Chronological Classification Research Articles

Analyzing the Concept of Spatial Transformation through the Example of Selimiye Bath

Baths are places that have survived to the present day as proof of cleanliness throughout history. The impact of the baths seen in civilizations has diminished with the use of bathrooms in houses, and has been transformed by losing its spatial function with urbanization. In this direction, the article examines the development of baths in terms of wet spaces with a chronological classification and analyzes the sections of Selimiye Bath, an Ottoman bath, before spatial transformation (undressing, warmth, warmth, ashtray) and after spatial transformation (food and beverage space) with on-site observation method. With the visual data obtained with this method, for the place that started to serve under the name Nevmekan Selimiye after the spatial transformation; historical texture, material, color, etc. It can be said that it is a successful spatial transformation study by functioning with functions related to the space without breaking its atmosphere with elements such as.

중국 초등 미술교육과 전통 미술 문화

In order to explore the teaching content of traditional art and culture in Chinese elementary art education, this research investigated the contents of 12 elementary school 『Fine Art』 textbooks from “People's Education Publishing House(人民敎育出版社).” The educational objectives of traditional art and culture presented in the art curriculum were aimed at promoting Chinese ethnic pride based on the love of excellent ethnic cultural heritage. Based on this, the results of the analysis of the art textbooks are as follows. Firstly, the total number of learning units in the 12 art textbooks is 230 units, and the total number of illustrations presented is 520. Among them, the number of artworks related to Chinese culture is 401, that is 77.1% of the total. And in terms of chronological classification, a significant number of 120 artworks was related to traditional Chinese art and culture before modern times, that is 29.7% of total. Secondly, as for the works related to traditional art and culture, 57.5% of the 120 works was included in the ‘appreciation and criticism’ learning area. Thirdly, the artistic fields to which the works belong to were quite diverse, starting with hieroglyphics, and including ceramics, sculpture, bronze, painting, crafts, architecture, gumbo, theatre, stamps, maps, and musical instruments. Fourthly, the main educational content through the works of each period is as follows: in the case of the Neolithic and Advanced Periods, the background and transformation process of the emergence of ceramic and bronze arts and the sculptural features and values of individual works were mentioned; Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in the case of the Qin(秦) Dynasty, the paintings and Buddha sculptures of the Donhuangseokgul in the Tang(唐) Dynasty, the ink-colored portraits of the Song(宋) Dynasty, the architectural arts of the 'Peking Palace' in the Ming(明) Dynasty, and the works related to ceramics and ink and light-colored painting in the Qing(淸) Dynasty, the meaning and value in terms of art history and sculpture were covered. Especially in the works of the Ming Dynasty, we can see that aesthetic issues were also mentioned.

Mapping and chronological classification of marine terraces along the southern side of the Sibari Plain (northern Calabria, Italy) by means of digital and analogue tools

ABSTRACT We study the marine terraces of the southern side of the Sibari Plain in Northern Calabria (Italy) through the use of traditional and quantitative analyses of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM). The main aim of the present work consists in the extensive use of GIS tools that were never used before in the area, and in checking the applicability of this procedure. The terraced surfaces identified using photo interpretation and those recognized semi-automatically through the GIS tools were compared to finally produce a consensus map. In the final map, we identified 272 terraced surfaces and 62 morphological features associated with inner margins (i.e. paleoshorelines). The main map shows a well-developed flight of seven orders of marine terraces with elevation ranging from 45 to 360 m asl and age ranging from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a to 11.

Where are the Roman women of Ovilava? A spatio-temporal approach to interpret the female deficit at the eastern Roman cemetery (Gräberfeld Ost) of Ovilava, Austria

