Chronic Self-esteem Research Articles

The Role of Regulatory Focus, Self-Esteem, and Mood in Social Comparisons with Mediated Extreme Targets — Selective Exposure to News about the Rich and the Poor

In a quasi-experiment, high-school students’ (N=252) chronic regulatory focus, self-esteem, and mood were taken into account to predict patterns of selective exposure to headlines about the rich and poor. Partly consistent with Gerber et al. (2017) meta-analysis, there is a strong preference for upward choices in a negative mood. We nuanced this result by referring to the role of news valence in selective exposure demonstrating that the selection of negative news about the rich is typical in negative mood. Results regarding the selective exposure to headlines about the poor corroborate only with Wheeler and Miyakes’ (1992) finding that respondents selected down-ward comparison targets in a positive mood. The selective exposure self- and affect-management model (SESAM, Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015) may serve as a theoretical framework for explaining the result. Besides income inequality literature, the discussion is based on the Wu et al. (2018) finding, and it suggests that the selection of headlines about the rich could be linked to a positive stereotyping process. We would call this process of accepting one’s own culture as it is by social comparisons to make the unequal word supportable as soothing social comparison. The same logic was applied to the poor.

Unidimensional analysis of the nursing diagnoses of situational low self-esteem and chronic low self-esteem.

To analyze the unidimensionality of the nursing diagnoses low situational self-esteem and low chronic self-esteem proposed by NANDA-I. Diagnostic accuracy study carried out with 180 patients with depressed mood in a psychiatric hospital in northeastern Brazil. The analysis of the latent class considered the hypothesis of low self-esteem as a unique construct and included the indicators: Excessive seeking of reassurance, repeatedly unsuccessfulness in life events, rejection of positive feedback, insomnia, solitude, and nonassertive behavior. The recognition of low self-esteem as a unique diagnostic construct allows nurses to be more assertive in the provision of care.

Social Well-Being and Chronic Disease Condition among Older Adults

Aging is characterized by the decline in physical health, functional status, and loss of social roles and relationships that can challenge the quality of life. A protective factor that moderates the impact of these phenomena is psychological (e.g., social) well-being. Despite the high prevalence of chronic conditions among older adults, research exploring the relationship between social well-being and chronic disease is sparse. The study aims were to investigate the relationship between social well-being among older adults (N = 1,251, R = 65 – 92 years) who participated in the National Survey of Mid-life in the United States (MIDUS 3). This study used variables for the MIDUS 3 study to test a structural equation model to examine the hypothesized relationships between social well-being, chronic conditions, life satisfaction, self-esteem, active coping, optimism, and religious coping. The findings indicate that perceived control, self-esteem, active coping, optimism, and religious coping were statistically significant for the participants’ social well-being (β =.29, p <.001, β =.16, p<.001, β =.08, p<.05, β =.35, p<.001, and β =.07, p<.05, respectively). However, life satisfaction was not significantly associate with social well-being (β =.04, p >.05). For individuals’ diagnosed with more than one chronic condition, perceived control, self-esteem, and optimism statistically significant impact their social well-being (β = .33, p < .001, β =.17, p < .001, and β =.33, p < .001, respectively). Findings suggested that multiple chronic conditions influence social well-being. Chronic disease management programs may be useful in increasing social well-being among individuals with multiple chronic conditions.

Low Chronic Self-Esteem and Low Situational Self-Esteem: a literature review.

to develop a literature review about low self-esteem and components of the nursing diagnoses Low Chronic Self-Esteem and Low Situational Self-Esteem in patients with depressed mood. an integrative literature review carried out in the Pubmed portal and in the Scopus and Web of Science electronic bibliographic databases. Depression and self-esteem descriptors were used, resulting in 32 articles. literature indicated 7 clinical indicators and 14 etiological factors for low self-esteem. The clinical indicators Suicidal ideation and Ineffective treatment were more prevalent in the study. The etiological factors Stressful events and Stigmatization were the most frequent, both of which were suggested as new related factors for low self-esteem. Nursing diagnosis recognition can contribute to intervention strategy elaboration by the nurse, according to the urgent diagnostic and the individual's particularities.

