad sampling of immigrant voices from published primary sources, some of them in translations from his native German. By his [End Page 164] own admission, Öfele defines his task rather narrowly: Left out are ethnic Confederates as well as "ongoing political struggles on the home front" (xiii); even the Fremont presidential bid of 1864 that drew heavily on German support goes unmentioned. One of the strengths of this overview is the coverage given to smaller ethnic groups along with the Irish and Germans. Moreover, besides their relationship to the dominant Anglo-American society, their interactions with one another are not neglected. Reflective of Öfele's previous work, he devotes considerable attention to ethnic attitudes toward slavery, emancipation, and African Americans slave and free, but he also give a disproportionate emphasis to the political refugees of 1848, and to higher officers rather than the rank and file. Although Öfele corrects German ethnic enthusiasts who claimed two Hungarian Forty-eighters as their own, (66) he falls for a similar misattribution of Gen. William Rosecrans, (130, 148) in fact a descendant of 18th century Dutch immigrants. There are several other minor errors: "Hessian Frankfurt" (7) was actually a free city till 1866; the Italian Risorgimento is erroneously associated with "conservative restoration;" (11) a translation from the St. Louis Westliche Post is misattributed to Heinrich Boernstein, the editor of its cross-town rival, (xii, 163, n. 6) with no indication given that this entire article was previously translated in Germans for a Free Missouri. Nor would one know without digging deeply into the bibliographic essay that German letters from an anthology co-edited by this reviewer, frequently cited and ably translated in excerpts by Öfele, are now available in full English translation. (186) The publisher has made it unnecessarily cumbersome to check references: placed in the back, they are identified only by chapter number, not page, while in the text, running heads give chapter titles but not numbers. Perhaps because of length limitations, the last two years of the war from Chancellorsville on is allocated a mere twenty pages. While a slim volume of 175 pages text can hardly be considered definitive, it presents a more nuanced view than any of its predecessors, correcting some of the stereotyping and ethnic cheerleading present in the work of Ella Lonn and her Germanophile sources. It replaces the Melting Pot thesis of John Higham and William L. Burton with a more accurate perspective that Civil War service often reinforced both the American and the ethnic identity: "Whether immigrants felt patriotic devotion to the Union, whether they abhorred slavery or got carried away by the excitement—most of them acted out of a combination of motivations that often involved a certain degree of ethnic consciousness." (79) Walter D. Kamphoefner Texas A&M University, College Station Copyright © 2010 Mid-America American Studies Association

A study on life and literature of Jeongjae(貞齋) Parkuijung(朴宜中) through a chronological personal history

A study on life and literature of Jeongjae(貞齋) Parkuijung(朴宜中) through a chronological personal history

The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music (review)

