Chronological Differences Research Articles

Mesolithic Burials of the Volga-Urals

For the Mesolithic era, experts have identified two zones of ritualism: the northern with an elongated posture of skeleton and the southern with a crouched posture. Until recently on the territory of the Volga-Urals, Mesolithic burials were almost unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze the complexes for their attribution to the Middle Stone Age. The paper relevance is due to the low degree of the Mesolithic burials study in the territory under consideration. Methods and materials. The objects of the study were the materials of the monuments Mayak I, Syezhe I, Chekalino IV and Davlekanovo. In order to achieve the goal, the archaeological context of each monument was analyzed. To identify several objects of study, planigraphic and stratigraphic methods were used. The typological analysis was applied when structuring the funeral rite and the inventory. Lack of inventory in some burials made cultural and chronological attribution difficult. The radiocarbon method was aimed at establishing the chronological framework of the burials. Anthropological analyses were aimed at identifying morphological characteristics of the buried. Outcomes. Based on the results of the study, two traditions of the burial rite were revealed. The Mayak I and Syezhee I monuments depict the pose of the buried stretched out on their backs, while the Chekalino IV and Davlekanovo monuments show a crouched position on the right side. Radiocarbon values record the chronological differences between these groups. Anthropological characteristics are included in a wide range of variants of the proto-Uraloid or the Old Ural type. These differences can be explained both by the territorial peculiarity of the Volga-Ural region and by the fact that the monuments belong to different periods of the Mesolithic.

Paradigmata der (ursprünglichen) Osteopathie

Based on a different definition and diffuse variety of methods of osteopathy as well as a partially incorrect listing of principles, this study attempted to extract essential paradigms of an original osteopathy from the four works of A.T. Still, the founder of osteopathy. In order to minimise the scope for interpretation, the exact wording and the author‘s descriptions in the historical and socio-cultural context were predominantly adhered to. As a result, six guiding ideas were found which, despite the chronological difference, can still be considered to be consistent with science today. This enables osteopathy, which is based on the paradigms of the original A.T. Still, to become an integral part of current humanities and natural science disciplines.

Effect of Corona Virus on Olfactory & Gustatory Functions (Systematic Review Study)

Abstract Background Because of the rapid spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) infection, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. Materials and Methods Following the PRISMA statement guidelines, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Cochrane handbook of systematic reviews of intervention. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct till December 2021 with relevant keywords. We included the whole clinical studies assessing olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunctions (OGD) in patients with COVID-19, studies including patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by a positive result of RT-PCR were included, studies that assessed the OGD by either subjective evaluation were also included, studies written in English languages only, all of the studies must have been written in English as a full-text manuscript, double or single-arm designs. Results A total of 12 studies were finally included for the final qualitative and quantitative analysis illustrating the association and the relationship between COVID-19 infection and olfactory and gustatory functions. The mean age of the participants was 49.12 years. The pooled analysis of the included studies showed a significant association of positive results between OGD and COVID-19 infection. Also, the analysis showed a significant association of positive results between either isolated olfactory or gustatory dysfunction and COVID-19 infection. Regarding the association between gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients versus (Acute respiratory infection) ARI patients with no detectable virus, the analysis showed a significant difference between COVID-19 patients and ARI patients with no detectable virus regarding the gustatory dysfunction meaning there is a high association between gustatory dysfunction and COVID-19 patients other than ARI patients with no detectable virus. Finally, the pooled analysis of the included studies showed a significant difference between COVID-19 patients and ARI patients with other respiratory viruses (ORV) in terms of OGD. Conclusion Based on the available evidence, there are regional and chronological differences in the prevalence rates of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Future studies, particularly those that document the temporal relationship in the onset of these 2 symptoms, are needed.

