Chronological Divisions Research Articles

Hillforts, Monumentality and Place: A Chronological and Topographic Review of First Millennium BC Hillforts of South-East England

This article results from a series of visits by the authors to the 44 hillforts of south-east England. Our aim was to re-contextualize these hillforts in their landscapes. Analysis of the pottery assemblages and radiometric dates allows a three-phase chronological division of these hillforts. Assessment of the topographic positions and excavated evidence indicates that the enclosures may have functioned in distinctly different ways in each of the three phases. The data for south-east England offer a counter-analysis to the extant ‘Wessex-centric’ view of southern British hillforts.

Hillforts, monumentality and place: a chronological and topographic review of first millennium BC hillforts of south-east England

This article results from a series of visits by the authors to the 44 hillforts of south-east England. Our aim was to re-contextualize these hillforts in their landscapes. Analysis of the pottery assemblages and radiometric dates allows a three-phase chronological division of these hillforts. Assessment of the topographic positions and excavated evidence indicates that the enclosures may have functioned in distinctly different ways in each of the three phases. The data for south-east England offer a counter-analysis to the extant ‘Wessex-centric’ view of southern British hillforts.

La lengua aramea, elementos comunes y divergentes

The author carries out a presentation of the common and diverging elements of the Aramean language. First, he analyses the two ways in which this language has been transmitted: the Asirian-Babilonic sources, and the Aramean sources themselves; secondly, he establishes its situation within a linguistic classification which places it within the North-western Semitic branch, together with Ungaritian, Phoenician and Hebrew languages; the study follows with a chronological division of Aramean in different stages: ancient, classical, middle, late and modern, each of them subdivided in several dialects, depending on the speaking ethnic group. Finally, the author analyses, within this great dialectal range, the common elements that Aramean language has kept

Pottery in the written sources of the Ayyubid-Mamluk period (c. 567–923/1171–1517)

Vast quantities of ceramic shards of the Ayyubid-Mamluk period have been recovered from excavations of major urban sites such as Fusṭāṭ and Ḥamā, as well as from numerous smaller settlements in the Levant. Knowledge of the range of glazed and decorated wares has been supplemented by the publication of complete vessels in museum collections. As a result of archaeological and art historical research some production sites have been identified and broad chronological divisions established within the ceramic repertoire. Less well understood, however, is the social and economic environment within which pottery was produced and utilized. In addition, analysis of the objects themselves reveals little about the value ascribed to ceramics in relation to the other craft media of the period. This paper will attempt to provide further insights into the manufacture, trade and consumption of pottery in the Levant in the Ayyubid-Mamluk period (including some comments concerning the Crusader states in Palestine) by using contemporary Arabic and Western written sources.

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1996-1997)

