Chronic Periodontitis Individuals Research Articles

Investigating the Connection between Chronic Periodontitis and Parkinson's Disease: Findings from a Korean National Cohort Study.

Recent research suggests a potential relevance between chronic periodontitis (CP) and Parkinson's disease (PD), raising concerns about comorbid PD among elderly CP patients. However, the epidemiologic basis for this association remains unclear. Employing a nested case-control design, this study explored the association between CP and subsequent PD occurrences in Korean adults, leveraging a validated national population-based dataset covering the period from 2002 to 2019. It included 8794 PD patients and 35,176 matched control individuals, established through propensity score matching for age, sex, residential area, and income. Baseline characteristics were compared using standardized differences, and logistic regression was employed to assess the impact of CP histories on PD likelihood while controlling for covariates. We performed a thorough examination of CP events within both 1-year and 2-year intervals preceding the index date, incorporating subgroup analyses. Our analysis revealed no statistically significant association between CP history and PD development overall. However, subgroup analysis revealed a slightly increased likelihood of PD development among CP individuals with a high disease burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥ 2). In conclusion, although our study did not find a significant overall association between CP history and PD development, the elevated likelihood of PD in subgroups with high disease burden may suggest that comorbidities influence PD probability among certain CP patients. Considering comorbid conditions in PD screening for some individuals with CP may be also important.

Assessment of IL-8 Levels in Saliva of Healthy and Chronic Periodontitis Individuals

ABSTRACT Inflammation of the gums and other tissues supporting the teeth, as well as gradual loss of attachment and bone, are the results of chronic periodontitis, an infectious illness. During inflammation, a group of low molecular weight proteins called cytokines facilitate a complex interaction between inflammatory cells (such neutrophils) and other cellular components in connective tissue. The cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant. Therefore, it is possible that IL-8 is crucial to the development of periodontitis’s pathology. Objectives: 1) To estimate concentration of IL-8 levels in healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis individuals. 2) To compare IL-8 levels in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals Materials and Methods: Participants in this research will be recruited from among those who visit the outpatient department (OPD) at the NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, run by the Maratha Mandal. Control Group: Subjects with no clinical attachment loss (CAL) and a probing depth of 3.0 mm are considered to be periodontally healthy. Those in Group 2 (chronic periodontitis) have a chronic form of the disease, as shown by a probing pocket depth (PPD) of less than 5 mm and CAL of less than 2 mm. Unstimulated saliva sample will be collected in a 5 mL wide-mouthed sterile container by spitting method. Samples collected will be centrifuged. The supernatant is collected and stored at –80°C and then assayed for IL-8 concentration by using the standardized IL-8 ELISA kit.

Periodontal disease and visfatin level: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Visfatin is considered an inflammatory biomarker in periodontal disease (PD). In this meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between Visfatin biomarker level with PD. In this study, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. We included studies that examined visfatin levels in samples from healthy people and periodontal disease until March 2023. The quality of the selected articles was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale. Depending on heterogeneity of studies, random-effects or fixed-effect models were used to pool results and report the standardized mean difference (SMD). After screening the retrieved papers, the related data were extracted. A total of 159 studies were identified, and 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In 9 studies, the SMD of visfatin level of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy individuals was 4.32 (p<0.001). In 6 studies, the SMD of salivary visfatin level in patients with CP and healthy individuals was 2.95 (p = 0.004). In addition, in five studies, the SMD of serum visfatin level in patients with CP and healthy individuals was 7.87 (p<0.001). Therefore, Visfatin levels in serum, saliva, and GCF of patients with CP were increased in comparison to healthy individuals. Comparison of visfatin levels in saliva of gingivitis patients and healthy individuals showed a significant increase of visfatin in gingivitis patients (SMD:0.57, P = 0.018), but no significant difference was observed in the mean GCF visfatin level of gingivitis patients and healthy individuals (SMD:2.60, P = 0.090). In addition, the results suggested that there is no difference between gingivitis cases compared to CP patients (SMD:3.59, P = 0.217). Visfatin levels in GCF, serum, and saliva have the potential to be used as a diagnostic biomarker of periodontitis.