Drought Impact on Eco-Physiological Responses and Growth Performance of Healthy and Declining Pinus sylvestris L. Trees Growing in a Dry Area of Southern Poland

In recent years, several drought events hit Poland, affecting its forests. In Opole, Poland, tons of Pinus sylvestris L. deadwood is removed every year due to drought. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying tree vulnerability to drought, and tree responses, is important to develop forest management strategies to face the ongoing climate change. This research provides comprehensive local-scale analyses of the sensitivity of healthy and declining trees to drought. We used dendrochronology and stable isotope analysis to compare five healthy and five declining trees. The analysis focused particularly on comparisons of basal area increment (BAI), δ13C, and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), as well as tree resistance, resilience, and recovery in response to drought events and sensitivity to selected meteorological parameters. We observed a significant reduction in BAI values in declining trees after 2000. Fifteen years later, the reduction was also visible in the iWUE values of these trees. Despite similar δ13C chronology patterns, declining trees showed higher δ13C correlations with meteorological parameters. We have shown that dendrochronology enables early detection of poor forest health conditions. Differences in iWUE chronologies occurring in recent years suggest that trees of both groups have chosen different adaptive strategies to cope with drought stress.

South Cuidrach

A new site in north Skye has revealed evidence of human occupation from the Late Upper Palaeolithic as well as the Early and Late Mesolithic periods, suggesting repeated visits by humans for at least 5,000 years from the Late Glacial Interstadial through the Loch Lomond Readvance and up to the mid-Holocene, a time of dynamic climatic and sea-level change. South Cuidrach is one of several sites in the north of the Isle of Skye and around the Inner Sound with lithic (stone tool) evidence diagnostic of a human presence before the mid-Holocene. These sites currently represent a unique concentration of pre-Late Mesolithic sites in Scotland. The lithic evidence which forms the backbone of the cultural and temporal characterisation of the site at South Cuidrach is outlined here. This includes characteristic points and microliths, burins, cores and other items diagnostic of specific cultural groups. Additionally, it has become evident that Rum bloodstone, a raw material well known from the Late Mesolithic period in the region, may be absent before the Early/Late Mesolithic transition, with baked mudstone from Staffin in North Skye being the primary raw material used before this time. The need for detailed knowledge of the region’s lithic technology and typology is well illustrated here, as small details frequently reflect important chronological differences.

Topography of the mandibular canal in male human skulls originating from different time periods.

Dynamic advances in dentistry, especially in implantology has inspired researchers to carry out many studies investigating the topography of the mandibular canal and its ethnic differences. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of variations in the position and topography of the mandibular canal based on radiographic images of human mandibles originating from modern and medieval skulls. Morphometric examination of 126 radiographs of skulls (92 modern and 34 medieval skulls) was included. The age and sex of individuals were determined based on the morphology of the skull, the obliteration of cranial sutures, and the degree of tooth wear. To define the topography of the mandibular canal on X-ray images, we took 8 anthropometric measurements. We observed significant differences in several parameters. The distance between the base of the mandible and the bottom of the mandibular canal, the distance between the top of the mandibular canal and the crest of the alveolar arch, and the height of the mandibular body. Significant asymmetry was found for two parameters of mandibles from modern skulls: the distance between the top of the mandibular canal and the crest of the alveolar arch at the level of the second molar (p < 0.05), and the distance between the mandibular foramen and the margin of the anterior mandibular ramus (p < 0.007). There were no significant differences between measurements taken on the right and left sides of the medieval skulls. Our study revealed differences in the position of the mandibular canal between modern and medieval skulls, confirming the presence of geographical and chronological differences between populations. Knowledge of variability in the position of the mandibular canal between different local populations is fundamental for the correct interpretation of findings from diagnostic radiological studies used in dental practice and in forensic odontology or analysis of archaeological bone materials.

Interaction of talus and calcaneus morphometric values and estimation of carcass weight in cattle.