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1996–1997) The following compilation is the thirty-fifth annual bibliography of current publications in the history of technology. Previous bibliographies in this series have appeared in Technology and Culture since 1964. The reader is also referred to the fifth publication of the SHOT Monograph Series, Eugene S. Ferguson’s Bibliography of the History of Technology (Cambridge, Mass., 1968). This year’s compilation marks a few changes for the bibliography. First, it combines coverage for two years of publication in the history of technology, 1996 and 1997. The advantage of combining these years is in catching up to current publication and thus increasing the timeliness of future issues of the Current Bibliography. By combining these two years, we are also offering the largest Current Bibliography yet, with more than 3,300 entries. The disadvantage of squeezing two years of bibliography into one year of work is reduced coverage of the literature, though this will be only a one-time occurrence. Second, the change in publishers of Technology and Culture provided impetus for a review of the format of this bibliography, as well as a significant and long overdue upgrade in the software used to produce it. As a result, the bibliography has acquired a new look in some respects. The most visible change is in the use of numbered references, which simplifies the referencing scheme from the name and subject indexes. The bibliography itself continues to be organized by subject classifications; fortunately, the bibliography’s own Y2K problem remains a few years off, when it will be time to reorganize the chronological divisions to reflect the advent of a new century. Last, the team of contributors to the bibliography has changed, as well. After many years of service, Stephen Cutcliffe is stepping back from his role as contributor. As regular users of the Current Bibliography remember, Stephen served as editor of the bibliography before me, and he has been a great help throughout my years as editor. His annual stack of contributions will be missed, though I will not be surprised if he cannot resist submitting the occasional reference. The bibliography has been available to scholars in electronic form since March 1992 on the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) as part of the HST (History of Science and Technology) file. It provides on-line access to [End Page 1] Current Bibliography in the History of Technology for the years 1987 through 1997, and it is possible to query it from your personal computer using a variety of indexes, assuming that you have a modem or access to the Internet. Members of the Society for the History of Technology now have free access to this database; for instructions, please consult the SHOT homepage <http://shot.press.jhu.edu> on the World Wide Web. For more information on personal or institutional RLIN accounts, please contact the RLIN Information Center at 800-537-7546 (U.S. and Canada) or consult the homepage of the Research Libraries Group <http://www.rlg.org>. The Current Bibliography of the History of Science and the Bibliografia Italiana di Storia della Scienza are also available in the HST file, and it is planned that more bibliographic files in the history of science, technology and medicine will be added to the file. Users of the HST file can obtain from me a copy of the working thesaurus for the Current Bibliography in the History of Technology, which should prove useful in working with this database. I would like to thank the other contributors to the bibliography: Guillaume de Syon, Katalin Harkányi, Patrick Harshbarger, and Ian Winship. Readers willing to scan a selected set of journals or keep track of publications in one of the subfields of the history of technology should contact me, as additional contributors are welcome and needed. I hope that a few members of the Society for the History of Technology will step forward to increase the number of contributors. Improved coverage of Eastern European, Asian, and Latin American publications remains a desideratum, and help in these areas from correspondents would be welcome. Institutions or individuals aware of a journal or publication series that has been neglected in...

Theoretical innovations of Zenonas Ivinskis

Theoretical innovations of Zenonas Ivinskis The article deals with the theoretical attitudes and research methods of the most prominent interwar and exile Lithuanian historian Zenonas Ivinskis. It is an attempt to apply, for the first time, the methodology of John Rüsen, a German theoretician, i. e. to perceive an interaction of pragmatism, historism, and Überwindung des Historismus (overcoming of historism) for the analysis of Lithuanian historiography. The criticism of pragmatism and the substantiation of historism are clear in his scientific heritage; he devoted special works to the theoretical problems and the analysis of the development of historiography. It is true that Zenonas Ivinskis did not discuss the character of the historistic methodology; one must reconstruct his attitudes from his specific historical studies. Two main conclusions can be drawn: 1) he did not accept the “inventory of events” in historism and noticed the absence of discussion on the programs of historical research as well as the predetermination of events based on the assumption of statehood as an arranged principle in historical synthesis. 2) Zenonas Ivinskis tried to refuse the narrative or “cut and paste” method (concept of T. J. Collingwood). An attempt was made to introduce an active relation between the researcher and historical sources; this is called “problemical historism” in the article. Nevertheless, Zenonas Ivinskis’ scientific works do not fit into the framework of historism, which was predominant in Germany (where he studied and defended his doctoral thesis). Universalities of the Lithuanian geopolitical history were offered in some of his works. Also, he presented a new chronological division of the history of Lithuania based on the peasants' relations with the land (which can be treated as an insight of structural history). Zenonas Ivinskis also started to shape a new understanding of Lithuanian cultural history which challenged the speculative theoretical patterns. His most significant theoretical innovation was to typologize, for the first time in Lithuanian historiography, the processes of Lithuanian history, confronting them with Western Europe. This can also be treated as a clear sign of the new paradigm - Überwindung des Historismus (overcoming of historism).

