Chronic Irritation Research Articles

Granulomatous Epulis in Maxillary Anterior Interdental Teeth

Introduction: Epulis is a tumor-like enlargement of the gingiva originating from periodontal connective tissue, which is caused by chronic irritation. Epulis that occurs on the upper anterior teeth will disrupt the aesthetics and function of the lips and reduce self-confidence, so treatment is needed. Case report: The patient came to RSGM complaining that there was a lump on the upper front tooth and it felt painful. The patient had gone to the dentist regarding this case and was given topical medication, but the patient forgot the name of the medication. The patient's pain is aggravated when brushing his teeth and eating hard food or meat, for the taste is relieved when left alone. At the first meeting, patients are given information and education regarding the disease they are suffering from. Case management: The surgical phase by excision of the epulis with gingivectomy and subsequent curettage after surgical treatment of the gingiva. Discussion: Granulomatous epulis is a tissue mass that only exists in the gingiva which is richly vascularized, this lesion can grow to a certain size and stop growing. The etiology of granulomatous epulis lesions is usually caused by chronic irritation. Conclusion: Excision treatment and gingival formation performed with a scalpel can be considered for the treatment of maxillary anterior granulomatous epulis

Pyogenic Granuloma of the Gingiva

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular lesion that usually occurs in response to various stimuli caused by chronic irritation, trauma and hormonal factors. These lesions generally occur on the gingiva but can also occur on the lips, tongue and buccal mucosa. A 22 year old female patient came with complaints of a lump on the gingiva between teeth 35 and 36 and felt uncomfortable. I have had complaints since 7 months ago after a filling was made on the left back molar tooth, then 1 day later a lump appeared. Complaints are not accompanied by pain. The treatment plan in this case is to carry out information education communication, scaling, gingivectomy and a histopathological examination to confirm the diagnosis and carry out control and evaluation. Pyogenic granuloma is a benign, non-neoplastic lesion. The clinical picture of this lesion is generally a mass with a soft consistency, painless, and dark red to reddish purple in colour which usually appears as a solitary lesion with a diameter of 5-10 mm and is very fragile, so it bleeds easily due to minor trauma. Management of this lesion can be done with a surgical procedure to completely remove the lesion and then carry out an anatomical histopathological examination to confirm the diagnosis of this lesion. This lesion has no signs of malignancy

(133) Non-Occupational SCC of the Scrotum; Case Presentation and Management

Abstract Introduction Although the incidence of scrotal malignancies is extremely low Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common scrotal malignancy. Its overall annual incidence is approximately 1.5 per 1,000,000 persons in Western countries. It was first linked to the chronic irritation of scrotal skin by the effect of soot in occurring in chimney sweepers hence known as the first described occupational disease. Occupational scrotal SCC was also later described in association with other occupations with chronic carcinogen exposure including cotton mule spinners, paraffin and tar workers, creosote workers, shale oil workers, lathe workers, pitch workers and machine tool setters and operators. Currently most cases result from poor hygiene and chronic inflammation Objective Herein we present a very rare case of SCC of the scrotum referred to us from Dermatology department Methods This 55 years old male patient was referred from dermatology department. He had no underlying occupational hazard. He has been treated for several months of itchy inflammation of the scrotumfor 6 months. Scrotal punch biosy showed moderately differentiated SCC. Clinically there was malignant scrotal ulcer of 4x3 cm with no palpable inguinal lymph nodes. CT staging confirmed localized tumor with no LN or metastatic deposits. Complete excision with 2 cm safety margin confirmed to be negative by frozen section. Final histopathology come to be moderately differentiated SCC pT2Nx. All margins and underlying Dartos were free of tumor infiltration. Results Complete excision could be achieved with intra-operative negative frozen section. Uneventful post-operative course with complete healing of scrotal wound. Conclusions Although rare, scrotal SCC continues to be serious urogenital malignancy which should be suspected even in the absence of occupational exposure. Cooperation and awareness of Dermatologists is important for early detection and management of such rare malignancy. Complete excision with safety margin is usually sufficient for cure. Inguinal Lymphadenectomy is indicated if grossly infiltrated Disclosure No.