In this study, the calcaneus and talus bones of 20 male and female adult Simmental and Angus cattle were used. The age and sex of these animals were recorded before slaughter, and carcass weights were taken after slaughter. Calcaneus and talus morphometric measurements were used to obtain multipliers that allow the estimation of the carcass weight. These multipliers were found to be mean values of 3.346 and 4.642, respectively. Thus, multipliers were obtained that can be used in the evaluation of chronological differences in archaeological cattle size and consequently carcass weight. LSM (Least Square Means) analysis of calcaneus and talus GL values revealed the effect of sex but not of breed. Proportional factors were obtained for calcaneus and talus pairings and associated bone size (GL) estimates.

Separation of the Asian summer monsoon and local precipitation from stalagmite oxygen isotope records in Eastern China during the last millennium

The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) regulates water vapor and heat transport across the East Asian continent and has a significant impact on patterns of regional precipitation. However, assessment of the long-term association between the monsoon and precipitation in different regions remains difficult due to spatial chronological differences and uncertainties in interpretation of climate proxies. This study provides a novel insight into the interpretation of stalagmite oxygen isotopes (δ18O) records and obtained synchronous ASM index series and precipitation variations in Northern China (NC), Central China (CC), and Southwestern China (SWC) over the last 1134 years (850–1983CE). The results show that the ASM index sequence is consistent with the trend evident in the monsoon intensity records from the region upstream of the water vapor source, which represents the response to the inter-hemispheric temperature dominated by effective solar radiation (ESR). Reconstruction precipitation data were in general agreement with the existing paleo-hydrological records of the regions, confirming the reliability and chronological accuracy of the reconstruction. Correlation analysis highlighted the significant regional heterogeneity in the destabilizing relationship between precipitation and the monsoon over the past millennium in Eastern China at sub-centennial scales. Specifically, the precipitation-monsoon relationships in three regions, NC, CC, and SWC, might be related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and solar activity, respectively. Moreover, at the millennial scale, a certain positive correlation between precipitation and ASM in NC and SWC was identified, whereas there was a weaker correlation between precipitation and ASM in CC. This study represents an attempt to further interpret the stalagmite δ18O record, which can be generalized to larger and longer time scales.

Kisah Penyembelihan Putra Ibrahim Dalam Al-Qur’an dan Al-Kitab (Analisis Intertekstualis Julia Kristeva)

The story of the slaughter of Abraham's son is one of the historical narratives in Semitic religions, including the Bible and Al-Qur'an. Although these narratives have similarities in both scriptures, there are also significant differences in the interpretation and emphasis of these stories. This article aims to conduct a comparative study of the story of the sacrifice of the son of Abraham in the Bible and the Koran using Julia Kristeva's intertextuality analysis with the aim of understanding the differences and similarities that exist in content, theological messages and implications in the two religions. The research method used is literature study. In this analysis, we will pay attention to differences in chronology, the characters involved, as well as the moral and theological messages expressed in the two versions of the story. The results of this study reveal significant differences in several aspects of the story of the slaughter of Abraham's son between the Koran and the Bible. One of the main differences lies in the identity of the son to be slaughtered. In the Qur'an, the son to be slaughtered is not explicitly named, while in the Bible, the son is referred to as Isaac. Apart from that, the theological emphasis and messages that appear in the two narratives also have striking differences. This study provides deeper insight into the differences and similarities in the story of the slaughter of Abraham's son in the Qur'an and the Bible. As a result of the analysis using intertextuality, it can be seen that the relationship between the narrative of this story in the Bible and the Qur'an is transformation, modification, demystification and parallel.

