Chronic Metabolic Conditions Research Articles

Role of Regenerative Therapeutics in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Current Advances and Future Prospects

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition that has far-reaching consequences for human health. If there is no appropriate therapeutic treatment, diabetic peripheral neuropathy might lead to foot ulceration and limb amputation. Conventional pharmacological therapy have weak anti-DPN activity. By stimulating nerve regeneration, addressing underlying causes of the disorder, and alleviating symptoms, stem cell therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy has the potential to alter the management of this debilitating illness. One of its most significant advantages is its ability to regenerate damaged nerves, as stem cells may differentiate into a variety of cell types, including neurons and supporting cells. Preclinical and early-phase clinical research has resulted in improvements in nerve conduction, pain alleviation, and sensory function in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Stem cell therapy can be tailored to each patient's specific ailment, ensuring personalized care that improves therapeutic outcomes. Future research may uncover further benefits and applications for stem cell treatment, such as refining stem cell source selection, experimenting with novel delivery systems, and capitalizing on tissue engineering advances. Combining stem cell therapy with gene editing or bioengineering procedures may improve regenerative potential in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. To completely reap the benefits of stem cell therapy in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, obstacles must be overcome and treatment procedures must be improved. Stem cell therapy has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by encouraging nerve regeneration, and symptom relief. The present review discusses the noteworthy developments in various regenerative therapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Oral health-related quality of life among diabetic patients: A cross-sectional controlled study.

Diabetes is a widespread chronic metabolic condition that has a significant negative influence on a person's sociopsychological, physical, and economic well-being. This study was designed to (1) measure the impact of oral health on quality of life (QoL) using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) in association with other factors (age, gender, years of diabetes, level of education, smoking, presence of other conditions, oral complaints, and glycemic control) and (2) validate the Arabic version of the OHIP-14. Diabetic and healthy participants completed a two-part survey including demographic characteristics OHIP-14 questionnaire. The sample consisted of 121 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 146 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data, OHIP-14 questionnaires, and glycemic control data were collected. The data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that OHIP-14 was found to have sufficient reliability and validity in measuring life quality. Our study documented the effects of oral health complications on QoL among diabetics compared to controls. The type of diabetes had no effect on life quality. The highest OHIP-14 domain affected was functional limitation, while the lowest one was social handicap. It was concluded that diabetes has a negative effect on life quality. Diabetic patients have unsatisfactory oral health, which affects their QoL. The OHIP-14 is a reliable and valuable instrument to measure life quality.

Encapsulation of telmisartan inside insulinoma-cell-derived extracellular vesicles outperformed biomimetic nanovesicles in modulating the pancreatic inflammatory microenvironment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition, characterized by hyperglycaemia, oxidative imbalance, pancreatic β-cell death, and insulin insufficiency. Angiotensin II (Ang II) increases oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) can ameliorate inflammatory response and oxidative stress. However, like other small-molecule drugs, free ARBs show poor in vivo efficacy and dose-limiting toxicities. Hence, in this study, we developed nano-formulations of telmisartan (TEL), an ARB, by encapsulating it inside a murine insulinoma cell-derived extracellular vesicle (nanoTEL) and a bio-mimetic lipid nanovesicle (lipoTEL). Both nano-formulations showed spherical morphology and sustained release of TEL. In vitro, nanoTEL restored oxidative equilibrium, attenuated reactive oxygen species levels, enhanced the uptake of glucose analogue, and increased the expression of glucose transporter protein 4 better than lipoTEL. In a streptozotocin-induced murine model of diabetes, nanoTEL lowered blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, and promoted insulin synthesis and secretion significantly better than lipoTEL. Moreover, nanoTEL was found superior in ameliorating the pancreatic inflammatory microenvironment by regulating NF-κBp65, HIF-1α, and PPAR-γ expression; modulating IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-4 levels and inducing the polarization of macrophage from M1 to M2. Further, nanoTEL administration induced angiogenesis and promoted the proliferation of pancreatic cells to restore the structural integrity of the islets of Langerhans more efficiently than lipoTEL. These findings collectively suggest that nanoTEL outperforms lipoTEL in restoring the function of pancreatic β-cells by modulating the pancreatic inflammatory microenvironment and show potential for the treatment of DM.