빈곤한 여성 독거노인의 노화 태도와 만성질환, 자아존중감, 사회적 지지가 미치는 영향

빈곤한 여성 독거노인의 노화 태도와 만성질환, 자아존중감, 사회적 지지가 미치는 영향

Health, Aging and Quality of Life: An Evaluation of Experience in Family Health Unit through Popular Education

This study aims to assess the implementation of the Health, Aging and Quality of Life. The specific objectives were executed by conducting activities with the elderly through generative themes with an emphasis on health, aging and quality of life; evaluation of the experience of older people in Unity Family Health with Popular Education; analyzing the evolution of indicators of health and quality of life of elderly patients after two years and ascertaining the effectiveness of Popular Education in the elderly group in the Family Health Unit. This is an exploratory study approved by the Ethics and Research Committee UFPB/CCS, number 0598/08 held on Primary Health Care. The project consists of two lines of integrated activities: Group Active Ageing (GEA), which brings together seniors for addressing issues related to healthy aging and the Multidimensional Health Assessment and Quality of Life through the WHOQOL-BREF. The activities were built in fortnightly meetings from the dialogue where experiences are shared and collective needs. Thus, relevant topics were suggested for the group: guidelines on physical activity, nutrition, chronic disease prevention, self-esteem, among others, and group dynamics as body stretching, stretching exercises, respiratory, metabolic and relaxation. The observed results are the very satisfactions group, reported through testimonies and translated by the enthusiasm and diligence in participation. This project promoted a better bio-psycho-social development of the elderly, reinforcing its identity by promoting and facilitating the expression of their potential positive and arousing them to a better future life prospects and community socialization feelings.

Cascading Metaperceptions: Signal Amplification Bias as a Consequence of Reflected Self-esteem

People expect intimate partners to understand their personality, including feelings of self-worth. These general assumptions about transparency may influence situation-specific estimates of how others view the self (i.e., metaperceptions). In contexts that elicit evaluative concerns, lower self-esteem individuals, who think their chronic self-doubts are obvious to partners, should believe that their partners will infer they are anxious, whether they are or not. In two studies, lower self-esteem individuals thought that their partners believed they experienced more evaluation anxiety in comparison to higher self-esteem individuals. These metaperceptions were exaggerated (signal amplification) and the association between self-esteem and metaperceptions was explained by reflected self-esteem, the belief that partners are aware of one's chronic self-esteem. We discuss implications for interactions with close others.

For Better or Worse? Self-Esteem and the Contingencies of Acceptance in Marriage

A longitudinal daily diary study examined the origins and consequences of perceiving a partner's acceptance and love as contingent on professional success. Both members of 154 couples completed a diary for 21 days. Multilevel analyses revealed that low self-esteem men and women felt more accepted and loved by their partner on days when their professional lives were marked by success, and low self-esteem women felt less accepted and loved on days when their professional lives were marked by failure. No such spillover effects between people's professional and relationship lives emerged for people high in chronic selfesteem. A 1-year longitudinal follow-up revealed that people who initially felt less accepted across days reported decreased satisfaction. Men also became especially distressed when their wives felt less accepted initially and (incorrectly) perceived their husbands' regard as contingent.

Selectivity in Generalizations about Self and Others from Performance

The willingness of perceivers to generalize about self and others from observed performance was investigated. In the first experiment, subjects judged the specific memory ability and the global intelligence of self or another after performance on a short-term memory task. Subjects drew strong inferences about the specific memory abilities of both self and others from performance. Global inferences about intelligence, however, were drawn about others but not self The second experiment examined the effects of chronic self-esteem on willingness to generalize about self: High- and low-self-esteem subjects judged their specific and global qualities after performing an anagram task. High-self-esteem subjects drew global inferences about self after good performance but not poor performance, whereas low-self-esteem subjects drew global inferences about self after poor performance but not good performance. The study provides evidence of an important mechanism that may contribute to the maintenance of global self-appraisals and chronic self-esteem.