SIE BOEN LIAN (SBL) SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CICATRICIAL ENTROPION AFTER STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME

Introduction : Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) can cause keratinization of the tarsal conjunctiva, conjunctival scarring and inverted eyelid margin, resulting to cicatricial entropion, causing skin and lashes to brush against the eye. This condition can occur in 27-59% of cases in ocular SJS. The surgical treatment for cicatricial entropion is to repair the position of eyelid margin. One of the procedures that can be used is Sie Boen Lian (SBL) technique.
 Case Illustration : A 70-year-old woman complained of inversion of the left upper eyelid, which caused foreign body sensation, redness, and lacrimation since 4 months ago. The patient had a history of SJS caused by the use of quinolone antibiotic. Anterior segment examination revealed entropion in the left upper eyelid with palpebral margin keratinizing. The patient was diagnosed with cicatricial entropion post- SJS. SBL surgical technique was chose to manage this condition. Post-operative ophthalmological examination showed a relieved symptoms and an improvement in the position of the eyelid margin.
 Discussion : The primary goal of therapy in cicatricial entropion is to reduce the occurrence of chronic ocular irritation by reverting the structure of the eyelids to a physiological position. The anterior lamellar shortening was performed with a modified tarsotomy, known as the SBL surgical technique. The post-operative evaluation was implemented to assess the reposition of the eyelid margin.
 Conclusion : The SBL surgical procedure is effective to manage cicatricial entropion post-Steven-Johnson Syndrome.

L-Methionine and D-Methionine Capped Fluorescent Silicon Quantum Dots Based Probes for Turn on Sensing of Glutathione - A Comparative Study.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), a prevalent type of oral cancer originates in squamous cells that develop due to tobacco use, excess alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus infection, chronic irritation and weakened immune system. When detected early, survival rates of OSCC can be increased to more than 85%. Hence its early detection is crucial for appropriate management. Oxidative stress has a vital role in pathogenesis of various cancers including OSCC. Early detection of OSCC can be done by exploring serum Glutathione (GSH); an oxidative stress biomarker. Herein, we have developed two Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs); (L-methionine capped Silicon quantum dots (LSiQDs) and D-methionine capped Silicon quantum dots (DSiQDs)) and their fluorescence was quenched with Cu2+. The obtained Cu@LSiQDs and Cu@DSiQDs were then explored and compared for sensing GSH. Both the SiQDs were checked for selectivity and interference studies using coexisting biomolecules extended for sensing GSH from real samples. Moreover, a paper strip assay was also developed and compared.

Recent Applications and Evaluation of Metal Nanoparticle–Polymer Hybrids as Chronic Wound Dressings

Chronic wounds, which include venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers, are a global health issue that affects between 1% and 2% of the developed world’s population. Chronic wound healing necessitates extensive medical intervention at costly healthcare expenses. Wound care management is mainly dependent on the discovery of new and appropriate chronic wound dressing materials, and it remains a focus of research in chronic wound care. Biocompatible metallic nanoparticle-loaded wound dressing offers a novel opportunity for effectively overcoming the inherent drawbacks of traditional wound dressing materials, particularly in overcoming nonhealing chronic wounds due to their clinical complexity, for example, wound infections, chronic irritation, and trauma, persistence of foreign body or bacterial proteins, and ischemia. In this review, we will primarily focus on the advancements in nanoparticle-based antibacterial and antioxidant wound dressing materials (e.g., hydrogels, electrospun scaffolds, sponges, and films) for the treatment of chronic wounds, which overcome the limitations of traditional dressings.

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma in ureter with next-generation sequencing: A case report and literature review

BackgroundHepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is rare in the urinary system, with only 7 reported cases in upper urinary tract. This report aimed to explore the genetic characteristics of ureteral HAC for first time, and to describe the treatment prognosis of ureteral HAC.Case presentationWe present a rare case of ureteral HAC in a 53-year-old female, showing elevated serum levels of AFP and CEA, prolonged chronic irritation may be an important cause of her ureteral HAC. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed, the serum levels of AFP and CEA decreased significantly, and metastasis in lymph nodes was found at 9 months after surgery, she had no related symptoms after 18 months postoperatively without adjuvant chemotherapy. Three driver somatic mutations in cancer were identified by NGS testing, including: TP53D281H, KMT2DL1211Ifs*2, KMT2DT1843Nfs*5, demonstrating that ureteral HAC has the similar mutational features to upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Homologous-recombination deficiency (HRD) was positive in this tumor with no mutations in HRD-related genes, which was possibly induced by the copy number deletion of SETD2 gene.ConclusionsWe report a rare case of ureteral HAC with elevated serum levels of AFP and CEA. NGS testing demonstrated that ureteral HAC has the similar mutational features to upper tract urothelial carcinoma, which is an important guide for the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral HAC.