In historic and prehistoric populations, the sex ratio can often only be determined based on bioarchaeological analyses of cemeteries. In this context, a so-called female deficit has been described, which clearly contrasts the sex ratio typical of recent populations. The present study aims to analyze the sex ratio in the eastern cemetery (‘Gräberfeld Ost’) of the Roman town Ovilava. This site is located beneath today’s city of Wels in Upper Austria (AUT), in the northwestern region of Noricum. Spatial as well as chronological aspects of the sex ratio were considered. A total of 111 individuals older than 15 years could be included in the analysis. Radiocarbon dating allowed a chronological classification of the burials. In addition, a spatial analysis of the cemetery was carried out using a geoinformation system. For the whole sample, a sex ratio of 200.0 and a marked female deficit were recorded. Considering the individual age classes and the periods separately, an apparent female surplus emerged among individuals younger than 20 years (sex ratio = 62.5). With increasing age class, the proportion of females reduced dramatically; among the over 40-year-olds, the sex ratio was 370.0. There was also an apparent female deficit in the Early Roman and Imperial Roman Periods but an almost balanced sex ratio in the early Middle Ages. Furthermore, the sex proportion varied between the cemetery areas. Consequently, a female deficit occurs mainly during Roman times and in specific areas of the burial ground.

Research on blue and white porcelain from different ages based on hyperspectral technology

Chronological classification studies of successive ages of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain have high research value both academically and socioeconomically. Compared with other chemical analysis methods, hyperspectral remote sensing techniques have advantages such as non-contact and non-destructive nature. In this paper, Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain of various ages is taken as the research object, linear discriminant analysis is used to build a model of typical extracted spectral features that are sensitive to blue and white porcelain material type and age information, stepwise discriminant analysis and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling are used for feature selection, and continuous wavelet transform and spectral feature parametric-based methods are used for feature extraction. Then, a random forest algorithm and long short-term memory (LSTM) are combined to categorize Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain of various ages. The stepwise discriminant analysis paired with LSTM is the most accurate combination amongst all classification techniques with the same amount of control preferred characteristics. This research shows that the categorization of Jingdezhen porcelain from various ages may be accomplished using hyperspectral remote sensing technique in conjunction with the random forest algorithm and long short-term memory.

Combining geometric morphometrics and redundancy analysis to analyse Neolithic architecture – A case study on southwest German longhouses 5000-4500 BCE

Longhouses represent the typical architecture of early farming societies of Central Europe. For almost 1000 years, these buildings with earthfast posts remain the typical form of construction (c. 5500–4500 BCE). In the course of this time, a number of architectural elements nevertheless changed. In the first half of the 5th millennium BCE, the variety of architectural construction methods increased. The typology of the ground plan and further architectural elements are hence a crucial basis for dating buildings of this time period. And this is also of great importance because individual house plans cannot be dated using finds from accompanying pits. This article examines previous categorisations for house layouts of the southwest German Middle Neolithic (5000-4500 BCE) on the basis of multivariate methods including geometric morphometrics, principal component analysis, and redundancy analysis. The results show a significant connection between the shape of the outline and a rough chronological classification as well as various constructional characteristics. Our analysis shows that the Middle Neolithic longhouse does not exhibit a continuous change in the shape from “ship-shaped” to “trapezoidal”. Rather, for the older stage, exclusively ship-shaped outlines are typical while for the younger stage a diversification took place. This transformation can be placed in a broader cultural context since diversification processes have also been observed for settlement patterns and agricultural practice during this period.

WAR EXPERIENCE AND ITS REFLECTION IN GEORGES BERNANOS’ POLITICAL WRITING AND NOVELS

The article analyzes the reflection of the 20th century’s war experiences both in fictional writing and political pamphlet of Georges Bernanos, a representative of the Catholic Literary Revival movement in French interwar literature. A chronological classification of the entire writer’s heritage connected with the subject of war is offered and divided into three periods. The most representative texts are proposed for each. Further research attention is devoted to the early period, namely the experience of the First World War, in which the author participated as combatant, and the problems of the first novel «Under the Sun of Satan» (1926). The novel, which does not directly talk about the war in its plot, is nevertheless classified as warlike. Metaphysical evil and the deterioration of the human soul are regarded as the main ideological constants through the images of the two protagonists of the novel. Emphasis is made on the animalistic image of evil rooted in the biblical tradition and the creation of the image of saint is, according to Bernanos, the only answer to the triumph of evil, which he saw with his own eyes during the war. The explicit manifestation of the Civil War in Spain 1936-1939, witnessed by the author, reinforced by the eschatology and prophetic nature of the narrative, as well as the use of biblical archetypes to denote the nature of violence, is analyzed on the base of the political pamphlet «The Great Cemeteries under the Moon» (1938). It is this war that becomes a turning point in the biography of Bernanos, who as a right-wing nationalist and Catholic discovers for himself the illogical impossibility of supporting the Franco regime, because of the terror. This very problem of mass violence and the propensity of human nature to evil were analyzed using the theory of mimetic violence by the French anthropologist R. Girard.