Forty Years of Research into the History of Education in Denmark

Although the history of formal education in the Nordic countries has relatively long roots, its broader and more systematic study started early in our century then gained momentum during the second half. But the formal educational systems in the Nordic countries vary to a high degree due to geographical, political and economical circumstances, and so do their histories. The three articles in this section survey studies of the history of education in Denmark, Finland and Norway, particularly during the last four decades and they tell rather different stories. The Danish contribution shows how studies have been motivated by higher educational needs for readings about the history of education and by researchers' curiosity to detect causes of occurrences and developments as well as their consequences. The second article outlines the Finnish development by means of a chronological (1940‐1960, 1960‐1980, 1980‐1990) and thematic division. Finland was influenced in this research area by Germany, but this influence lay dormant after the Second World War until the 1970s. Naturally the study of the Finnish history of education has a particular interest because of this nation's turbulent historical past and special current geographical and political position. The Norwegian article starts with a pessimistic confession that Norwegian historical pedagogy today seems to be on the defensive and marginalized, but it finds comfort in the fact that a new generation of researchers have entered the scene. The contrast between the older and the new generation in their views about research topics, trends and thematic orientations is then followed and documented throughout the article. Thus the firm documentation shows that there is a trend within the new generation to study recent history at the sacrifice of the ancient, to prefer the study of history from below instead of history from above, to choose more enthusiastically the study of social powers and structures instead of the history of ideas and persons, and to focus on the study of foreign pedagogic in order to establish a kind of standard to measure Norwegian developmental excellence against, instead of focusing on the study of foreign pedagogic per se. The article ends with viewpoints on the role that theoretical scientific reflections could play in educational history research, and it presents the contemporary scene with it's problems and promises.

Antonin Nechodoma, Architect, 1877–1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean by Thomas S. Marvel, and: Historic Architecture in the Caribbean Islands by Edward E. Crain, and: Building Marvelous Miami by Nicholas N. Patricios, and: Antonin Nechodoma, Architect, 1877–1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean

BOOK REVIEWS 57 Book Reviews·He PRAIRIE SCHOOL IN THE CARIBBEAN Thomas S. Marvel, Antonin Nechodoma, Architect, 1877-1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994, 220 pp., 194 b&w illustrations. Edward E. Crain, Historic Architecture in the Caribbean Islands. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994, 256 pp., 450 b&w illustrations, 64 color plates. Nicholas N.Patricios, Building Marvelous Miami. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994, 325 pp., 253 b&w illustrations. Antonin Nechodoma, Architect, 1877-1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean Antonin Nechodoma is probably an unknown figure to all but a few Frank Lloyd Wright scholars and the handful of scholars who study the architecture of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. Even among these groups little isknown concerning this intriguing architect who brought the architecture of the Prairie School lo the Caribbean. Thomas Marvel, however, reveals Nechodoma to be an architect worthy of our attention. Marvel's book is similar to Robert Twombly's 1979 biography of Frank Lloyd Wright, with the chapters organized into discrete chronological divisions containing a blend of architectural, cultural, and personal history. Unlike Twombly, who faced an almost overwhelming mountain of information concerning the careerand personal lifeof Mr. Wright, Marvel had topainstakingly reconstruct the life and career of Antonin Nechodoma from limited evidence which often yielded more questions than answers. This difficulty notwithstanding, the author provides unique and valuable insights regarding the importation of architectural ideals into the Caribbean and the nature of architectural practice in the early 20th century. Marvel traces Nechodoma's life from his immigration to Chicago in 1882, at age 10, through his early career as a building contractor in Chicago, to his disappearance from that city in l 905 and his sudden emergence as an architect in South Florida and the Caribbean in 1906, then follows the architect's career until his untimely death in 1928. The first chapter focuses on Nechodoma's childhood in Chicago and his career as a building contractor. The next two chapters address his abrupt depa1ture from Chicago in 1905/06 and his appearance as an architect, first in Jacksonville, Florida, then in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and finally in the Dominican Republic where he practiced from 1908 to 1912. Chapters four and five trace his architectural career in Puerto Rico from 1912 to 1923. This is Nechodoma's most prolific period; it represents his mature development as an architect. Chapter six focuses on three residences designed between 19I6 and I918. Although Marvel gives these works special attention because they represent Nechodoma 's "best effort.s," more impo1tant to his study of Nechodoma is that all three buildings derived their designs from the Ausgefuhrte Bauten u11d Entwii,fevonFrankLfoydWright of 1910,commonly known as the Wasmuth Folio. The final two chapters address Nechodoma 's last few years of practice before his tragic death in an automobile accident, and contain a conclusion in which Marvel addresses the "Dilemma of Nechodoma." Marvel's 'dilemma' is how to judge and evaluate this remarkable man. How did Nechodoma acquire his architectural knowledge and training? How should he be assessed and understood? What questions should be asked of his career and works? This dilemma is, of course, similar to that which all scholars face. 1nthis case, however, although some assessments orjudgments are difficull to make due to ascarcity of info1mation, Marvel's clear and unabashed infatuation with Nechodoma and his architecture prevents him from critically examining his subject. The result is a work which, while providing a wealth of information on this unknown regional figure, lacks a true critical distance and perspective. Although Marvel manages to raise many questions which he fails to answer, this fault may be forgiven because he has served architectural historians well by producing a work which has the potential to stimulate anew body of research into the architecture of Puerto Rico and to other regional followers of Frank Lloyd Wright. Among the questions raised by Marvel is one concerning Nechodoma's architectural training and education. His family immigrated to the United States from Bohemia and settled in ARRIS Volume 7 199t Chicago's Bohemian west side neighborhood. Nechodoma thus grew up in an area which possessed a strong ethnic...