“Mucus fishing syndrome”: Presentation of this rare clinical entity along with its therapeutic options

Aims/Purpose: The “Mucus fishing syndrome” (MFS) is a rare chronic inflammatory condition involving the ocular surface characterized by the continuous formation, of mucus filaments. The clinical presentation is variable and various underlying ocular surface pathologies including dry eye, blepharitis and allergic conjunctivitis can be associated. Chronic irritation, conjunctival hyperaemia and mucus production are present. On physical examination, patients may present an iatrogenic damage of the conjunctival epithelium due to the mechanical removal of mucus and a vicious circle is usually established which causes further conjunctival irritation and more conspicuous mucous secretion. The treatment involves the elimination of abnormal mucus production and the education of the patient to avoid contact with the ocular surface during the manoeuvres. We present a case of MFS in a young woman affected by meibomian gland dysfunction.Methods: The diagnosis was reached due to the presence of persistent mucous discharge and the characteristic rose bengal staining pattern. Initial supportive treatment (Tear substitutes and continuous irrigation of the ocular surface) prescribed elsewhere did not provide clear clinical benefits. Therefore, upon presentation a new approach was pursued adding to the ongoing treatment hydrocortisone eye drop 3 times a day, and a mucolytic agent (5% acetylcysteine eye drop) 4 times a day, together with accurate eyelid hygiene (morning and evening). Patient was also informed to avoid mechanical removal of the mucous.Results: One month after therapy the presence of mucus was reduced and the symptoms improved.Conclusions: Mucus fishing syndrome is a rare but challenging condition affecting the ocular surface. The objective of the therapy should address the pharmacological lysis of the mucous produced along with the instruction of patient not to compulsively remove the filaments in order to avoid further stress and accelerate healing.

Endoscopic Pilonidal Sinus Treatment {Epsit} vs Limberg Flap for Pilonidal Sinus: A Single Center Experience

Background: Pilonidal sinus, a condition characterized by chronic irritation in the gluteal cleft, predominantly affects males and is often associated with a higher body mass index and a sedentary lifestyle. Despite its prevalence, a universally accepted gold standard for treatment is yet to be established. This study aimed to compare outcomes between two treatment modalities: endoscopic pilonidal sinus treatment (EPSiT) and the Limberg flap procedure. Materials and Methods: This observational study involved 40 patients undergoing pilonidal sinus treatment at a single tertiary care hospital from April to October 2023. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the chosen procedure, and postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data on early complications and recurrence rates were recorded in case report forms. The groups were compared, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21. Results: Among the total patients, 47% underwent EPSiT, while 53% underwent the Limberg flap procedure. Both groups had an age range of 25-80 years. Intraoperative time for EPSiT was shorter than that for the Limberg flap (25.2±5.0 vs 45.5±5.1 minutes). VAS scores indicated lower postoperative pain in the EPSiT group. Wound healing rates were faster in patients who underwent EPSiT. Short-term recurrence rates were lower in the EPSiT group, although long-term recurrence rates were comparable in both groups. Conclusion: Endoscopic pilonidal sinus treatment demonstrated advantages over the Limberg flap procedure in this study. EPSiT showed shorter operative times, reduced postoperative pain, earlier return to routine activities, and faster wound healing. Furthermore, patients undergoing EPSiT experienced fewer complications such as serous discharge and swelling. While short-term recurrence rates were lower in the EPSiT group, long-term recurrence rates were similar between the two treatment modalities. This study contributes valuable insights into the comparative effectiveness of EPSiT and the Limberg flap procedure for pilonidal sinus treatment.

Sustained and Efficient Delivery of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor by the Adeno-associated Virus for the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization: An Outlook for Its Clinical Translation.

Corneal diseases represent 5.1% of all eye defects and are the fourth leading cause of blindness globally. Corneal neovascularization can arise from all conditions of chronic irritation or hypoxia, which disrupts the immune-privileged state of the healthy cornea, increases the risk of rejection after keratoplasty, and leads to opacity. In the past decades, significant progress has been made for neovascular diseases of the retina and choroid, with plenty of drugs getting commercialized. In addition, to overcome the barriers of the short duration and inadequate penetration of conventional formulations of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), multiple novel drug delivery systems, including adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transfer have gone through the full process of bench-to-bedside translation. Like retina neovascular diseases, corneal neovascularization also suffers from chronicity and a high risk of recurrence, necessitating sustained and efficient delivery across the epithelial barrier to reach deep layers of the corneal stroma. Among the explored methods, adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of anti-VEGF to treat corneal neovascularization is the most extensively researched and most promising strategy for clinical translation although currently although, it remains predominantly at the preclinical stage. This review comprehensively examines the necessity, benefits, and risks of applying AAV vectors for anti-VEGF drug delivery in corneal vascularization, including its current progress and challenges in clinical translation.