François de Valois' Letters and Itineraries: on the Way to Studying the History of Myth

The article studies itineraries of François de Valois, younger son of Henry II of Valois and Catherine de Medici, Duke of Alançon, Anjou and Brabant based on his letters, acts and letters, mainly from Russian repositories, in the context of military and political situation of the French Kingdom during the Civil wars of the second half of the 16th century. There is noted an obvious historiographical underestimation of the significance of this figure, which prompts to re-examine his biography and related sources. Based on the study of the duke's autographs, the author raises the question of revising the “black legend” and the myth that had developed around this historical figure. The paper provides a chronological classification of the documents kept in the archival collections of Russia and France.

Literature Review and Model Proposal on the Machine Life Cycle in Industrial Automation from Different Perspectives

The life cycle model of machines as idealistic subsequent phases is often used to analyze industrial automation systems. Depending on their focus, literature holds a number of different state of the art approaches for the machine life cycle with various phases. However, the consideration is mainly from the perspective of machine manufacturers. Often, the life cycle of the product, that is manufactured with the corresponding machine or the life cycle of the components installed in the machine are thoroughly considered. The development, production and operation of these assets can also be divided into corresponding phases. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing approaches of machine life cycles based on a structured literature review. This will also address the differences in the life cycle phases for the typical stakeholders of the industrial value chain. Since the life cycles of the individual stakeholders of the industrial value chain are coupled, a chronological classification of the individual life cycle models based on the product creation process is presented one above the other.

Cercetari arheologice de suprafata in hotarul administrativ al municipiului Timisoara si in zona periurbana (II). Repertoriul arheologic al comunei Sanmihaiu Roman (loc. Sanmihaiu Roman, loc. Utvin)

The archaeological surveys started in 2014 in the administrative boundary of the commune of Sânmihaiu Român, more precisely in the vicinity of Sânmihaiu Român and Utvin, revealed the existence of numerous human settlements. From the point of view of chronological classification, the first settlements can be dated to the Neolithic period. These are followed by Eneolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites. The Second Iron Age is also well represented with settlements from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Medieval finds are also well represented, especially those dating to the middle and later Middle Ages.

“School” of trombone playing as a means of developing European trombone art of the 19th century