Discovery and chronological division of the Hipparion fauna in Laogaochuan Village, Fugu County, Shaanxi

Over two hundred species of the Hipparion fauna belonging to the Baode Stage havebeen found in more than a hundred localities in China. All of these fossils had beenthought to come from the same horizon by most scientists till the end of the 1950s.Since 1960, the Hipparion fauna has been discovered from different horizons and differentecologic groups, and extensive studies of taxonomy and evolution of some mammals have

Classification Schemes for Scores: Analysis of Structural Levels

from CC, including much of CC's notation. OC represents something of a re-invention of the wheel, though CC's music schedule has never been completed. Thus OC can be viewed as an attempt to work out and apply the principles of CC to a music library. OC consists of six tables: Generalia Classes; Main Classes; Instrument Numbers; Common Subdivisions; Chronological Divisions and Author Numbers; and Geographic, Ethnic, and Philological Divisions. Since OC accommodates literature as well as scores, not all of the tables--or all sections of all tables--are employed in classifying scores. As with all faceted classification schemes, the enumerations presented in the In his essay Origins of Modern Music Classification,(1) Donald W. Krummel provides an overview of more than a dozen bibliographies and catalogs dating from 1548 to 1840 that are either exclusively devoted to scores, or include scores among their contents.(2) Working from the historical record provided by these items, Krummel points out the basic systems of organization they employ to impose order on the scores they list. Systematic organization of bibliographical materials is often taken for granted. The simple arrangement created by imposing alphabetical order is so commonplace that many people outside librarianship tend to think of it as the only ordering system in use. Alphabetical order can be imposed on scores through composers' names and/or titles. The concept of distinctive title, is crucial since many musical works bear generic titles such as suite, sonata, prelude, symphony, waltz, etc., making arrangement by title alone meaningless in such cases. Similarly, alphabetized subject arrangement is probably impossible with most instrumental works (What is the subject of Beethoven's first symphony?) and difficult at best with much vocal music (What is the exact subject of Debussy's enigmatic song La Flute de Pan, or perhaps more accurately Pierre Louys' poem of that title?). Upon reading Krummel's essay, one quickly realizes that though the items he discusses are diverse in chronology, nationality, language, and purpose, they come to grips with the problem of bibliographical ordering of scores in essentially two ways. Most systems used since the sixteenth century, to one degree or another, continue to fall in line with one or the other of these practices. One method employed is to organize scores by musical forms or genres, thus bringing all the madrigals, masses, sonatas, quartets, etc., together under their relevant headings. This primary division by form or genre is then usually subordinated by instrumentation. The second method organizes scores by instrumentation -- grouping together all the flute music, works for solo voice, music for violin and piano, and so forth. This primary division by instrumentation is then generally subordinated by musical forms or genres. Realizing the ubiquitousness of these two systems of ordering leads directly to two questions: Are there other elements present in scores besides forms and genres and/or instrumentation that permit bibliographical organization? and, Have modern library classification schemes discovered such elements and developed methods of applying them? A search through the literature on music classification reveals that efforts have been made to identify additional organizational elements present in scores. Starting from the findings reported in the literature, identification of elements capable of classificatory organization, standardization of terminology, and an analytical method by which modern classification schemes can be examined and compared are developed and described in the following section. ANALYTICAL TERMINOLOGY AND METHOD At the 1974 meeting of the International Association of Music Libraries (IAML) in Jerusalem, the Classification Subcommission of IAML's Cataloguing Commission advanced a set of seven concepts called Facetten as universals in addressing the classification of music materials. …