Biological Effects of "Inflammageing" on Human Oral Cells: Insights into a Potential Confounder of Age-Related Diseases.

The term "inflammageing" describes the process of inflammation-induced aging that leads living cells to a state of permanent cell cycle arrest due to chronic antigenic irritation. This in vitro study aimed to shed light on the mechanisms of "inflammageing" on human oral cells. Primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were exposed to variable pro-inflammatory stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFa), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from active periodontal pockets of systemically healthy patients. Inflammageing was studied through two experimental models, employing either late-passage ("aged") cells (p. 10) that were exposed to the pro-inflammatory stimuli or early-passage ("young") cells (p. 1) continuously exposed during a period of several passages (up to p. 10) to the above-mentioned stimuli. Cells were evaluated for the expression of beta-galactosidase activity (histochemical staining), senescence-associated genes (qPCR analysis), and biomarkers related to a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), through proteome profile analysis and bioinformatics. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in beta-galactosidase-positive cells was observed after exposure to each pro-inflammatory stimulus. The senescence-associated gene expression included upregulation for CCND1 and downregulation for SUSD6, and STAG1, a profile typical for cellular senescence. Overall, pro-inflammatory priming of late-passage cells caused more pronounced effects in terms of senescence than long-term exposure of early-passage cells to these stimuli. Proteomic analysis showed induction of SASP, evidenced by upregulation of several pro-inflammatory proteins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-16, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, M-CSF, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, TNFb, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, TIMP-2) implicated in cellular aging and immune responses. The least potent impact on the induction of SASP was provoked by LPS and the most pronounced by GCF. This study demonstrates that long-term exposure of hGFs to various pro-inflammatory signals induced or accelerated cellular senescence with the most pronounced impact noted for the late-passage cells. The outcome of these analyses provides insights into oral chronic inflammation as a potential confounder of age-related diseases.

Reactive lesions of oral cavity

Oral mucosa is constantly subjected to various external and internal stimuli that leads to various reactive lesions. They are non-neoplastic in nature, but clinically these lesions closely mimic benign neoplastic lesions leading the clinician to misdiagnosis and sub-optimal treatment. Reactive lesions are typically occurring as a response to chronic inflammation caused by various forms of low-grade chronic irritations to the oral mucosa such as dental plaque and calculus, sharp edges of grossly carious teeth, faulty dental restorations, chronic biting habits, ill-fitting dental/oral appliances and food impactions. This review article summarizes the various reactive lesions of oral cavity and their distinctive histopathologic features.

Crop Reconstruction Surgery on Blue and Gold Macaws (Ara Ararauna) with Recurrent Crop Fistula

A crop fistula is an abnormal tunnel in the skin and crop tissue due to damage to the crop wall. The causes are ingestion of foreign bodies, sharp objects, trauma, chronic irritation and crop burn. A female Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna), five months old and 0.75 kg body weight, came to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Universitas Brawijaya, due to dehiscence wounds with infection in the crop area. At first, the bird had crop fistula due to crop burn and had done an ingluviotomy procedure twice at another veterinary clinic but repeated dehiscence after surgery. Diagnosis based on history, clinical symptoms, physical examination and clinical findings is recurrent crop fistula. An ingluviotomy and debridement to clean and separate the skin and crop tissue. The principle of surgical procedure is to increase the healing potential of corrected healthy tissue. Surgical techniques and postoperative care should be optimal to ensure permanent wound healing and not cause recurrent dehiscence. The development of surgical wound healing improved until the 18th postoperative day, and neither dehiscence nor infection occurred.

Long-term in vivo degradation and biocompatibility of degradable pHEMA hydrogels containing graphene oxide