The effect of different cigarette smoking levels on gingival crevicular fluid volume and periodontal clinical parameters in Saudi Arabia

IntroductionPeriodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium. It is the main cause of tooth loss and is considered one of the biggest threats to the oral cavity. Tobacco smoking has long been associated with increased risk for periodontal, peri-implant, and other medical diseases. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of smoking and its level on periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)) in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals. Material and MethodA total of 160 participants were recruited in the present study, who were equally divided into the following five groups: healthy controls (C), healthy smokers (HS), nonsmokers with periodontitis (PNS), light smokers with periodontitis (PLS), and heavy smokers with periodontitis (PHS). GCF volume and periodontal clinical parameters (PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP) were assessed for each participant and compared between the study groups. ResultThere was a statistically significant difference in PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean PI, PD, and CAL were considerably higher in heavy smokers than light smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean GI and BOP were significantly lower in heavy smokers than in light smokers and non-smokers. There was a statistically significant difference in GCF between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean GCF readings were higher in heavy smokers than light smokers or non-smokers (P < 0.001). ConclusionThe present study confirms the influence of smoking on periodontal clinical parameters. Smoking was associated with increased PD, PI, CAL, and GCF readings; however, GI and BOP were decreased in smokers. The number of cigarettes played a key role in the volume of GCF and periodontal clinical parameters.

Immunoexpression of interferon-gamma in the interdental gingiva of chronic periodontitis patients with interferon-gamma (+874A/T) rs62559044 polymorphism.

Interferon-gamma (IFNγ), which is involved in inflammation, has an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis (CP). The association of IFNγ +874A/T gene polymorphisms with a higher incidence of CP has been reported previously. We investigated the immunoexpression of IFNγ in human gingiva from CP patients with IFNγ +874A/T gene polymorphisms compared to a healthy group. Biopsies from interdental gingiva (n=60) were obtained from CP patients (n=38) and individuals who had clinically healthy gingiva (n=22). The specimens were classified according to genotypes of IFNγ +874A/T gene polymorphism using amplification-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) (10AA, 18AT, and 10TT). After tissue processing and slide preparation, we evaluated the expression levels of IFNγ in the interdental gingiva using the immunohistochemistry technique. Values were compared between two study groups by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis analysis. P<0.05 was considered the level of significance. There was a noticeable increase in the immunoexpression of IFNγ in the gingival epithelium, fibroblasts, and capillaries of gingival tissue from CP patients compared to the control group. We found different levels of IFNγ expression in different parts of the gingival epithelium. The highest levels were found in the middle regions of the gingival epithelium in patients with TT genotypes. Immune cells and vascular endothelium of gingiva in the AA group also showed increased expression of IFNγ. Results suggest that IFNγ +874A/T gene polymorphism may change the expression level of IFNγ and subsequently the progression of CP.

Evaluation of 8-Hydroxy deoxyguanosine levels, as a marker of oxidative stress in chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis individuals during the course of phase 1 periodontal therapy in comparison with periodontally healthy individuals

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the levels of 8-Hydroxy deoxyguanosine levels, as a marker of oxidative stress in Chronic Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis individuals during the course of Phase 1 periodontal therapy in comparison with Periodontally healthy Individuals. Materials and Method: All the individuals were divided into 3 groups each including 16 subjects. Group 1 included healthy subjects and group 3 and 4 included subjects with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis respectively. Saliva samples were collected and the 8-OHdG levels were assessed. Results: The levels reduced to 1.59±0.50 in chronic periodontitis group one month after scaling and root planing. A statistically non-significant value of 0.09 was recorded. The levels in chronic gingivitis group were 1.20±0.89. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that 8-OHdG is an important biomarker of oxidative stress and is increased in patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis.