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1990)

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1993) The following compilation is the thirty-second annual bibliography of current publications in the history of technology. Previous bibliog­ raphies in this series have appeared in Technology and Culture since 1964. The reader is also referred to the fifth publication of the SHOT Monograph Series, Eugene S. Ferguson’s Bibliography of the History of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: SHOT and MIT Press, 1968). This year, the bibliography comprises roughly 2,800 citations, about the same number as last year. Improved coverage of Eastern European, Asian, and Latin American publications remains a desider­ atum, and help in these areas from correspondents would be wel­ come. I would like to thank Katalin Tihanyi Glass for her assistance in indexing the 1993 volume of Technikatorteneti szemle and for making it possible to index retrospectively the last several years of thisjournal (the earlier references will appear in next year’s bibliography). The bibliography has been available to scholars in electronic form since March of 1992 on the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) as part of the HST (History of Science and Technology) file. It is possible to search several years of the database (currently 1987— 1993) simultaneously and to query it using a variety of indexes from your personal computer, assuming that you have a modem or access to the Internet. Moreover, RLIN offers document delivery through its CitaDel service. For more information, please contact the RLIN Information Center at 800-537-RLIN (U.S. and Canada) or via elec­ tronic mail at BL.RIC@RLG.BITNET. The Isis “Current Bibliogra­ phy of the History of Science” is also available through RLIN in the HST file. I can provide a copy of the working subject thesaurus to users of the on-line bibliography. I would like to thank the other contributors to the bibliography: Stephen H. Cutcliffe, Katalin Harkanyi, Roger Launius, and Ian Winship. And there is ample room for additional contributors who may be willing to scan a selected set of journals or keep track of publications in one of the subfields of the history of technology. In-© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/36 1 2 Henry Lowood deed, additional contributors are needed, and I encourage anyone who wishes to contribute on a regular basis to contact me. I also thank those who have sent me individual publications, offprints, journal issues, or citations. This bibliography can only provide a comprehen­ sive picture of published research in the history of technology if those who publish will take a bit of time to submit offprints or full citations to me at the History of Science and Technology Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6004. If you are the editor or publisher of a new or specialized journal that has not been consistently indexed in this bibliography, please write to me. I also welcome bibliographic information sent via electronic mail (Henry.Lowood@forsythe.stanford.edu) or fax (415-725-1068). I would like to thank a few people who have contributed behind the scenes. Amir Rauf assisted with bibliographic verifications and data entry; his work was supported by the Ellen Poyet Endowment, which funds an undergraduate library assistantship in the history of science and technology in the Stanford University Libraries. I am also grateful to the University of Chicago Journals Division staff for their work in copyediting and producing the bibliography. Robert Post and Joan Mentzer provided assistance and advice. Finally, I would like again to express my gratitude to the users of this bibliography, partic­ ularly those who have made an effort to come forward with com­ ments, criticisms, and compliments. Stanford University Libraries Stanford University With the collaboration of: Henry Lowood Science, Technology and Society Program Lehigh University Science Division, University Libraries San Diego State University NASA History Office NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Stephen H. Cutcliffe Katalin Harkányi Roger Launius University of Northumbria at Newcastle Library Ian Winship Bibliography (1993) 3 CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISIONS I. The 20th Century and Works Covering More Than One of Divisions II—V II. Prehistory, Antiquity, and Traditional Societies III. The Middle Ages IV. From the Renaissance through the 17th...