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music Martin Iddon The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music. Edited by Nick Collins and Julio d'Escrivan. (Cambridge Companions in Music.) New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. [xxi, 287 p. ISBN-13: 9780521688659. $95.] Illustrations, music examples, bibliographic references, index. Although Nick Collins and Julio d'Escrivan declare in the opening sentence of their introduction that "electronic music is the mainstream" (p. 1), the institutional support for electronic music is now under tighter examination than at any point in the past. At a time when one of the world's leading centers for electronic music, the Studio for Electro-Instrumental Music (STEIM), is coming under serious governmental scrutiny for being "closed and only appealing to a niche audience" (see STEIM's Web site, www.steim.org, for more information [accessed 20 August 2008]), a volume which demystifies the theory and practice of electronic music is urgently needed. This certainly is one of the key aims of Collins' and d'Escrivan's Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music, and is a goal in which it succeeds, at least in part. The first section of the volume deals with the contexts of electronic music and is, in essence, a survey of the historical terrain, covering "The origins of electronic music" (Andrew Hugill), "Electronic Music and the studio" (Margaret Schedel), "Live electronic music" (Nicolas Collins) and "A history of programming and music" (Ge Wang). It is here that the difficulties with attempting a historical approach of this sort within a multi-author volume are at their most apparent. The same matter is covered several times in a number of the contributions here, despite ostensibly different focuses. The sound-houses of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis recur in Hugill's (p. 7) and Schedel's (p. 32) accounts; the story of Babbage's "Difference Engine" is recounted by Hugill (p. 12) and Wang (p. 56); considerations of Cage's "Credo" (1937) appear in the contributions of Hugill (p. 20), Schedel (p. 32) and Collins (p. 40). Though entirely germane to each of the discussions individually, the level of repetition caused this reader, at least, to have a sense that many of the chapters, in part, go over the same territory, especially with only four essays in this section. This criticism ought not to devalue the genuine strengths of these contributions, however. Hugill's essay is an adept—and admirably concise—account of a vast welter of trends which developed into the electronic music of the late twentieth century, taking in Bacon, Vincentino, Pythagoras, automata, Balzac's "Gambara," Babbage, Benjamin, microphones and phonographs, Busoni, Skryabin, Russolo, Cage, Grainger and Varèse in a mere seventeen pages. Schedel, though hardly ignoring more "mainstream" aspects of the history of the electronic studio (including GRM's musique concrète and WDR's elektronische Musik), ensures that coverage is given, too, to trends in Japan (kotatsutop music) and South African Kwaito, as well as to such initiatives as Trent Reznor's release of the digital [End Page 316] tracks from Nine Inch Nails' "The Hand that Feeds" in Garage Band format, such that users can create their own (re-)mixes. Collins, too, covers familiar ground: live electronic music is mainly represented through a chronological history following Cage, David Behrman, Alvin Lucier, Pauline Oliveros, Steve Reich and David Tudor. Nevertheless, DJs such as Grand master Flash and Kool Herc are present, as are Yasunao Tone's experiments with "wounded" compact discs and brief coverage of circuit bending, which, though hardly subverting Collins' primary historical trends, certainly demonstrates that there are alternatives to them. Finally, Wang's account of programming and music is certainly the least exciting read of the four historical essays, yet, since it covers what is probably the most unfamiliar area, there is doubtless something to be gained as well. The account runs from the various versions of Max Mathews MUSIC program and their descendent, Csound, to graphical programs like Max/MSP, Pure Data, Super Collider and ChucK. As a very general, and quite superficial, introduction to the history of programming and music (as well as the various contemporary options for musicians involved with creative technologies), it is hard to imagine it...

Gwen Pharis Ringwood at the University of Calgary

The Drama Department at the University of Calgary has produced an increasing number of Canadian plays since it was founded in 1967. We have never had an explicit policy regarding the production of Canadian or Alberta plays. The founding principle of Department production choices was to mount four plays per year from the various periods of western theatre history over a four-year cycle and to study these plays in the Dramatic Literature and Theatre History classes. Each year, a modern play and a contemporary play were to be produced, plus two plays from more distant historical periods. Students would, therefore, study theatre history in the context of production and, over four years, would cover all of western theatre history. The reason for establishing this model lay in the antipathy of the early members of the Department toward the typical chronological theatre history survey courses, which usually had no relation to plays being produced. Several of the first members of the Department had an interest in directing plays from all periods of theatre history, so the model worked fairly well for several years. Over time, with faculty turnover and the increasing interest of new faculty in Canadian theatre history, this model began to break down. Another major factor was the introduction of graduate programs in directing and design. Graduate students direct their thesis productions in the department's main season, and they typically are neither prepared for nor interested in directing period pieces. Successive generations of graduate students have demonstrated increasing interest in Canadian theatre. Furthermore, after the Canadian theatre history course was added to the curriculum in 1982, it was taught for many years by scholars who tended not to direct productions in the department.