Inherited zircons in Early Cretaceous dyke: Implication of growth and reworking of continental crust in the Jiaodong Peninsula

Inherited zircons from Early Cretaceous dykes across the Jiaodong Peninsula provide a means of exploring magmatic episodes. Negative Eu anomalies, high Th and U contents, and high U/Yb ratios confirmed a zircon source of ancient continental crust. Differences in mineralogy, chronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotopes showed that these inherited zircons were not brought in by the Triassic Yangtze Craton collision. Zircons within 2938–2800 Ma confirmed that the ancient crust in the Jiaobei Terrane originated from the Mesoarchean crustal growth. This crustal growth continued until the Early Paleoproterozoic and was accompanied by crustal transformation activities in the later period. After the collision of the Jiao–Liao–Ji Belt, the Jiaodong Peninsula entered a typical craton period until it was reactivated at the end of the Neoproterozoic, which was characterised by the Archean crustal transformation. During the Palaeozoic, smooth crustal thickness change with limited addition of oceanic crust material indicated the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu Orogenic Belt as a distal island arc system that slowed the impact of Paleo-Tethys subduction. There was no record of positive-εHf(t) zircons in the Jiaodong Peninsula during the Mesozoic, but the crust thickened rapidly. This confirmed that the Paleo-Pacific Plate may have directly subducted beneath the lithospheric mantle and had little contact with the lower crust. This subduction pattern released little hydrous fluid but much heat, which prompted the remodelling of the lower crust in the Mesozoic. Furthermore, the large-scale lithospheric thinning event around 120 Ma was identified as a result of the delamination of the lithospheric mantle together with lower crust.

Diet of the Small Cave Bear Ursus (Spelaearctos) rossicus Borissak, 1930 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) As Revealed by 13C and 15N Isotope Analyses in Bone Collagen.

The 13C and 15N isotope contents in bone collagen were analyzed using bones of the small cave bear Ursus (Spelaearctos) rossicus Borissak, 1930 from localities in the Middle and Southern Urals. The bones date from the last interglacial (MIS 5) and glacial (MIS 3) periods. The bones were from males and females aged 3, 4, and >4 years. Sexual, geographical, and chronological differences in 13C and 15N contents were studied. Notable gender, geographic, and chronological differences were observed between samples. In the Middle Urals, females led a more predatory lifestyle than males during the interglacial period, and the trophic niches of males and females converged due to an increase in herbivory during the transition to the glacial period. In the Southern Urals, males led a more predatory lifestyle than in the Middle Urals during the interglacial period. The extent of changes in δ13C and δ15N values in the Southern Urals during the transition was found to correspond to differences between trophic levels.

Chronology of Central European Impulses in the Volga Forest Region: Fatyanovo and Abashevo Cultures

There is a difference in chronology based on radiocarbon dating and historical dates associated with Near Eastern written sources. With the introduction of AMS dating, this gap has become smaller, but has not disappeared. However, the application of Bayesian statistics to this dating often produces dates corresponding to historical and dendrochronology. This allows us to assume that as the radiocarbon method improves, its results will coincide with the historical chronology. Comparison of materials from forest cultures of Eastern Europe, the Fatyanovo and Abashevo, allows us to connect them with the chronology of Central Europe, and, thereby, to determine the lower boundaries of these cultures within the dendrochronology of the Alpine zone. As a result, younger dates have been obtained for them than the results of radiocarbon dating give: after the middle of the 27th century BC for the Fatyanovo culture and ca. 20th century BC for the Abashevo.

The ceramics from dwellings of the Tenteksor I site

The article is about complete publication of ceramic inventory from the Neolithic site in the North Caspian Sea region. It has become eponymous for identifying the late Neolithic of the area of interest. On the Tenteksor I several objects which were interpretated as dwellings or utility pits were researched. But the first article about this complex has summary character without analyzing inventory for individual objects. So, the purpose of the publication is a detailed description of the ceramics inventory for each object. The authors conclude that all three objects are dwellings despite on different size. We can interpretate their features as seasonality. In each house were founded collapses, sets of vessels, single fragments of dishes. Their deep distribution in each object is traced. Ceramics has similar characteristics of making technology, shapes, methods of applying patterns and ornamental compositions. These features are inherent in the Tenteksor type of late Neolithic of the North Caspian Sea. At the same time, the vessels have its own features in each object. It can be explained by chronological differences in the research materials. Radiocarbon dates indicate this.