Statement of the problem. The historical context of the influence of trombone players on the performance style of European schools has not yet been studied despite the widespread use of method books “The schools of trombone playing” by all musicians, from amateurs to professionals. However, in the past, leading teachers and methodologists mainly from conservatories presented the performance trends of that time and developed new ones in their works, which guided the further development of the future generations’ performers. Recent research and publications. The issue of method books and their influence on European trombone schools was actively studied at the end of the 20th century (Guion, 1988; Lapie, 1995; Weiner, 1993, 1995, 1999 a, b). In this context, an important place belongs to the article “Slide trombone training and method books in France (1794–1960)” (Sluchin & Lapie, 1997), which contains a lot of information about method books of that period, the evolution of European trombone schools, the contribution of method books authors to the development of trombone playing in the nineteenth century and a detailed analysis of the most influential authors. The most significant recent works are dissertations that examine the history of the Paris Conservatory, the creativity of prominent trombone teachers and their works on methodology (Velázquez, 2019; Carlson, 2015). Ukrainian researchers have not studied this issue yet. The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the method books “The schools of trombone playing” on European trombone art. Research methodology. The focus of the research is to study the most famous and innovative method books of the nineteenth century. The article applies the historical and chronological approach as the leading one in the study and organization of the research material; comparative approach to find the main differences between these “schools”; systematic and analytical approach to identify the most significant differences and their influence on the development of trombone mastery; historical and cultural approach to study the process of formation of national European trombone schools. The novelty of the study is manifested in the chronological classification of all known trombone schools in the nineteenth century and a detailed analysis of the most influential ones. Results and conclusion. Having analyzes the most significant European schools of trombone playing from the very first work by A. Brown, written in 1794, to the work by J. B. Arban, we have traced the process of historical development of the technical skills of musicians and identified the sources of the European method of trombone performance. In this context, the role of France is revealed as outstanding, because the first trombone class opened at the Paris Conservatory led to the emergence of the first original “school of playing”. This was followed by a whole cascade of similar works, first in France and then in other European countries. During the nineteenth century, thanks to the aforementioned method books and the Paris Conservatory, the French had a constellation of trombone players, including: Leo Arnaud, Michel Becquet, Henri Couillaud, Paul Deliss, AntoineDieppo, VincoGlobokar, AndréLafosse, DanielLassalle, JacquesMédecin, Fabrice Millischer, Nicolas Moutier, Jérôme Naulais, Alfred Alexandre Quentin, and many others. After the French success, Germany took the initiative and, thanks to the work of Franz-Josef Fröhlich, created its own school of tromboneplaying with a large number of performers, such as Friedrich August Bellecke, Johannes Culottes, Karl Traugott Queisser, Friedrich Schenker, and Paul Weschke. Thanks to A. Wirth, in the 1870s, a British method of trombone playing emerged, and hence a number of British performers of the XIX–XX centuries, including Byron Fulcher, Lance Green, Gustav Holst, Chris Houlding, Lindsay Schilling, John Kenny, Dave Stewart, and Roger Argente.

THE ANTHROPOMORPHIC PLASTICS OF PETREŞTI CULTURE. NEW DATA

The recent discovery of some Petreşti anthropomorphic statuettes allows us to publish them and discuss again the topic of human plastic in the Petresti area, which is so poorly known. The authors proposed a classification of the artefacts, based on individual elements (head, hands, buttocks, legs), a way that allowed to distinguish some details, easily comparable with the plastic of other neighboring cultures. The ornamentation that reproduces in particular, elements of clothing, which allow the partial reconstruction of the port of the era was also part of the study. It should be noted that the study included not only the anthropomorphic statuettes considered Petreşti, but also those attributed to different cultural groups (Foeni, Foeni-Mintia, Hunedoara), which we consider part of the early phase of Petreşti culture (Petreşti A after Iuliu Paul). The lack of new studies regarding the periodization of the culture on stratigraphic bases also reverberates on the chronological classification of plastics, which is why a three-way periodization was chosen (Petreşti A, Petreşti A-B and B respectively). There were found numerous Vinča C heritages in the early stages and specific canons, transferred to the Transylvanian space, where the Petreşti plastic is actually defined. We observe connections with the cultures of Gumelniţa, Precucuteni, Herpály and Suplacu de Barcău, but also Lengyel traditions.

『햄릿』 속 죽음의 장소를 통해 보는 죽음의 근대사

Based on the history of the Western view of death and the division of the times analyzed by French historian Philippe Ariès, this paper examines how the modernization of Western attitudes toward death is reflected in the ways the main characters of Hamlet mourn the dead and in the places where its characters died. Hamlet is a work that metaphorizes the emotional confusion and trauma experienced by the British Renaissance people during the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era with the main characters’ complex inner emotions. With mourning as the core theme, this work allows a multi-layered observation of the process of modernization of Western attitudes toward death which was in line with the personalization of modern minds. In this paper, by examining the place where Hamlet's father and Ophelia died and the way they were mourned according to Ariès' chronological classification, the process of “the Tame Death” being transformed into “the Death of the Self” and into “The Death of the Others” again; that is, the process of modernization of medieval death. This paper aims to read it again as a typical representation of the evolving modern spirit, not the remnants of the medieval spirit left to modern people, by reading Hamlet's mourning as a characteristic of the process of modernization of death based on Ariès' analysis.