The enigmatic Salvia tingitana (Lamiaceae): a case study in history, taxonomy and cytology

Foley, M. J. Y., Hedge, I. C. & Möller, M.: The enigmatic Salvia tingitana (Lamiaceae): a case study in history, taxonomy and cytology. — Willdenowia 38: 41–59. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2008 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.38.38102 (available via http://dx.doi.org/)Salvia tingitana has been in cultivation since at least the end of the seventeenth century, but its provenance has for long been uncertain and its taxonomic interpretation confused. With new evidence that has come to light, a more complete botanical and horticultural history of the plant is presented. It covers a period of almost 400 years. Uncertainties, however, still remain about its original introduction; today the only certain known wild locality is in Saudi Arabia. A chronological history of its treatment and misinterpretations by various authors over the centuries is given. Based on current knowledge, there is an up-dated description and discussion of its affinities. An investigation into its cytology gave a chromosome number of 2n = 42, very unusual in the genus, the significance of which is discussed. Examination of the mucilage produced by nutlets on wetting was also revealing per se and showed differences from mucilage produced by its putative allies.

British film music and film musicals

Description British film music is one of the unsung stars of British culture. British cinema should be most proud of it, and yet it barely receives a mention in scholarly or popular writing. Yet during the 1930s, British-made musicals, starring actors such as George Formby and Gracie Fields, were the most popular films seen by British audiences. Any consideration of British music, or indeed of film music, could not fail to note William Walton's outstanding score for Olivier's Henry V (1944) and Malcolm Arnold's music for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). Yet these are never mentioned in the kind of scholarly books and histories produced in the area of 'British film' studies. This book aims to open up debate on the subject as well as map a terrain that has for a long time been lost. This book will address music in British films, both as musical scores ,in the first half of the book and as British film musicals, in the second half. Each section will start with a detailed chronological review history. Contents Introduction British Film Music Wicked Sounds and Magic Melodies: Music in Gainsborough Melodramas Did You Hear the One about the Irishman? Sound and Music, Forging Ethnicity in Odd Man Out (1946) Experimenting with Film Scores, 1967-1970 Pop Music Culture, Synergy and Songs in Films: Hardware (1990) and Trainspotting (1996) History of British Film Musicals Stage to Screen: Whatever Happened to the British Musical Adaptation? The Perpetual Busman's Holiday: Sir Cliff Richard and the British Pop Musical The Musical Revolution: The Beatles in A Hard Day's Night White Labels and Black Imports: Music, Assimilation and Commerce in Absolute Beginners (1985)

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS, OR THE BEST INTENTIONS THWARTED: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME IN THE NORTHERN ANDES

The history of archaeological chronology in Ecuador has truly been a “series of unfortunate events.” An attempt to extend Uhle’s Peruvian chronology to Ecuador was thwarted by the limited extension of Huari and by a head injury on Uhle’s part. Extreme diffusionism was also at fault. Meggers’ later attempt at a country-wide relative chronology was rendered inappropriate by her views that many traits of interest originated elsewhere, by poor quality excavation and resulting lack of information, and by a simplistic evolutionary approach not supported by data. This relative chronology is still in use even though it is inconsistent with archaeological data from all cultural and environmental zones.

Medical Management of Obesity

This review of current medical knowledge about the etiology, evaluation, medical, and pharmacologic treatment of obesity suggests patient care strategies emphasizing office evaluation and treatment. Office assessment of obesity, which is the consequence of multiple genetic, neurohormonal, environmental, and behavioral factors, should include a careful chronological history with calculation of body mass index and a focused examination. Treatment consideration should be given to recommendations about calorie intake, but debate continues over the ideal macronutrient composition. Other treatment recommendations for successful weight loss and maintenance include a high level of physical activity, behavior modification programs that improve adherence to diet and exercise, and pharmacologic therapy. Obesity is an increasingly prevalent medical problem in the United States that is best treated using a multidisciplinary approach. Medical providers require the most up-to-date information in order to provide their patients with a multifaceted approach to successful weight loss and lifelong weight maintenance.