Correlation of Blood Sugar Levels and Chronic Periodontitis in Out-Patients Visiting a Dental Hospital

Introduction: Periodontitis is the inflammation of the periodontium including periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. It is a multifactorial disease which is caused by the activity of microbial invasion followed by destruction of periodontal tissues. The major risk factor involved is smoking which increases the severity of the disease and other conditions like diabetes, immunocompromised state, medication and also genetic factors. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder which is characterized to have altered glucose or impaired lipid and carbohydrate mechanisms. Diabetes has been confirmed as a major risk factor for causing periodontitis.&#x0D; Aim: To assess the correlation of blood sugar levels and chronic periodontitis in out-patients visiting a dental hospital.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among the outpatients of Saveetha dental college. The data was collected and analysed from a total number of 5,35,951 patients between June 2019 - February 2021 and the sample size was 65. The data was collected from DIAS (Dental Information Archiving Software) and statistically analysed using SPSS software.&#x0D; Results: 52.3% of female population has chronic periodontitis where it was 47.7% in male population. From the age group of 21-30 years 20% of the chronic periodontitis individuals were diabetic, which was highest when compared to other age groups. The male population with 30.77% had diabetes and female population with 33.85% had diabetes. &#x0D; Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, there exists a positive correlation between increased blood sugar levels and chronic periodontitis. And the presence of increased blood sugar levels were seen in the age groups 61-70 years and more commonly seen in the female population. So people with poorly glycemic controls must be considered as a risk factor for periodontitis and people with diabetes must be informed of the risk factors.

Abnormal mitochondrial structure and function are retained in gingival tissues and human gingival fibroblasts from patients with chronic periodontitis.

The abnormal structure and function of mitochondria in cells is closely associated with inflammatory diseases. However, the physiology of mitochondria within gingival tissues and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the structure profile and function of mitochondria in gingival tissues and in HGFs derived from patients with or without CP. These features of mitochondria in HGFs were further analyzed when HGFs were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g). Gingival tissues and HGFs were collected from CP and healthy patients. Mitochondrial structure was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Tissues or cells lysis was performed for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantification, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests were used to determine mtDNA copy numbers. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate autophagy-related protein (ATG)-5, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and mitochondrial matrix protein pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 (PDK2) levels in tissues and HGFs from CP and healthy individuals. Tissues and HGFs from CP showed a significant greater mitochondrial structure destruction, lower mtDNA level, increased ATG5, LC3-II, and lower PDK2 protein levels than those of healthy individuals. In addition, LPS from P.g also triggered the same results in HGFs from healthy donors. Moreover, the challenge of HGFs from CP with LPS worsened these parameters. Mitochondrial structure and function within gingival tissues and HGFs from CP individuals were abnormal compared to those from healthy donors, and LPS could promote mitochondrial destruction.

Role of Cluster of Differentiation 163 in Diabetes-Periodontitis Interplay.

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess and quantify cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) protein levels and CD163 messenger RNA (mRNA) gene expression in subgingival plaque samples of generalized chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type II diabetes mellitus (DM).Materials and methodsEighty chronic periodontitis subjects were selected and divided into 40 systemically healthy, generalized chronic periodontitis subjects (Group I) and 40 generalized chronic periodontitis subjects diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (Group II). Age, body mass index (BMI), income, plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. CD163 protein and gene expressions were quantified and compared between the groups.Results The mean age, BMI, income, PI, BOP %, and CD163 protein and gene expression were higher in Group II (p< 0.05) as compared to Group I. In Group I, CD163 protein levels showed a negative correlation with respect to BMI and PI, and this was statistically significant. In Group II, all the periodontal parameters showed a positive correlation with CD163 protein levels. Overall, PI and BOP % were significantly correlated with CD163 protein levels. Both CD163 protein and gene expression showed a negative correlation with each other (p= 0.001).ConclusionThe elevated protein levels of CD163 in the subgingival plaque samples of generalized chronic periodontitis individuals with type II diabetes mellitus signify the involvement of CD163 in the pathogenesis of both periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. CD163 can play a challenging role as a diagnostic, as well as a prognostic biomarker, in both these inflammatory diseases.