Early detection of diabetic foot ulcer using IoT and ML

This study explores the critical realm of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) and proposes an innovative approach for early detection using Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML). A chronic metabolic condition with elevated blood glucose levels is called diabetes mellitus. A foot ulcer is an open wound that is typically located beneath the feet. It can be shallow and less severe, occurring just below the skin's surface, or it can be deep and expose the bones, tendons, and joints. However, diabetes patients may be able to avoid complications from diabetic foot ulcers if early prophylaxis is practiced. One of the complications that this condition is frequently linked to is diabetic foot ulcers. Focusing on Diabetes Mellitus, the chronic metabolic condition leading to DFUs, the study introduces a wearable shoe prototype equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. This IoT-enabled device facilitates daily foot evaluation at home, allowing for timely identification of early symptoms and severity monitoring. By integrating ML algorithms, the real-time ulcer detection system aims to prevent complications, reduce amputations, and enhance proactive diabetic care.

Medical comorbidities and other factors associated with migraine among individuals with diabetes mellitus in Hungary: a cross-sectional study using European Health Interview Surveys 2009-2019.

Migraine, a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches, affects over 1.1 billion individuals globally. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic condition marked by high blood sugar levels, affects 463 million individuals according to the International Diabetes Federation. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between migraine and DM and to identify several demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, as well as medical and psychiatric comorbidities, associated with migraine among individuals with DM. This cross-sectional study is based on data from the European Health Interview Surveys conducted in 2009, 2014, and 2019 in Hungary. Pearson's chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess associations. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In multiple regression analyses, we found no significant association between DM and migraine after adjusting for socioeconomic status, various health conditions, and lifestyle factors (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.66-1.06). However, adults with DM who had comorbid conditions including stroke (OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.06-4.08), low back pain (OR=3.52, 95% CI: 2.13-5.84), and depression (OR=4.91, 95% CI: 2.84-8.47) were significantly more likely to suffer from migraine. Our study found no significant difference in the prevalence of migraine among adults with and without diabetes mellitus. However, several comorbidities were found to be significantly associated with migraine occurrence in those with DM. Thus, the study's results highlight the need for proper management of diabetes, especially in terms of comorbidities, to mitigate migraine risk factors and improve patient outcomes.

A flavonoid-rich extract of bergamot juice improves high-fat diet-induced intestinal permeability and associated hepatic damage in mice.

Consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs) is a contributing factor to obesity, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several studies suggested the protective role of bioactives present in Citrus fruits against the above mentioned chronic metabolic conditions. In this study, we evaluated if a flavonoid-rich extract of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) juice (BJe) could inhibit HFD-induced intestinal permeability and endotoxemia and, through this mechanism, mitigate the associated hepatic damage in C57BL/6J mice. After 12 weeks of the treatment, HFD consumption caused high body weight (BW) gain, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, which were mitigated by BJe (50 mg per kg BW) supplementation. Furthermore, supplementation with BJe prevented HFD-induced liver alterations, including increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, increased hepatic lipid deposition, high NAS, and fibrosis. Mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks showed (i) a decrease in small intestine tight junction protein levels (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1), (ii) increased intestinal permeability, and (iii) endotoxemia. All these adverse events were mitigated by BJe supplementation. Linking the capacity of BJe to prevent HFD-associated endotoxemia, supplementation with this extract decreased the HFD-induced overexpression of hepatic TLR-4, downstream signaling pathways (MyD88, NF-κB and MAPK), and the associated inflammation, evidenced by increased MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and F4/80 levels. Overall, we suggest that BJe could mitigate the harmful consequences of western style diet consumption on liver physiology by protecting the gastrointestinal tract from permeabilization and associated metabolic endotoxemia.