The Ribble Valley: A Methodological Study in Landscape Development

Using modern geographic information systems, it is possible to reconstruct landscapes, not only throughout human history, but also back to the time of the last glaciation. A multi-disciplinary project by Oxford Archaeology North and the University of Liverpool, funded by the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF), implemented by English Heritage, reconstructed the landscapes of the Ribble Valley and Kirkham Moraine in Lancashire, and provided an opportunity for an assessment of different methodological approaches. Many diverse datasets were used in the project, including geological and palaeoecological data, LiDAR, cartographic sources, aerial photography and data from the County's Historic Environment Record. Statistical techniques were then used on the data to highlight patterns in human occupation of the landscape. This resulted in a detailed chronological history, showing the effect of human interaction on fluvial development, and highlighting areas of potential where further archaeology may be discovered. Some methodological techniques such as LiDAR proved very useful for detailed visualisation of landscape and the identification of archaeological sites, whereas statistical analysis was useful in some cases but not in others, demonstrating that qualitative analysis can never be entirely replaced.

Irish furniture: woodwork and carving in Ireland from the earliest times to the Act of Union

This lavishly illustrated and comprehensive volume is the first devoted entirely to the subject of Irish furniture and woodwork. It provides a detailed survey--encompassing everything from medieval choir stalls to magnificent drawing-room suites for the great houses--from earliest times to the end of the eighteenth century. The first part of the book presents a chronological history, illustrated with superb examples of Irish furniture and interior carving. In a lively text, the Knight of Glin and James Peill consider a broad range of topics, including a discussion of the influence of Irish craftsmen in the colonies of America. The second part of the book is a fascinating pictorial catalogue of different types of surviving furniture, including chairs, stools, baroque sideboards, elegant tea and games tables, bookcases, and mirrors. The book also features an index of Irish furniture-makers and craftsmen of the eighteenth century, compiled from Dublin newspaper advertisements and other contemporary sources.

Excavation of the defensive ditches at Balmuildy Roman Fort, Glasgow, 1999

Excavation by GUARD in 1999 on the southern defences of Balmuildy Roman fort exposed small sections of three ditches: two to the W of the S gate of the fort, one to the E. All were found in locations consistent with Miller's 1922 excavation plan of the site, though, contrary to expectations, none of these features appeared to have been previously excavated. The limited investigations produced no information which would substantially alter our understanding of the chronological context or occupational history of the Roman fort, though the undisturbed character of the evidence was surprising. The waterlogged conditions in the innermost ditch to the W of the S gate preserved organic material within the fill, and it was considered worthwhile attempting to study the environmental material in some detail, presenting as it did an opportunity to provide some stratigraphically secure evidence for the fort's contemporary environment with the original excavation report, which – in common with others of its time – largely ignored this type of evidence. The terminal of the middle ditch to the W of the S gate produced pottery of Antonine date from the primary fill. Two radiocarbon dates were also obtained from the fill of the inner ditch: one, of 37 BC-AD 217, was derived from early in the sequence of ditch fills, while a second, of AD 439–661, was obtained from a later, charcoal-rich layer sealing accumulated peat deposits.

Gerard E. Hogarty (1935 2006): Combining Science and Humanism to Improve the Care of Persons With Schizophrenia

Gerard E. Hogarty was a scholar and clinician whose career was dedicated to improving the lives of persons with schizophrenia through the rigorous development and testing of novel psychosocial treatment approaches. During the course of his career, he is credited with the development of many of the psychosocial treatments that have become the pillars of evidence-based practices for schizophrenia today. This review outlines the evolution of Hogarty's contributions to the development of psychosocial approaches for schizophrenia by presenting a chronological history of the 4 distinct treatments he developed during the course of his career. These include major role therapy, an early precursor to clinical case management; family psychoeducation, an approach to ally with and educate family members to reduce intrafamilial distress; personal therapy, a flexible, individual psychotherapy, aimed at teaching patients stress management and affective regulation techniques; and finally, cognitive enhancement therapy, a comprehensive, developmental approach to the remediation of social- and nonsocial-cognitive deficits. Each of these treatments built upon the findings of the previous one, and as a consequence, each significantly improved the lives of persons with schizophrenia and expanded the treatment possibilities available to such individuals. These efforts represent a lifelong dedication to advancing the treatment of schizophrenia through rigorous scientific inquiry and exemplify a unique combination of science and humanism that has left a lasting impact on the field and the lives of many individuals suffering from this disease.

Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, and: The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, and: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, and: The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (review)

Reviewed by: Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, and: The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, and: Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, and: The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century Donald Ostrowski Christopher P. Atwood , Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. x + 678 pp., maps, illus. New York: Facts on File, 2004. ISBN 0816046719. $85.00. Peter Jackson , The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. xxxiv + 414 pp., maps. London: Pearson, 2005. ISBN 0582368960. $29.00. George Lane , Daily Life in the Mongol Empire. xvi + 312 pp. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. ISBN 0313332266. $49.95. Igor de Rachewiltz , trans. and ed., The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. 2 vols., maps, illus. cxxvii + 1347 pp. Leiden: Brill, 2004. ISBN 9004131590. $259.00 cloth; $99.00 paper. Although the history of what David Christian has called "Inner Eurasia" may seem less than relevant to many who study Russia, being aware of steppe history and culture is of potential importance for understanding Russian history and culture.1 Russia existed in the context of Eurasian influence flows, not isolated from them. The books reviewed here can assist one in better understanding that context. Some years ago, as a result of the number of books in my library exceeding the amount of space available to it, I decided that I would reserve my purchase of books only to those I could justify using as reference materials, especially in terms of being the starting point for research on a particular topic. That decision has resulted in a sometimes fancy justification on my part for books that technically are not reference books but that I felt I needed anyway. The books under review here are each in its own way significant achievements, and all are candidates to be considered as "reference" books (with or without fancy justification) for those interested in beginning or continuing their research on the relationship of the Mongols to Eurasian history. [End Page 431] I would like to frame this review, however, within the context of analytical-versus-descriptive reference works. The distinction is between a reference book that is meant as an introduction to the topic, and thus tends to be mainly a descriptive read-write of consensus views, and one that is meant to add to scholarly understanding of the topic through analysis of primary and secondary sources as well as of the scholarly literature. Peter Jackson is professor of medieval history at Keele University. He is the author of The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History as well as a number of fine articles, including "From Ulus to Khanate: The Making of the Mongol States c. 1220–c. 1290," "The Dissolution of the Mongol Empire," and "The State of Research: The Mongol Empire, 1986–1999."2 The Mongols and the West is his highly touted study of the Mongol invasion of Europe and its repercussions. It has 7 maps in quarto format that are easy-to-use sharp black-and white-images, 3 appendices (one discussing whether Marco Polo traveled to China, one containing a glossary of terms used, and one with genealogical tables and lists of rulers mentioned), and a 29-page bibliography. Jackson writes that he is concerned mainly with presenting the chronological and geopolitical history of Mongol relations with "the West," here implicitly understood to mean "Latin Christendom." He begins his study with 1221 because that is the first time that Latin Christendom hears of the campaigns of Chinggis Khan in Central Asia. He ends with 1410 because the Battle of Tannenberg in that year marks the end of the Jochid Ulus (which he calls "the Golden Horde") as the dominant power in Eastern Europe. He states that he has avoided seeing Mongol relations with the West as "some great confrontation between 'nomadic' and 'sedentary' societies." Furthermore, he writes that he has "avoided casting the phenomena ... in terms of an age-old clash of the steppe and sown" (5). The reasons for these avoidances on his part are that our sources are "overwhelmingly" those of writers from sedentary societies, so that representations of "the thought-processes of...