Comparative assessment of periodontal regeneration in periodontal intraosseous defects treated with PepGen P-15 unaided or in blend with platelet-rich fibrin: A clinical and high-resolution computed tomography scan-assisted volumetric analysis.

Background:PepGen P-15, a xenograft, has proven its periodontal regenerative potential. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous platelet concentrate which too contributes to periodontal redevelopment through the release of different polypeptide progression factors. The present study intended to evaluate the regenerative potential of PepGen P-15 xenograft when used unaccompanied or in blend with PRF in periodontal intraosseous defects in humans through clinical and a novel computed tomography (CT) scan analysis technique.Materials and Methods:Twelve chronic periodontitis individuals with paired periodontal intraosseous defects were randomly treated either with PepGen P-15 exclusively (Control/Group A) or in concoction with PRF (Test/Group B) utilizing split-mouth study design. Pocket probing depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), and relative position of gingival margin were assessed at 3- and 6-month interval, whereas the linear and volumetric bone defect regeneration were assessed at 6 months postoperatively using CT scan.Results:Both the groups validated statistically significant PPD reduction, RAL gain at 3 and 6 months, but on intergroup comparison, test group CT images revealed significantly greater linear bone gain and volumetric bone gain, with mean difference of 0.73 ± 0.28 (P = 0.018) and 2.70 ± 1.36 (P = 0.06) at 6 months in comparison to the baseline data.Conclusions:PepGen P-15 and PRF blend had better regeneration potential for the management of intrabony defects. Further long-term investigations on large sample size are recommended to authenticate the same.

Expression of apelin among the individuals of chronic periodontitis, with and without type ii diabetes mellitus: A study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Background: This is the first study showing the co-relationship of apelin among chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CP has an anti-inflammatory and anti-glycaemic role in our system. In the future, a localised therapeutic dose of apelin can be used to lower the severity of periodontal disease by reducing the inflammation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the levels of serum apelin from patients with CP, CP + T2DM, and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: This study included 180 individuals that were equally divided into three groups. Group A consisted of healthy individuals, Group B with CP, and Group C with CP + T2DM. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and serum Apelin (AP) were measured. Serum apelin expression was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The highest apelin was in CP + T2DM group (24.0 ± 3.78 ng/dl) followed by CP (15.4 ± 2.01 ng/dl) and healthy individuals (7.6 ± 1.18 ng/dl). There was a significant increase in serum apelin (P ≤ 0.05) in Group C individuals. Similarly, PPD was significantly increased in individuals with CP + T2DM. Conclusion: Expression of significant apelin in patients with CP and T2DM suggests a possible role for these adipokines in inflammation and glucose level regulation. In the future, it may be used as a therapeutic agent in curing periodontitis.

Proteomic analysis of whole saliva in chronic periodontitis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from a dysbiosis of the dental biofilm and a dysregulated host response in susceptible individuals. It is characterized by periodontal attachment destruction, bone resorption and eventual tooth loss. Salivary biomarkers have been sought to predict and prevent periodontitis. This comparative study analyzed the salivary proteome of individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP) and periodontal health (PH) and correlated specific proteins with clinical parameters of disease by using mass spectrometry. Stimulated whole saliva was obtained 10 PH and 30 CP patients and pooled into 5 healthy control samples and 15 CP samples. After precipitation with TCA, samples were digested enzymatically with trypsin and analyzed by a LTQ Orbitrap Velos equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source. A wide range of salivary proteins of various functions was significantly reduced in CP individuals, whereas salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein, submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein, histatin-1, fatty acid binding protein, thioredoxin and cystatin-SA were predominant in diseased patients and correlated significantly with signs of periodontal attachment loss and inflammation. In conclusion, few specific salivary proteins were associated with CP. These findings may contribute to the identification of disease indicators or signatures for the improvement of periodontal diagnosis. SignificancePeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in periodontal attachment destruction, bone resorption and eventual tooth loss. Salivary biomarkers have been sought to predict periodontitis. The analysis of the salivary proteome of individuals with chronic periodontitis indicated that several proteins of various functions were significantly reduced in these individuals, except for salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein, submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein, histatin, fatty acid binding protein, thioredoxin and cystatin. Differences in salivary proteome profiles between periodontal health and periodontitis may contribute to the identification of disease indicators and to the improvement of periodontal diagnosis and treatment.

Interrelationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and complement C3 and factor B Levels in chronic periodontitis individuals

Background: To evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of complement C3 and factor B and their correlation with Porphyromonas gingivalis levels in chronic periodontitis (CP) individuals. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals were divided into three groups. Clinical parameters such as Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing depth (PD) and Clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded and P. gingivalis levels were measured at baseline in Group I (periodontally healthy) and II( chronic periodontits) and 3 months post scaling and root planning (SRP) in Group III subjects. Serum and GCF samples were collected from all the individuals at baseline 3-month post-SRP to evaluate complement C3 and complement factor B levels by spectrophotometer and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Levels of P. gingivalis were determined by anaerobic culture. Results: Complement C3 and factor B levels in serum and GCF along with P. gingivalis levels in plaque samples showed statistical significance between the groups (P < 0.001). SRP resulted in decrease in C3, factor B, and P. gingivalis levels after 3 months in CP group at P < 0001. Among the periodontal parameters, PD showed significant correlation with biochemical and microbiological parameters in both the groups before and after periodontal therapy. Conclusion: P. gingivalis correlated strongly with factor B values in CP and SRP resulted in reduction of these values suggesting a possible modulation of alternate complement pathway by P. gingivalis.

Pathogen profile and MMP-3 levels in areas with varied attachment loss in generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis.

IntroductionThe progression of periodontitis depends on the changes in bone and connective tissue homeostasis and the imbalance of the biofilm and the host immunoinflammatory response, particularly matrix metalloproteinases (MMP).Aim of the studyTo assess the probable relation between subgingival anaerobic flora and the expression of MMP-3 in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (AgP), chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy subjects, and to evaluate these levels according to varied tissue loss severity.Material and methodsThe plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were evaluated. MMP levels obtained from gingival sulcus fluid (GCF) were measured with Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay (ELISA). The bacterial counts were determined with Parocheck®.ResultsHigher levels of MMP-3 in patients with AgP compared to subjects with CP and healthy individuals were observed. The microorganisms responsible of possible tissue destruction in both AgP and CP are red complex bacteria. T. denticola, T. forsythia, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum show positive correlation with MMP-3 levels.ConclusionsMMP-3 is a biomarker associated with AgP, and red complex bacteria levels are correlated with increasing periodontal tissue loss in both periodontitis forms. The diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis, or site-specific treatment strategies can be orchestrated based on the evaluation of MMP-3 and the bacterial counts in patients with periodontitis.

Expression of human and Porphyromonas gingivalis glutaminyl cyclases in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis–A pilot study

ObjectivesHuman glutaminyl cyclases (QC and isoQC) play an important role in maintaining inflammatory conditions. Meanwhile a glutaminyl cyclase synthesized by Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgQC), a key pathogen in developing periodontitis and a potential link of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was discovered. This study was aimed to determine the expression of QC, isoQC and PgQC in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and RA. DesignThirty volunteers were enrolled in a pilot study and divided into 3 groups (healthy, CP and RA individuals). Blood samples, biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were analysed for mRNA expression of QC, isoQC and P. gingivalis QC. Major bacteria being associated with periodontal disease were quantified in subgingival biofilm and protein levels for monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3 and interleukin (IL)-1β) were determined in the GCF. Expression of PgQC on the mRNA and protein levels was assessed in two P. gingivalis strains. ResultsPgQC is expressed in P. gingivalis strains and the protein seems to be located mainly in peri-plasmatic space. mRNA expression of QC was significantly increased in the peripheral blood from RA patients vs. healthy subjects and CP patients (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively). In GCF of RA patients, QC mRNA was detected more frequently than in healthy controls (p = 0.043). In these samples IL-1β levels were also elevated compared to GCF from periodontally healthy individuals (p = 0.003). PgQC was detected in eight out of the 13 P. gingivalis positive biofilm samples. ConclusionActivity of QC may play a supportive role in maintaining chronic periodontal inflammation and destruction in RA. PgQC is expressed in vivo but further research is needed to evaluate biological importance of this enzyme and if it constitutes a potential target in periodontal antimicrobial therapy.