The effects of ability, self-esteem and task difficulty on performance and task satisfaction

Abstract Korman's self-consistency theory maintains that chronic self-esteem is positively related to performance with the form of the relationship being affected by ability and task difficulty. However, previous research findings suggest that observed relationships between chronic self-esteem and performance are attributable to a positive correlation between chronic self-esteem and ability. Thus an alternative hypothesis is that task relevant abilities predict performance and that chronic self-esteem has no relationship to performance when ability is controlled. These hypotheses were tested with 24 high and 24 low self-esteem subjects who worked on manipulative and cognitive tasks that varied in difficulty. Following Korman's procedure, chronic self-esteem was measured by Ghiselli's Self-Assurance Scale. When self-esteem and abilities were used as joint predictors of performance, self-esteem was unrelated to performance. Analyses of task satisfaction also did not support Korman's theory. The main predict...

An empirical investigation of self-esteem as a composite construct

Three measures of chronic self-esteem, plus four measures developed to assess situational components of self-esteem (task-specific self-esteem and social self-esteem), were administered to 238 undergraduates at a large, urban university and a community college in the southeastern United States. Evidence for a composite construct of self-esteem was found. Results also indicate task-specific self-esteem correlates as high as .42 ( p < .01) with chronic self-esteem and as high as .76 ( p < .01) with social self-esteem. Task-specific self-esteem was found to be a better predictor of grade point average than chronic or social self-esteem. Suggestions are made for further research on the situational components of self-esteem to extend current findings.

The Acceptance of Personality Evaluations: Constraints on Consistency Motivations

One week subsequent to taking a projective test of personality, subjects high or low in chronic self-esteem rated the extent to which positively- or negatively-toned, bogus personality interpretations described their personalities. Half of these subjects were led to believe that the interpretations they received were based on their projective test responses. Remaining subjects rated the self-applicability of "sample" personality interpretations described as unrelated to their previous testing. Results indicated that both favorable and unfavorable interpretations purportedly based on projective test responses were regarded as accurate descriptions of subjects' personalities. However, "sample" interpretations unrelated to prior testing were accepted as significantly more accurate descriptions when consistent than when inconsistent with subjects' self-evaluations. The results are interpreted as illustrating the operation of constraints inherent in most personality assessment 'situations on self-consistency motivations.

Self-esteem, self-presentation, and future Interaction: A dilemma of reputation

The influence of chronic self-esteem on self-presentation was explored. Male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personality assessment. High self-esteem subjects used compensatory self-enhancement in their self-descriptions and behaved in ways contrary to what their reputations would imply. Low self-esteem subjects did not employ compensatory self-enhancement. Moreover, the behavior of low self-esteem subjects conformed to the randomly generated feedback when it (the feedback) was public but not when it was confidential. The expectation of future interaction was shown to be a mediating variable.

Perceived Locus of Control, Chronic Self-Esteem, and Attributions to Success and Failure

Male subjects, classified high or low on chronic self-esteem and high or low on internality-externality, received bogus feedback of pass or fail on a person perception task. They then attributed their performances to ability, effort, task difficulty and luck. As predicted, externals were more likely than internals to attribute their failures, but not their successes, to external factors. Shortcomings in Rotter's scale and a narrowness in his definitions of internality and externality were discussed. Differences resulting from chronic self-esteem emerged only in attributions to effort.

The effects of self-esteem, success–failure, and self-consciousness on task performance.

Previous research has demonstrated that the task performance of low selfesteem individuals (low SEs) suffers in the presence of self-focusing stimuli (e.g., a mirror). The present study was designed to determine if such stimuli must inevitably have adverse effects on low SEs. It was reasoned that if low SEs were provided with success feedback from a previous task, then the nature of their self-consciousness would be altered on a subsequent task. Specifically, low SEs should attend more to positive and less anxiety-provoking aspects of themselves than would low SEs who received failure feedback from the previous task. Under the former condition, the low SEs' subsequent task performance was expected to improve. For high self-esteem individuals (high SEs), who typically perform well, previous success-failure feedback was expected to have little effect on subsequent performance. In a three-factor design, subjects high and low in chronic self-esteem received false success or failure feedback from a previous task and completed a concept formation task in either the presence or the absence of a mirror. Whereas high SEs performed equally well following success or failure, low SEs in the success condition performed significantly better than low SEs in the failure condition (and just as well as high self-esteem-success participants). This Self-Esteem X Prior Feedback interaction was significant in the presence of the mirror, but not in its absence. In the absence of the mirror, however, this interaction was observed for subjects who were high in dispositional self-consciousness, but not for those who were low. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