Association of socio-economic deprivation with COVID-19 incidence and fatality during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy: lessons learned from a local register-based study

BackgroundCOVID-19 has been characterised by its global and rapid spread, with high infection, hospitalisation, and mortality rates worldwide. However, the course of the pandemic showed differences in chronology and intensity in different geographical areas and countries, probably due to a multitude of factors. Among these, socio-economic deprivation has been supposed to play a substantial role, although available evidence is not fully in agreement. Our study aimed to assess incidence and fatality rates of COVID-19 across the levels of socio-economic deprivation during the first epidemic wave (March–May 2020) in the Italian Province of Foggia, Apulia Region.MethodsBased on the data of the regional active surveillance platform, we performed a retrospective epidemiological study among all COVID-19 confirmed cases that occurred in the Apulian District of Foggia, Italy, from March 1st to May 5th, 2020. Geocoded addresses were linked to the individual Census Tract (CT) of residence. Effects of socio-economic condition were calculated by means of the Socio-Economic and Health-related Deprivation Index (SEHDI) on COVID-19 incidence and fatality.ResultsOf the 1054 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 537 (50.9%) were men, 682 (64.7%) were 0–64 years old, and 338 (32.1%) had pre-existing comorbidities. COVID-19 incidence was higher in the less deprived areas (p < 0.05), independently on age. The level of socio-economic deprivation did not show a significant impact on the vital status, while a higher fatality was observed in male cases (p < 0.001), cases > 65 years (p < 0.001), cases having a connection with a nursing home (p < 0.05) or having at least 1 comorbidity (p < 0.001). On the other hand, a significant protection for healthcare workers was apparent (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings show that deprivation alone does not affect COVID-19 incidence and fatality burden, suggesting that the burden of disease is driven by a complexity of factors not yet fully understood. Better knowledge is needed to identify subgroups at higher risk and implement effective preventive strategies.

1600 BC: Fårdrup and Valsømagle-Type Axes and the First Evidence of Southern Alpine Metal

Abstract This article presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of Fårdrup and Valsømagle-type shafthole axes from Denmark and southern Sweden. The combination of artefact style and typology with trace element and lead isotope data in the analysis has provided new insights into the chronological relationship between these two axe types. This way, we open a new window to long-standing debates surrounding these artefact types. Did Fårdrup and Valsømagle type axes evolve parallel, or did they replace each other chronologically in evolutionary progression? The archaeometallurgical dataset presented in this article includes more than 70 axes. Four axes have been analysed for this article. This large set of data is then assessed against a background of metal analyses which trace the long and winding evolution of the use of bronze in Scandinavia c.2300–1400 BC. Combining these two datasets shows the provenance of the metals and, thus, provides insights into metallurgical developments at the onset of the Nordic Bronze Age (NBA, c.1600 BC). In particular, the shafthole axes offer new evidence of the use of a novel type of copper from the East Alpine region based on chalcopyrite ores. The first occurrences of this low-impurity copper in southern Scandinavia appeared around 1700 BC. However, it would eventually become dominant in c.1600 BC, when the local production of shafthole axes began. Significantly, a fraction of the shafthole axes – Fårdrup and Valsømagle-types alike – consist of low impurity copper most likely derived from the Italian Alps (Trentino), which was absent in earlier periods. By NBA II 1500–1300 BC, most metal objects can be related to this northern Italian copper. We interpret this in terms of chronology: Fårdrup (⁓Koszider) and Valsømagle (⁓Tumulus B1) consisted of similar types of copper, which had declined by the onset of NBA II, all indicating that Fårdrup and Valsømagle style objects flourished before the beginning of NBA II (c.1500 BC). The small influx of north Italian copper in the axes indicates that its arrival began before the breakthrough of NBA II. Therefore, while the results of the metal analyses cannot exclude chronological differences between the two shafthole axe types over the 16th century BC, it is probable that their timelines coincided. In summary, our results display correlations between societal developments and thresholds on the one hand and metal provenances and trade routes on the other.