Evaluation of DEFB1 polymorphisms in individuals with chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus type 2 in a population of northeastern Brazil.

The role of genetic variations in genes related to innate response, as β-defensin-1 (DEFB1), in the context of chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), is still not clear. The present study evaluates the distribution of DEFB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 5'-untranslated (5'UTR) region and its relation with the CP in DM2 individuals in northeastern Brazilians. Two hundred and eighty individuals participated in the study, being 116 DM2+CP, 95 CP, and 69 healthy individuals. Three known DEFB1 functional SNPs [-52 G>A (rs1799946), -44 C>G (rs1800972), -20 G>A (rs11362)] were genotyped with allele-specific assays. Association was found for the DEFB1 -20 G>A SNP. The G allele, the GA and GG genotypes were significantly (P<0.05) more frequent in the DM2+CP (59.5%, 50%, and 34.5%, respectively) and CP (61%, 44.2%, and 38.9%, respectively) than in healthy individuals (26.8%, 36.2%, and 8.7%, respectively). The GCG and ACG combinations (-52, -44, -20) were significantly more frequent among DM2+CP and CP than in the healthy individuals. The results indicate that genetic variations of DEFB1 gene (SNP-20: G allele and GA and GG genotypes) and the DEFB1 5'UTR haplotypes (GCG and ACG) may be associated with a susceptibility to CP in DM2 individuals as well as CP individuals without DM2.

Association of Human Interleukin-35 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum in Periodontal Health, Disease, and after Nonsurgical Therapy: A Comparative Study.

Background:Innovating newer methods to diagnose a multifactorial disease such as periodontitis is always challenging for a clinician. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) which is closely associated with the periodontal tissue environment has been used a viable alternative to saliva for the diagnosis of periodontitis.Aim:The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the interleukin-35 (IL-35) levels in GCF and serum among healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis (CP) individuals as well as to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on IL-35 level among patients with CP.Settings and Design:The study was conducted at the Department of Periodontics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India. It is a comparative study.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 participants were divided into healthy (Group I; n = 20), gingivitis (Group II; n = 20), and CP (Group IIIA; n = 20). GCF samples collected from each individual at baseline and 6 weeks after NSPT for Group III individuals (Group IIIB; n = 20) were quantified for IL-35 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Statistical Analysis:All analyses were performed using Shapiro–Wilk test, analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test, and multiple regression analysis.Results:The mean IL-35 concentration in GCF was significantly high (P < 0.05) for Group IIIA (70.26 ± 4.0 pg/ml), as compared to Group I (54.81 ± 22.3 pg/ml) and Group IIIB (55.72 ± 10.2 pg/ml).Conclusion:In the present study, GCF and serum IL-35 concentration among CP individuals was highest among all the groups. Individuals receiving NSPT showed a significant reduction in IL-35 levels as compared to CP individuals.

The effect of supragingival biofilm re-development on the subgingival microbiota in chronic periodontitis