How to reverse the vicious cycle of low self-esteem: The importance of attentional focus

Recent research suggests that the cognitive processes of low self-esteem people (low SEs) perpetuate low self-esteem and its undesirable emotional and behavioral correlates. For instance, it has been suggested that low SEs are more “self-conscious” than high self-esteem people (high SEs) and that self-consciousness can impair task performance. It was reasoned that if low SEs were led to focus their attention away from themselves and onto the task, performance would improve relative to high SEs. In a 2 × 3 between-subjects factorial design, subjects high and low in chronic self-esteem performed a concept formation task under three conditions: (1) in the presence of an audience, where self-focused attention is presumably high; (2) in a control group, in which attention was not manipulated; and (3) with instructions to concentrate on the task diligently. A significant interaction effect was obtained, indicating that low SEs performed worse than high SEs in the audience condition ( p < .025), no differently in the control, and better than high SEs ( p < .01) when instructed to concentrate on the task. Although the latter results are unusual in the context of self-esteem research, they are strikingly parallel to recent findings in the study of test anxiety.

Self-esteem, locus of control, and task difficulty as determinants of task performance

One hundred twenty-six high school students responded to questionnaire measures of chronic self-esteem (CSE), task-specific self-esteem (TSSE), and locus of control of reinforcements (L of C) and were given a list of anagrams to solve that varied in level of task difficulty (TD). L of C and (to a lesser extent) TSSE were each related to task performance (TP), multiple R = .51 ( p < .01). CSE was not related to TP. The overall relationships of TSSE and L of C with TP were each moderated significantly by TD. The results are discussed in terms of a gradual specification of the “boundary conditions” within which cognitive consistency theory and social learning theory may be applicable.

A critical review of Korman's self-consistency theory of work motivation and occupational choice

On the basis of a review of research testing Korman's self-consistency theory, chronic self-esteem and situational self-esteem appear to be important determinants of performance, choice, and satisfaction. Further, the findings of some studies support Korman's predictions that high self-esteem persons will perform more effectively and show higher correlations between task liking and success, between reward expectancy and performance, between need fulfillment and satisfaction, and between self-implementation and occupational choice. However, one cannot conclude on the basis of this research that “man is self-consistent and not self-enhancing,” since self-enhancement theory is a viable alternative explanation for most of the findings. A major source of ambiguity is that researchers have not tested the crucial self-consistency prediction that low self-esteem persons would seek consistency even at the cost of a dissatisfying occupation, failure, and other negative consequences. Several methodological and conceptual improvements are suggested for future applications of self-consistency theory to work motivation.

Locus of Control and Chronic Self-Esteem as Determinants of Acceptance of Positive and Negative Self-Evaluative Feedback

Internals and externals with differing self-esteem dispositions were administered a series of personality tests and subsequently provided with bogus reports by a clinical psychologist containing either positive or negative information about their personalities. Consistent with self-esteem theory, more low than high self-esteem internals showed willingness to undertake remedial behavior to solve their problems, while there were no differences in the behavior of high and low self- esteem externals under the same circumstances.

Chronic self-esteem as a moderator of performance consequences of expected pay

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, the present experiment investigated the effects of expected pay and chronic self-esteem on quantity and quality of performance. The results on the quality data indicated that high self-esteem subjects performed highly under both low and high pay conditions, whereas low self-esteem subjects performed highly only under the high pay condition. The results on the productivity data, however, indicated only the main effect of pay. These results can be explained in terms of self-consistency theory. They are also in agreement with other investigations showing that individuals would tend to confirm a high self-concept more by high quality than by high quantity of work.