Analysis of the management and therapeutic performance of diabetes mellitus employing special target.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantly by hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiology of diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin's tissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the global prevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure is found, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major factors of the disease's deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizing patient compliance has always been essential. Among the medications available to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targeting receptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminary studies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages. The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation and may be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficient and secure than current and traditional treatments.

Advances in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via farnesoid X receptor

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic condition with rapidly increasing incidence, becoming a public health issue of worldwide concern. Studies have shown that farnesoid X receptor(FXR)-based modulation of downstream targets can improve liver function and metabolic status in the patients with NAFLD and may be a potential drug target for treating this di-sease. Great progress has been achieved in the development of drugs targeting FXR for the treatment of NAFLD. A number of studies have explored the traditional Chinese medicine and their active ingredients for the treatment of NAFLD via FXR considering the high safety and efficacy and mild side effects. This paper systematically describes the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of NAFLD via FXR and the downstream targets, aiming to provide precise targets for the drug development and clinical treatment of NAFLD.

HARMONY AND HEALTH: APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS AND COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a chronic condition characterized by lifelong affliction. This study employs the literature review methodology, wherein researchers undertake a systematic examination of a range of current publications encompassing diverse genres. The objective of this study is to explore diverse concepts and theories that can subsequently be formed to align with the research objectives. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition with several causes, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and associated metabolic dysregulation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins due to insufficient insulin activity. Diabetic foot is recognized as a notable consequence of diabetes mellitus. The management of diabetic foot can be improved with the implementation of foot workouts. Typically, individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have access to several treatment options, including insulin therapy, administration of diabetic medications, exploration of alternative treatments, consideration of surgical interventions, and adoption of a healthier lifestyle.

Portable Infrared-Based Glucometer Reinforced with Fuzzy Logic.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels owing to decreased insulin production or sensitivity. Current diagnostic approaches for gestational diabetes entail intrusive blood tests, which are painful and impractical for regular monitoring. Additionally, typical blood glucose monitoring systems are restricted in their measurement frequency and need finger pricks for blood samples. This research study focuses on the development of a non-invasive, real-time glucose monitoring method based on the detection of glucose in human tears and finger blood using mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The proposed solution combines a fuzzy logic-based calibration mechanism with an IR sensor and Arduino controller. This calibration technique increases the accuracy of non-invasive glucose testing based on MID absorbance in fingertips and human tears. The data demonstrate that our device has high accuracy and reliability, with an error rate of less than 3%, according to the EGA. Out of 360 measurements, 97.5% fell into zone A, 2.2% into zone B, and 0.3% into zone C of the Clarke Error Grid. This suggests that our device can give clinically precise and acceptable estimates of blood glucose levels without inflicting any harm or discomfort on the user.

The Influence of Diabetic Foot Exercise On Foot Sensitivity Of Diabetes Mellitus Patient Type 2

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic condition marked by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), is brought on by an imbalance between the supply and demand for insulin. Decreased or missing insulin causes glucose to be retained in the circulation, increasing blood sugar levels while depleting the glucose that is required for cell survival and function. In type 2 DM patients, complaints of neuropathy are common.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetic foot exercise on patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center. Methods: Pre-experimental research is the type of study being conducted. During December 2022 to January 2023, the study was conducted at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center. A total of 34 people were included in the sampling method with purposive sampling. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank test was used for analysis.Result: This study included 34 samples, and convenience or accidental sampling was used to choose the samples. The Wilcoxon test's asymp sign (2 tailed), which is 0.02 or 0.05, reveals the significance value. The results of the research show that before intervention the most sensitivity is moderate with 18 (61,2%) after treatment, data show that the most sensitivity is good with 16 (47%); p value 0,02&lt;0,05. The sensitivity of the feet of Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center is influenced by diabetic foot exercise. Conclusion: Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center have sensitive feet, which is influenced by diabetic foot activity). It is important for families and communities to give motivation to the diabetes mellitus patients to do diabetic foot as one of alternative therapies to prevent foot complications such and increase foot sensitivity.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Foot Sensitivity, and Diabetic Foot Exercise