ObjectiveIn this study, we hypothesized that in the absence of oral hygiene, re-growth of the climax microbial communities of supra and subgingival biofilm happens in a faster and more intense fashion in individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP) compared to periodontally healthy controls (PH). DesignThirty patients (PH=15 and CP=15) received professional supragingival prophylaxis, and were asked to refrain from oral hygiene for 7days. Supra and subgingival biofilm samples and GCF were collected from randomly selected quadrants at baseline (before prophylaxis), immediately after prophylaxis, 2h, 6h, 24h, and 7days after prophylaxis. The composition of the biofilm was determined by the checkerboard method. ResultsAll subjects developed gingivitis at the end of 7days without oral hygiene. GCF mean volumes were significantly higher in CP than PH patients at baseline, but they started decreasing 2h after prophylaxis, returning to baseline levels after 24h in both groups. Significant increases in mean counts for most of the species evaluated were observed in both groups and biofilms over time (p<0.05). Few hours after prophylaxis, a more marked reduction in microbial counts happened in the supragingival biofilm of the CP group, and re-development of biofilm started later than in the PH group. At 7days, no differences were seen between groups. Significant differences in kinetics of re-colonization between groups were observed only in the subgingival biofilm for T. denticola and F. nucleatum ss vicentii (increased in the CP), and N. mucosa (increased in the PH group; p<0.05). ConclusionsBiofilm re-development was very similar between CP and PH individuals, although microbial re-growth occurred few hours earlier in PH than PC. Only 3 species in the subgingival biofilm differed in re-colonization between groups. Thus, we reject the hypothesis that re-colonization of biofilm in CP patients is more intense and faster than in individuals with PH.

Outcomes of implant therapy in patients with a history of aggressive periodontitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To investigate the outcomes of implant therapy in partially dentate patients treated for aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) in comparison to periodontally healthy (HP) and patients treated for chronic periodontitis (CP) utilizing radiographic and clinical parameters. An electronic search of databases, supplemented by hand searching, was conducted to identify relevant clinical studies. Sequential screenings at the title, abstract and full-text levels were performed independently and in duplicate. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted and bias corrected bootstrap 95% confidence intervals were estimated for group comparisons. The search strategy revealed a total of 899 results. After title screening, abstract scanning, and full-text reading, seven articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The 3-year survival rate for CP and HP patients was 100% while in GAgP subjects, the respective value was 97.98%; this difference being statistically significant. The 3-year mean marginal bone loss (MBL) was 1.07mm for the GAgP group, 0.47mm for the CP group, and 0.69mm for the HP group. A significant difference between the GAgP and CP groups was identified (p<0.05). The weighted mean differences of MBL concerning the above groups were also calculated and examined for statistical significance in both 1 and 3years. The 3-year survival rate and peri-implant marginal bone loss was found statistically significantly lower in GAgP subjects (SR 97.98% vs 100%) in comparison to HP and CP individuals. The outcome of implant therapy in terms of survival rate and marginal bone loss is considered very important for the clinician in decision making when placing implants in patients with a history of aggressive periodontitis.

RNA-sequencing study of peripheral blood monocytes in chronic periodontitis

BackgroundMonocytes are an important cell type in chronic periodontitis (CP) by interacting with oral bacteria and mediating host immune response. The aim of this study was to reveal new functional genes and pathways for CP at monocyte transcriptomic level. MethodsWe performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) study of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) in 5 non-smoking moderate to severe CP (case) individuals vs. 5 controls. We took advantage of a microarray study of periodontitis to support our findings. We also performed pathway-based analysis on the identified differentially expressed (DEx) transcripts/isoforms using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). ResultsThrough differential expression analyses at both whole gene (or whole non-coding RNA) and isoform levels, we identified 380 DEx transcripts and 5955 DEx isoforms with a PPEE (posterior probability of equal expression) of <0.05. Pervasive up-regulation of transcripts at isoform level in CP vs. control individuals was observed, suggesting a more functionally active monocyte transcriptome for CP. By comparing with the microarray dataset, we identified several CP-associated novel genes (e.g., FACR and CUX1) that have functions to interact with invading microorganisms or enhance TNF production on lipopolysaccharide stimulation. DAVID analysis of both the RNA-seq and the microarray datasets leads to converging evidence supporting “endocytosis”, “cytokine production” and “apoptosis” as significant biological processes in CP. ConclusionsAs the first RNA-seq study of PBMs for CP, this study provided novel findings at both gene (e.g., FCAR and CUX1) and biological process level. The findings will contribute to better understanding of CP disease mechanisms.