Hidden transitions. New insights into changing social dynamics between the Bronze and Iron Age in the cemetery of Destelbergen (Belgium)

Urnfields were the common type of cemetery in the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Early Iron Age (EIA) in much of Northwest Europe. Rarely are there clear social or chronological differences between burials apart from changing pottery types. The cemetery of Destelbergen stands out because of the relatively high prevalence of monumental ditches surrounding a selection of graves, indicating a certain status difference between the deceased. Strontium concentrations ([Sr]) combined with radiocarbon (14C) dates and spatial analysis bring to light clear differences between LBA and EIA traditions. The end of the LBA went hand in hand with the abandonment of the oldest part of the cemetery, which new 14C dates demonstrate was strict. Additionally, [Sr] reveal changing diets in individuals buried centrally within monumental ditches. In the EIA these individuals present significantly lower [Sr] than the surrounding burials, potentially the result of a diet richer in animal protein at the expense of plant-based food, a distinction not seen in LBA burials. Even though continuity and equality are reflected in the uniform burial tradition seen within urnfields, this paper’s analyses unlock subtle changes in social attitudes between the LBA and EIA and suggest increasing (dietary) social differentiation in the EIA.

Some linguistic criteria for the relative dating of the primary sources within the complex text of the «Basic Annals of the first emperor of Qin» in the Sima Qian’s «Records of the Grand Historian»

This paper examines the division of the complex heterogeneous source text, namely the 6th chapter of the Basic Annals in the Sima Qians Records of the Grand Historian, into parts according to linguistic criteria. Also the paper analyzes the problem of distinguishing boundaries and differences between the primary sources included in the text of the examined source. We employed the identification of the grammatical characters in the text as a way of linguistic analysis based on the A.M. Karapetiants method, compiling the frequency dictionaries of grammatical characters and selecting the fixed set of the most frequent ones. Comparison of the figures obtained for the Records of the Grand Historian 6th chapter with the similar figures obtained for some epigraphic texts from Shuihudi (that is, the grammatical characters percentage within the whole text and the set of the most frequent ones) allows us to propose a hypothesis that explains the differences between the data due to the fact that authors of the texts come from different cultural fields. Thus, the results of the study allow us to distinguish the differences in the cultural fields producing the historical sources from chronological differences indicating dissimilar (or similar) times of texts creation.

Knez Mihailo - pokrovitelj umetnosti, stvaralac i inspiracija

The figure of Prince Mihailo Obrenović is illuminated in the work through three aspects: patronage, embodied in the merits for the creation and development of cultural institutions, such as the National Theater in Belgrade and the "Vuk Karadžić" National Library in Kragujevac, financing the work of numerous artists such as Anastas Jovanovic, Branko Radicevic, Kornelije Stankovic and others, as well as educational workers such as Vuk Karadzic; authorship thanks to which we learn about the prince's relationship to the state, people, religion, mother and beloved wife; an nspiration, which is followed through the treatment of the prince's character in poetry, prose and drama. Accordingly, clear differences were established between two opposing currents in poetic literary expression. One group of poets, like Zmaj, was a fierce opponent of Mihailo's rule, while the other, which included Laza Kostic, glorified his actions with their works. As for the prose, the characteristics of male and female narratives, the chronological difference in the treatment of the literary character Prince Mihailo, the position of the narrator, as well as the aesthetic value of certain literary works in which the prince is either the main character or an episodic role, were examined. The last segment of the work follows the development of the prince's character through four plays, which are stylistically different, and in some of them we meet not only fantastical elements, but also otherworldly spaces. Based on the above, a comparison of literary and historical biographies was made and the conclusion was reached that there is no great difference between them. The last segment of the work follows the development of the prince's character through four plays, which are stylistically different, and in some of them we meet not only fantastical elements, but also otherworldly spaces. Based on the above, a comparison of literary and historical biographies was made and the conclusion was reached that there is no great difference between them. The last segment of the work follows the development of the prince's character through four plays, which are stylistically different, and in some of them we meet not only fantastical elements, but also otherworldly spaces. Based on the above, a comparison of literary and historical biographies was made and the conclusion was reached that there is no great difference between them.