Surgical Site Infections in Diabetic Patients: literature review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition with severe repercussions in surgical treatment. One important component of this effect is the complex link between diabetes and Surgical Site Infections (SSI). Diabetes severely slows wound healing, owing to poor microvascular circulation, decreased collagen production, and diminished immunological responses. Diabetic patients are more likely to develop SSI as a result of variables such as hyperglycemia, neuropathy, obesity, and peripheral vascular disease. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus species are common bacterial infections that cause SSI in diabetics. Furthermore, this review emphasizes important biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, which provide indications for SSI in diabetics. Deep tissue involvement, sepsis, and extended hospitalization are among the consequences associated with these infections, which need quick and customized care measures. By focusing on both diabetes control and SSI prevention, healthcare practitioners may reduce the significant burden both conditions place on patients and the healthcare system, thereby improving outcomes for diabetic patients having surgical operations.

Aquatic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be similarly effective to land-based HIIT in improving exercise capacity in people with chronic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of aquatic high-intensity interval training (AHIIT) on exercise capacity in people with chronic conditions.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.ParticipantsAdults (age ≥18 years) with any chronic conditions (long duration,...

Forecasting glycaemia for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients by means of IoMT devices

The chronic metabolic condition, Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), is marked by consistent hyperglycemia due to the body's inability to produce sufficient insulin. This necessitates the patient's daily monitoring of blood glucose fluctuations to discern a trend and predict future glycemia, subsequently dictating the amount of external insulin needed to regulate glycemia effectively. However, this technique often grapples with a degree of inaccuracy, presenting potential hazards. Nonetheless, contemporary advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) coupled with novel biological signal sensors offer a refreshing perspective for DM1 management by enabling comprehensive, continual patient health evaluation. Herein, burgeoning technological disruptions such as Big Data, the internet of medical things (IoMT), cloud computing, and machine learning algorithms (ML) could serve pivotal roles in the effective control of DM1. This paper delves into the exploration of the latest IoMT-based methodologies for the unbroken surveillance of DM1 management, facilitating a profound characterization of diabetic patients. The fusion of wearable technologies with machine learning strategies has the potential to yield robust models for short-term blood glucose prediction. The ambition of this study is to develop precise, individual-centric prediction models harnessing an array of pertinent factors. The study applied modeling techniques to a comprehensive dataset comprising glycaemia-associated biological attributes, sourced from an expansive passive monitoring campaign involving 40 DM1 patients. Leveraging the Random Forest method, the resulting models can predict glucose levels over a 30-min time span with an average error as minimal as 18.60 mg/dL for six-hour data and 26.21 mg/dL for a 45-minute prediction horizon, offering also a good performance in the prediction delay.

Actinidia deliciosa Extract as a Promising Supplemental Agent for Hepatic and Renal Complication-Associated Type 2 Diabetes (In Vivo and In Silico-Based Studies).

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic condition associated with obesity, oxidative stress-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and impaired insulin signaling. The utilization of phytochemical therapy generated from plants has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Kiwifruit is recognized for its substantial content of antioxidative phenolics. Therefore, this work aimed to examine the effect of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit) on hepatorenal damage in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D in rats using in vivo and in silico analyses. An increase in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was observed in diabetic rats accompanied by a decrease in antioxidant status. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that there were observable inflammatory and apoptotic responses in the hepatic and renal organs of rats with diabetes, along with a dysregulation of the phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling proteins. However, the administration of kiwi extract to diabetic rats alleviated hepatorenal dysfunction, inflammatory processes, oxidative injury, and apoptotic events with activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies revealed quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and melezitose as components of kiwi extract that docked well with potential as effective natural products for activating the silent information regulator 1(SIRT-1) pathway. Furthermore, phenolic acids in kiwi extract, especially syringic acid, P-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, have the ability to inhibit the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) active site. In conclusion, it can be argued that kiwi extract may present a potentially beneficial adjunctive therapy approach for the treatment of diabetic hepatorenal complications.