Historical archaeology in the American West: The view from Philadelphia

An apparent dearth of historical archaeological excavations in western North America is probably an artifact of perception rather than a point of necessary concern. If population and settlement differentials between eastern and western North America are recognized first, then as much historical archaeology occurs west as east of the Mississippi Valley. Perception, even if misleading, is nevertheless significant, and within historical archaeology it should draw attention to a different question. When does the West appear as a distinctive culture area, and how do the internal chronological divisions of its history structure archaeological research?

Elements for a Chronological Division of the Administrative Documentation of Ebla

Previous articleNext article No AccessElements for a Chronological Division of the Administrative Documentation of EblaMaria Giovanna Biga and Francesco PomponioMaria Giovanna Biga Search for more articles by this author and Francesco Pomponio Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Cuneiform Studies Volume 42, Number 2Autumn 1990 A journal of ASOR Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/3515903 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1990 American Schools of Oriental ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Francesco Pomponio The Transfer of Decorative Objects and the Reading of the Sign DU in the Ebla Documentation, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57, no.11 (Oct 2015): 29–39.https://doi.org/10.1086/468597 Lorenzo Viganò Rituals at Ebla, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, no.33 (Oct 2015): 215–222.https://doi.org/10.1086/373757

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1988)

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1988) The following compilation is the twenty-seventh annual bibliogra­ phy of current publications in the history of technology. Previous bibliographies in this series have appeared in Technology and Culture since 1964. The reader is also referred to the fifth publication of the SHOT monograph series, Eugene S. Ferguson’s Bibliography of the History ofTechnology (Cambridge, Mass.: SHOT and MIT Press, 1968). This year’s bibliography is the first compiled under my direction. I am pleased to record here my debt to Stephen Cutcliffe, Christine Roysdon, and Judith Adams for making the transition so easy and to Jane Morley and David Toliver for their work in helping to bring about the computer-aided production of the bibliography. I would also like to thank Ian Winship for remaining a member of the team of contributors to the bibliography, along with Stephen, Christine, Judith, and Jane. As the bibliography has grown to some 2,000 citations, the amount of work required to produce it has increased apace. Indeed, there is room for additional contributors who may be willing to scan a selected set ofjournals or keep track of publications in one of the subfields of the history of technology. I encourage anyone who wishes to contribute on a regular basis to contact me. I also thank those who have sent me individual publica­ tions, offprints, journal issues, or citations. Please continue to send such grist for the bibliographer’s mill to me at the Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305. I also owe thanks to a few people who have contributed behind the scenes. Heidi Clark assisted with data entry, thanks to the Ellen Poyet Endowment at Stanford University, which supports an undergradu­ ate library assistantship in the history of science and technology. Louis Rodriquez of Lehigh University’s Science, Technology and Society Program helped with data entry. I am also grateful to the University of Chicago Journals Division staff for their work in copyediting and producing the bibliography. Robert Post and Joan Mentzer have made me feel very welcome as a usurper of some 150 pages of this journal, and I look forward to continued direction, support, and collaboration© 1990 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/90/3103-0008$01.00 561 562 Henry Lowood with them both. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the users of this bibliography, particularly those who have made the effort to come forward with comments, criticisms, and compliments. Stanford University Libraries Stanford University Henry Lowood With the collaboration of: Lockwood Memorial Library University at Buffalo State University ofNew York Science, Technology and Society Program Lehigh University American Society of Civil Engineers Washington, D.C. Judith A. Adams Stephen H. Cutcliffe Jane Morley Fairchild-Martindale Library Information Services Lehigh University Polytechnic Library Newcastle Upon Tyne Polytechnic Christine M. Roysdon Ian Winship Bibliography (1988) 563 CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISIONS I.The 20th Century and Works Covering More than One of Divisions II-V II. Prehistory, Antiquity, and Traditional Societies III. The Middle Ages IV. From the Renaissance through the 17th Century V. The 18th and 19th Centuries CLASSIFICATIONS 1. General and Collected Works (including works covering two or more categories 7-17) 2. Historiography and Documentation (bibliographies, guides, and indexes; problems of libraries and archives) 3. Biography 4. Technical Societies, Technical Education (including museums and exhibitions) 5. Economic, Political, and Social History (including urban and regional development) 6. General Relationships between Technology and Culture; the Philosophy of Technology 7. Civil Engineering — General and Comprehensive Works 7.1. Architecture and Building Construction 7.2. Bridges; Harbors; Tunnels; Dams (see also Transportation) 7.3. Surveying: Instruments and Maps; Cartography; Urban Engi­ neering; Water Supply and Sewerage 8. Transportation—General and Comprehensive Works 8.1. Land Transportation (roads and vehicles; railroads) 8.2. Marine Transportation (ships; navigation and charting; ca­ nals and boats) 8.3. Air and Space Transportation (aircraft and spacecraft) 9. Energy Conversion (hydraulic engineering; internal combustion engines; steam engines; steam-electrical central stations; electri­ cal power transmission; lighting; heating and ventilation; refrig­ eration; nuclear, solar, and direct-conversion power plants) 564 Henry Lowood 10. Materials and Processing—General and Comprehensive Works 10...

New Light on the Origins of Modem Economics*

This paper reviews recent books on the 17th‐ and 18th‐century economics for the Lght rhq shed on the origins of economics wuh porticular reference 10 Hutchison's Before Adam Smith. The three sections focus successively on the role of secularization in the origins of economics, Hutchinson's chronological divisions as used in his book, and some relationships between this part of the history of thought and modern controversy. The importance of recent research on Jansenist theology and economic order, pre‐Smithian economics as crucial to understanding identification of an alternative surplus approach or production‐exchange dual in economics are emphasized in sections 1 and 3 respectively.

A Regional Study of Six Archaic Sites in the Mahoning Valley of Northeastern Ohio

This study deals with a group of six Archaic sites located along the East Branch of the Mahoning River, Trumbull County, Ohio, in the southwestern area of the county which is part of the greater Upper Ohio Valley. Artifacts and debitage were gathered by surface collecting. The data were analyzed to determine the nature of chronological divisions within the Archaic, the presumed settlement types, and the distribution of flint varieties. The findings from these six sites seem to be consistent with results reported in a recent regional study of the Ohio Archaic conducted by Prufer and Long (1986).

HOARDS D'OEUVRES: OF METALS &amp; MEN ON BRONZE AGE CYPRUS

Summary. Diverse streams of archaeological and metallurgical research have demonstrated that Cyprus was an important regional copper producer and supplier during the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, at least from 1700–1100 BC. Until recently, research into metallurgical production and exchange on Bronze Age Cyprus necessarily focused on technological change and chronological division. Metals' provenience studies have begun to mature, and economic approaches related to copper production and exchange have begun to appear. In stark contrast to recent literature on “hoarding” activity in Bronze and Iron Age Europe, virtually no attention has been paid to the manner in which metals enter the archaeological record. In response to a growing body of theoretical literature, this study examines the gift‐commodity model and finds it wanting; instead the deposition of Cypriote hoards is considered from a politico‐economic perspective, and in light of socio‐historical and metallurgical data relevant to interregional developments in the contemporary Mediterranean world.