ЕErnest Chausson: periodization of artistic path in the context of the style formation

Statement of the problem. In the history of French music the work of Ernest Chausson (1855–1899) played a connecting role between the late romanticism of S. Franck and the early impressionism of C. Debussy. The personality and work of the French composer are sufficiently deeply studied in European and American musicology; it is natural for Ukrainian researchers to join the process of this study. Despite the outstanding importance of the composer’s work in both French and world music, there are no problematic studies devoted to the study of his legacy in domestic science. The music of the French master, in particular, vocal music, remains little-known in Ukraine. One of the debatable issues of studying the work of E. Chausson is the periodization of his legacy, since the discrepancies existing in the works of researchers hinder the understanding of his creative evolution. After all, the chronological distribution of the artist’s work takes into account complex historical, socio-psychological and artistic processes, as well as the specificity of his creative method and related stylistic changes. The purpose of the article is to summarize the known periodizations of E. Chausson’s work and to develop synthesized one in order to remove existing disagreements. Solving this innovative task required the study of a number of works of foreign scientists using historical, historiographical, comparative approaches, as well as genre and style analysis when referring to the creative work of E. Chausson.Information on the periodization of E. Chausson’s creative heritage is provided both by encyclopedic publications (Warszawski, 2005; Latham, 2009, etc.), and by some scholars who refer to the music of E. Chausson (Chiang, 2006; Moroncini, [2022]; Hanon, 2022). At the same time, certain chronological differences can be traced in the information provided by scientists. Results and conclusions. The application of the basic position of domestic musicology regarding the change of the “intonational image of the world” as a criterion for distinguishing historical periods (Chekan, 1997) and the experience of foreign scientists made it possible, as a result, to prove the feasibility of dividing E. Chausson’s work into three periods: early (1877–1886), where tangible lateromantic influences of J. Massenet, S. Frank and R. Wagner, middle, mixed, (1886–1889), marked by the interaction of late-romantic and impressionistic traits, and the final (1889–1899) stage of formation of the composer’s individual style. Such a periodization, without excluding existing ones, will contribute to a clearer understanding of E. Chausson’s creative evolution, which should facilitate the work of a musician-performer.

Using Formation Processes to Explore Low-Density Sites and Settlement Patterns: A Case Study from the Swabian Jura

Paleolithic archaeologists often rely on cave and rockshelter sites with rich occupation levels to explore hominin behavior and settlement patterns. However, a closer look into regional occupation data may reveal an uneven distribution of sites and the presence of occupational hiatuses or low-density occupation horizons that often remain understudied. In contrast to this trend, this paper focuses on low-density occupation data to explore regional settlement patterns, using the rich and well-studied Paleolithic record of the Swabian Jura, Germany, as a case study. In this regard, we employ a geoarchaeological approach based on micromorphology to investigate the formation processes of two low-density occupation sites, Schafstall II and Fetzershaldenhöhle, and compare their formation history with the geogenic sequence from Lindenhöhle. We demonstrate that the investigated sites have comparable formation processes, despite their differences in chronology and context. We argue that humans used Schafstall II and Fetzershaldenhöhle for short-term activities, while the sites mostly served as carnivore activity areas, emphasizing the importance of fauna in the accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences. In addition, our findings corroborate the regional climatic record and provide novel insights into the geomorphological history of the less studied Lauchert Valley, where Schafstall II is located. By comparing our results with data from intensively occupied caves in the Swabian Jura, we provide broader implications for the settlement patterns of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. We conclude with methodological suggestions for investigating sites in hunter-gatherer contexts combining a distributional and a site-specific approach.