Design of some Apigenin derivatives as selective DPP-IV Inhibitors by Pharmacophore Modelling and its Validation through Molecular Dynamics Simulation

One of the most common forms of diabetes, type-2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition brought on by problems with insulin production or insulin resistance. By modifying blood glucose homeostasis, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibition has the potential to treat type 2 diabetes. The quick development of computational drug design provided a fantastic opportunity to both discover and forecast the effectiveness of potential DPP-IV inhibitors. The current investigation supports and verifies the identification of new Apigenin derivatives as selective DPP-IV inhibitors. Schrodinger software was used to perform virtual screening (VS) of created compounds against DPP-IV, and the most promising hits were chosen. Out of 110 substances, 56 new apigenin derivatives were chosen for additional docking investigations using Glide based on their selectivity threshold followed by validation by pose selection method which is found to be below 2 Ǻ based on their superimposion with co-crystallized lgand. The DPP-IV protein was used as the target of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies to evaluate the correct binding mechanisms and stability of their complexes with enzyme. Structural chemistry was utilised to guide and considerably speed up the drug discovery process during the back-up development stages. It was also used to analyse in-silico suggestions and screening results, as well as to come up with fresh ideas. The study thus demonstrates the possibility of apigenin derivatives as highly specific DPP-IV inhibitors.

The perspectives of NETosis on the progression of obesity and obesity-related diseases: mechanisms and applications.

Obesity is a disease commonly associated with urbanization and can also be characterized as a systemic, chronic metabolic condition resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity as the most serious chronic disease that is increasingly prevalent in the world population. If left untreated, it can lead to dangerous health issues such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, and vulnerability to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. The specific mechanisms by which obesity affects the development of these diseases can be refined to the effect on immune cells. Existing studies have shown that the development of obesity and its associated diseases is closely related to the balance or lack thereof in the number and function of various immune cells, of which neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in humans, infiltrating and accumulating in the adipose tissues of obese individuals, whereas NETosis, as a newly discovered type of neutrophil-related cell death, its role in the development of obesity and related diseases is increasingly emphasized. The article reviews the significant role that NETosis plays in the development of obesity and related diseases, such as diabetes and its complications. It discusses the epidemiology and negative impacts of obesity, explains the mechanisms of NETosis, and examines its potential as a targeted drug to treat obesity and associated ailments.

A Detailed Review on Diabetic Wound Healing Activity

Skin damage is known as a wound. Hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and tissue remodelling or resolution are the four perfectly timed and highly planned phases that make up the normal biological process of wound healing in the human body. There are two basic categories of wounds: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Long-term negative effects on one's health are caused by the chronic metabolic condition known as diabetes mellitus, which is becoming more common. 25 percent of those with diabetes mellitus are thought to have poor wound healing due to their diabetes. Oxygenation, infection, hormones related to ageing and sex, stress, diabetes, and obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking, and diet are among the factors that affect wound healing. To address their basic medical needs, According to estimates, 80% of people who live in underdeveloped nations need traditional medicines, which are typically made from medicinal plants. Numerous individuals in Africa and other poor nations employ using medicinal herbs to cure diabetic wounds and associated issues due to the abundant supply With therapeutic herbs and enough conventional wisdom regarding wounds healing. Recent developments in functional genomics, nanotechnology, wound healing in diabetics, along with a better knowing the pathophysiology of chronic wounds. In the following review, detailed information about healing of diabetic wounds with mechanism, factors affecting, impairment of wound healing with its pathophysiology, herbal treatments and current advances when treating diabetic wounds are examined.&#x0D;

Evaluation of Vitamin D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellites

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition caused by either a reduction in insulin secretion and/or effect. It affects more than 90% of all diabetic patients. Diabetes is a complex illness that is brought on by a number of genetic and environmental (diet and lifestyle) risk factors working together. On average, one person dies from diabetes-related complications every eight seconds throughout the world. Also, according to a recent International Diabetic Federation (IDF) survey, 537 million persons aged 20-79 years are now living with diabetes worldwide. It is expected to increase to 783 million (12.2%) by 2045. Furthermore, 240 million individuals globally have undiagnosed diabetes. Therefore, there is a rising interest in studying the possible therapeutic value of fat-soluble micronutrients like vitamin D for preventing or controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim of Study: The present study was designed to evaluate levels of vitamin D in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: To achieve this aim, in a case-control study conducted in Diyala governorate at Baqubah Teaching Hospital and Balad Ruz General Hospital from first of January to the end of March 2023, the study included 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (30 males and 30 females). On the other hand, 30 people as a control group of both sexes (15 males and 15 females) were taken, and the ages of the two groups ranged between 30 and 65 years. The information about patients in this study was retrieved from the patients themselves through a direct interview with them, according to a prepared questionnaire. In the present study, blood samples were collected from each participant for estimation of vitamin D by (ELISA), HbA1c by (Cobas), lipid profile by (colorimetric methods) and calculated BMI. Results: The mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of vitamin D levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (11.16± 2.18) ng /ml, with a highly significant decrease (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with control group (20.73± 3.64) ng /ml. The mean ± SD of HbA1c level for the type 2 diabetes group was (8.88± 1.86) %, with a highly significant increase (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with control (5.59 0.45) %. The mean ± SD of cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (161.48± 21.70) mg/dl, (203.40± 8.16) mg/dl and (81.15± 21.62) mg/dl, respectively, with a highly significant increase (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with the control group (105.77± 12.50) mg/dl, (191.73± 8.70) mg/dl, and (22.96± 13.38) mg/dl, respectively. The mean ± SD of HDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group was (39.66± 2.52) mg/dl and control (44.46± 4.82) mg/dl, with a highly significant decrease when compared with the control group. The mean ± SD of BMI for the type 2 diabetes group was (27.20± 4.25) and control (26.66± 2.30), respectively, with no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) when comparing the two groups. Conclusion: The current study concluded that Vitamin D levels showed a highly significant decrease in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with those in the control group.

Skeletal effects of eccentric strengthening exercise: a scoping review

BackgroundConventional progressive concentric strengthening exercise (CSE) to improve bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) may not be feasible for populations with chronic musculoskeletal and/or metabolic conditions, such as osteoporosis or obesity. Muscle lengthening exercise, also known as an eccentric strengthening exercise (ESE), may have a special utility for those populations due to greater force generation versus CSE. In fact, greater mechanical loading can be induced on bone at lower resistance levels with ESE. However, effects of ESE on BMD and BMC are unclear. Thus, the purpose of this review was to interrogate the effects of ESE on BMD and BMC.MethodsA literature review was conducted between January 1995 and April 2022 focusing on randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of ESE on BMD and/or BMC in humans. Terms covering the domains of exercise, bone, and populations were searched on PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The methodological quality of each interventional study was rated using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Cohen’s d was calculated to determine the magnitude of the effects of ERE on site-specific outcome measures of BMD and/or BMC.ResultsOut of 1,182 articles initially found, a total of seven full length articles met our inclusion criteria. Of the seven studies, most of the interventions were performed in young (n = 5, PEDro = 5–7) versus middle-aged (n = 1, PEDro = 4) or older (n = 1, PEDro = 6) adults. BMD and BMC generally improved due to ESE; however the effects of ESE on BMD and BMC were non-homogenous. Effect size (d) ranged from 0.10–0.87 in young adults while it was 1.16 in older adults. Effect size (d) could not be calculated for the middle-aged adult study due to critical methodological limitations of the intervention.ConclusionsLarge variability exists for the effectiveness of ESE on BMD/BMC across the human life spectrum. The benefits of ESE on BMD holds promise but rigorous studies are lacking. Further research is needed to examine if the dose, mode, age, and sex-specificity dictate effects of ESE on BMD/BMC.