"Man Is a Cause": Political Consciousness and the Fiction of Ghassān Kanafānī

The brief life of Ghassan Kanafani (1936-72) revolved around the politics of Palestine. As a leading intellectual of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and an outstanding writer of fiction, Kanafani has left a remarkable record in his novels and short stories of the evolution of his political consciousness and his desperate attempts to come to terms with the loss of his homeland. This study divides Kanafani's works chronologically into three stages of development. The first phase, 1956 to 1965, during which Kanafani's writings aer uniformly bleak and pessimistic in outlook, reveals the frustration and impotence Kanafani felt as the question of Palestine remained in an uneasy limbo. The second and third stage, 1965 to 1968 and 1968 to 1972, which saw the establishment of the P.L.O., armed resistance, and the emergence of Palestinian guerilla organizations, move Kanafani's work into an exuberant, self-confident optimism. Concise plot summaries and translated extracts, to which the author adds literary and psychological analyses, illustrate the chronological division of Kanafani's literary career and highlight the intellectual and political coming of age of this major Palestinian writer. Through this study of his fiction, the ideological, political, and psychological dimensions of Palestinian nationalism are brought into sharper focus.

News Letter from Greece 1982

Previous articleNext article No AccessNews Letter from Greece 1982Nancy A. WinterNancy A. Winter Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Archaeology Volume 88, Number 1January 1984 The journal of the Archaeological Institute of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/504598 Copyright © 1984 by the Archaeological Institute of America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Connell and Irving I

We have had to wait some time for this book.* Draft chapters were circulating in roneoed form more than five years ago and whetting the appetites of those who read them. They promised a readable, theoretically informed and constructively synthetic class interpretation of Australian history. All these qualities are evident in the completed work and now, instead of harping on the deficiencies of the standard texts, we can at last put a coherent left-wing overview in the students' hands. Not since the days of Fitzpatrick has this been possible. And if a reading of Class Structure in Australian History leaves some sense of anti-climax, that is surely because its protracted gestation permitted an unduly high level of expectation. For this reason alone it is appropriate to begin with an acknowledgement of the book's merits. First of all, the book possesses an unusual breadth of scope. The meaning and effects of class are explored, not just in their institutional and political manifestations but in the workplace and the boardroom, in the home, in the courts and in the creative imagination. We receive a vivid impression of class formation and class relations, of the ways in which a landowning pastoral class, an industrial capitalist class or a wage-earning class, do not issue forth ready-made onto the historical stage; rather, they are 'present at their own making', to use Thompson's phrase, and are actively shaped and constructed by their effects on each other. Connell and Irving understand class structure as defining a field of possibilities on which the historical actualities are then worked out, and their choice of four large chronological divisions, while it also raises problems of periodisation, allows full scope for their sense of change and development. Then too the arrangement of the book makes it particularly useful for teaching purposes. Within each of the four chronological divisions? 1788-1840, 1840-1890, 1890-1930, 1930-1975?there are three strands: the main text, extended footnotes and documentary extracts. The text is thus freed from the scholarly exegesis that deters many readers (though this freedom is bought at considerable cost), while the footnotes for each chapter constitute a sort of critical bibliography of the period that will guide those who wish to read further to the most profitable sources. The documentary extracts are a particularly successful feature of the book. They range from minutes of official bodies, records of court proceedings, rules of organisations and financial accounts to descriptive excerpts, memoirs, journals and personal letters. There are 82 of them, varying in length between 500 and 2,000 words, and amounting to 130 pages in all. They are well-chosen and give the reader an excellent sense of contemporary material. The main text also employs more than a score of black-and-white illustrations which are incorporated at appropriate points and make a real contribution to the reader's comprehension. Why then am I disappointed? First of all, the book is less well written than I expected. Some of the chapters are clearer than others,