The fluvial architecture of buried floodplain sediments of the Weiße Elster River (Germany) revealed by a novel method combination of drill cores with two‐dimensional and spatially resolved geophysical measurements

AbstractThe complex and non‐linear fluvial river dynamics are characterized by repeated periods of fluvial erosion and re‐deposition in different parts of the floodplain. Understanding the fluvial architecture (i.e. the three‐dimensional arrangement and genetic interconnectedness of different sediment types) is therefore fundamental to obtain well‐based information about controlling factors. However, investigating the fluvial architecture in buried floodplain deposits without natural exposures is challenging. We studied the fluvial architecture of the middle Weiße Elster floodplain in Central Germany, an extraordinary long‐standing archive of Holocene flooding and landscape changes in sensitive loess‐covered Central European landscapes. We applied a novel systematic approach by coupling two‐dimensional transects of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements and closely spaced core drillings with spatially resolved measurements of electromagnetic induction (EMI) of larger floodplain areas at three study sites. This allowed for (i) time and cost‐efficient core drillings based on preceding ERT measurements and (ii) spatially scaling up the main elements of the fluvial architecture, such as the distribution of thick silt‐clay overbank deposits and paleochannel patterns from the floodplain transects to larger surrounding areas. We found that fine‐grained sand and silt‐clay overbank deposits overlying basal gravels were deposited during several periods of intensive flooding. Those were separated from each other by periods of reduced flooding, allowing soil formation. However, the overbank deposits were severely laterally eroded before and during each sedimentation period. This was probably linked with pronounced meandering or even braiding of the river. Our preliminary chronological classification suggests that first fine‐grained sedimentation must have occurred during the Early to Middle Holocene, and the last phase of lateral erosion and sedimentation during the Little Ice Age. Our study demonstrates the high archive potential of the buried fluvial sediments of the middle Weiße Elster floodplain and provides a promising time and cost‐effective approach for future studies of buried floodplain sediments.

Queuing Theory: Contributions and Applications in the Field of Health Service Management – A Bibliometric Approach

This article aims to analyze contributions and applications of Queuing Theory (QT) in solving health service management problems. A literature bibliometric review was carried out to present a chronological classification of health care systems examined with the aid of queuing models with the purpose of describing the main trends in QT application to assist decision makers in health services. Methodology: A bibliometric review was carried out to investigate the area of health supported by queuing models. Articles describing models of problems were sought and their topics or keywords related to QT and health care or health problems of the population. Results: 314 articles addressing the applications of QT in Health Care Management (HCM) from 2014 and 2020 were analyzed. Conclusion: It was found that QT contributes to improve health services and provides managers with resources to achieve such improvement. It was also evidenced that it is widely applied in emergency services.

Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (OSE): Jewish Humanitarian Mission for over 100 Years

The essay's primary purpose is to bring to the attention of readers interested in the history of the Jewish people that the dramatic 20th century is not only the victims of the Holocaust–and not only the heroism of the military on the battlefields. It is active resistance to barbarism–the rescue of defenseless people through daily civilian activities, nevertheless associated with a constant risk to life. This paper examines non-political and non-religious secular Jewish welfare society within Jewish political and national movements. This essay considers five historical periods of the activity of OSE. These periods are: 1912–1922; 1922–1933; 1933–1945; 1945–1950; 1950–present time. This chronological classification is somewhat imperfect; however, each period reflects the dynamic of functional changes in the initial tasks of the society to review the goals of the organization to satisfy the urgent needs of the European Jewish community in a debatable circumstance of the 20th–21st centuries.

Fluorine Content of Fossil Human Bones Excavated from the SHIRAHO‐SAONETABARU Cave Site, ISHIGAKI Is., Okinawa, Japan, as a Chronological and Sedimentary Environmental Index

The improved fluorine analysis method by ion chromatography was applied to the fossil human bones excavated from the Shiraho‐Saonetabaru Cave site on Ishigaki Island, which were dated back to the Late Pleistocene. This study presents the first systematic results on individual variation of F/P ratios of fossil bones using less than 1 mg samples. In addition to the burial period, the F/P ratio was governed by the local difference in seepage water circulation, because dripping water in a cave slowly flowed through the sediment and fluorine accumulated in the bone from the water. The F/P ratios provide a powerful tool for elucidating the burial situation and subsequent depositional environment. The average F/P ratio was well correlated with the 14C age of the samples. The present method can be practically applicable as a rough chronological classification of the Holocene and Pleistocene groups of human bones at this site. The only exception was the lower F/P values of the Pleistocene human skeleton belonging to Shiraho No. 4, which is thought to have been placed in a narrow space under the fallen rocks.

Roads of Arabia: New finds of Aqaba amphorae in the Red Sea from a newly discovered wreck site at Jeddah/Eliza shoals

This paper concerns a probable shipwreck cargo of Aqaba amphorae, which was discovered during the second season of the survey project along the Saudi Arabian coast, initiated by nautical archaeologists of Philipps-University Marburg and conducted in cooperation with members of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Heritage in autumn 2013. Seafaring and sea trade was, according to the few ancient sources and modern research activities, a hazardous endeavor in antiquity. Transport containers like the Aqaba Amphorae played a major role in sea trade, a significant number of which have been detected on various sites along the Red Sea coast and its hinterland. The chronological classification as well as the application is far from complete, and recent archaeometrical investigations help to clarify the logistical aspects of manufacturing and distribution of Aqaba amphorae. Finding a number of remains of Aqaba amphorae at a supposed shipwreck site close to Jeddah delivers new insight into the maritime routes and activities along the western coast of Saudi Arabia. The documentary material currently available is the baseline for further research in the field of maritime archaeology as it pertains to trade in the Red Sea.

Development of theoretical approaches to pricing in freight rail in the XX–the beginning of XXI centuries

Background: large-scale plans for the development of Russia's transport infrastructure, including the railroad, require revision and improvement of the modern tariff system; the latter is unthinkable without improving the existing theoretical approaches to pricing in freight rail transport. 
 Aim: development of classification criteria for the evolution of theoretical approaches to pricing in freight rail transport in the XXearly XXI centuries on the basis of the most significant works on this topic; modelling the matching of the current stage of development of these theoretical approaches to modern scientific approaches of determining the economic category "price". 
 Methods: comparative, analysis, synthesis, system approach.
 Results: we developed a chronological classification of theoretical approaches to pricing in freight rail transport in the XXearly XXI centuries. (with the identification of the correspondence of the stages of development of the theory to the periods of development of railway transport), a classification of the current stage of development of these approaches in the main directions of development, and the model of the matching of the elements of the classification of the current stage of development of these approaches to modern scientific approaches to determining the economic category "price".
 Conclusion: the developed classifications and the matching model can be used in the future to improve the existing theoretical approaches to pricing in freight rail transport, to develop fundamentally new similar approaches and methods of their application in pricing in practice.

The open-air site La Sénétrière and the Gravettian in the southern Burgundy (Saône-et-Loire, France)

In the Mâconnais, southern Burgundy, a number of paleolithic sites are concentrated along the river Saône. One of these is the prehistoric open-air site La Sénétrière. This contribution gives an overview of recently conducted research and its results, focusing on stone artifacts from surface finds attributed to the Upper Paleolithic, including a considerable amount of blade cores. This paper summarizes the results of a master's thesis on the site's Upper Paleolithic core technology completed last year. For this purpose, these cores were divided into seven individual categories in order to be able to trace the respective core and blank production. Therefore, working stage analyses were carried out on ten cores. In addition, a comparison was conducted in which further sites with a similar technological component and possible identical core categories were compared with the cores from La Sénétrière. In combination with a classical attribute analysis, information could be obtained about a possible chronological classification and function of the site, to interpret La Sénétrière more precisely. In the past, the Upper Paleolithic component of the lithic artifacts was dated to the Perigordian V. However, our analyses show that Aurignacian artifacts are also present. Thus, the site was inhabited for a longer time than previously assumed. The dating of the confirmed Gravettian artifacts was reduced to an age of 33,000–28,000 calBP by comparing the sites, their diagnostic artifacts and core categories.