Developing biocompatible, non-fouling and biodegradable hydrogels for blood-contacting devices remains a demanding challenge. Such materials should promote natural healing, prevent clotting, and undergo controlled degradation. This study evaluates the biocompatibility and biodegradation of degradable poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (d-pHEMA) hydrogels with or without reinforcement with oxidized few-layer graphene (d-pHEMA/M5ox) in a long term implantation in rats, assessing non-desired side-effects (irritation, chronic toxicity, immune response).Subcutaneous implantation over 6 months revealed degradation of both hydrogels, despite slower for d-pHEMA/M5ox, with degradation products found in intracellular vesicles. No inflammation nor infection at implantation areas were observed, and no histopathological findings were detected in parenchymal organs. Immunohistochemistry confirmed d-pHEMA and d-pHEMA/M5ox highly anti-adhesiveness. Gene expression of macrophages markers revealed presence of both M1 and M2 macrophages at all timepoints. M1/M2 profile after 6 months reveals an anti-inflammatory environment, suggesting no chronic inflammation, as also demonstrated by cytokines (IL-α, TNF-α and IL-10) analysis.Overall, modification of pHEMA towards a degradable material was successfully achieved without evoking a loss of its inherent properties, specially its anti-adhesiveness and biocompatibility. Therefore, these hydrogels hold potential as blank-slate for further modifications that promote cellular adhesion/proliferation for tissue engineering applications, namely for designing blood contacting devices with different load bearing requirements. Statement of significanceBiocompatibility, tunable biodegradation kinetics, and suitable immune response with lack of chronic toxicity and irritation, are key features in degradable blood contact devices that demand long-term exposure. We herein evaluate the 6-month in vivo performance of a degradable and hemocompatible anti-adhesive hydrogel based in pHEMA, and its mechanically reinforced formulation with few-layer graphene oxide. This subcutaneous implantation in a rat model, shows gradual degradation with progressive changes in material morphology, and no evidence of local inflammation in surrounding tissue, neither signs of inflammation or adverse reactions in systemic organs, suggesting biocompatibility of degradation products.Such hydrogels exhibit great potential as a blank slate for tissue engineering applications, including for blood contact, where cues for specific cells can be incorporated.

Prevalence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Period of 2019-2020

Background: International Agency Data for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2018 showed that cancer of the lips and oral cavity was ranked the 17th most common cancer in the world, there were 354,864 new cases of oral cancer in the world and cases of death from oral cancer were 177,384. case. New cases of oral cancer in Indonesia in 2018 were 5,078 cases and cases of death caused by oral cancer were 2,326 cases. Research on the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity in Indonesia is still relatively low. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma patients in the oral cavity at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung from January 2019 to December 2020. Methods: Retrospective observational study by taking medical record data of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma which had been clarified from histopathological results at the Oral Surgery Clinic, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. The sampling process was carried out using a purposive sampling method. The variables in this study were age, gender, location of the lesion, histopathological features, duration of the lesion and the complications caused. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel program. Results: The number of respondents aged 25-36 years as many as 4 people or 14%, ages 37-48 years as many as 7 people or 24%, and ages over 48 years as many as 18 people or 62%. There were 12 male patients or 41% and 17 female patients or 59%. Patients with a history of smoking as many as 10 people or 33%, a history of chronic irritation as many as 6 people or 20% and others as many as 14 people or 20%. The results of anatomical pathology showed that patients with poorly differentiated were 0 people or 0%, moderately differentiated were 9 people or 41%, well differentiated were 12 people or 55%, and others were 1 person or 4%. Conclusion: The age criteria of patients with the most squamous cell carcinoma are over 48 years old as many as 18 people or 62%. Based on the gender criteria, the patients with the highest incidence of squamous cell carcinoma tumors were 17 people or 59% female. anatomical pathology well differentiated as many as 12 people or 55%. Keywords: squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer, patient characteristics

Orbital mass in an anophthalmic socket: An unusual case with literature review

Malignant tumors in an anophthalmic socket are a rare phenomenon, which occurs when care of the anophthalmic socket and ocular prosthesis is overlooked. We report a 32-year-old male patient who developed an orbital mass in an anophthalmic socket 6 months following evisceration. The triggering factor in the present case was chronic irritation and trauma to the upper conjunctiva from wearing an ill-fitted ocular prosthesis. The patient had an eyelid-sparing exenteration, and histopathological examination showed the features of squamous cell carcinoma. This case illustrates the need of diligent examination of the anophthalmic socket and frequent follow-ups to detect untoward events at the earliest for timely intervention. A literature review was also performed to find out how rare is this disease and its time of onset after enucleation and evisceration.

The Importance of the Interleukin-8 Study in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable heterogeneous lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, sputum production. The main pathophysiological changes occur in the airways, lung parenchyma, pulmonary blood vessels and are represented by chronic inflammation and structural changes. The inflammatory response is initiated by exposure to chronic irritants and amplifies with the severity of airflow. Smoking remains the most important risk factor, but chronic airflow limitation can also be objectified in non-smokers. Oxidative stress, the excess of pulmonary proteinases, the alteration of the lung microbiome and the presence of inflammatory mediators can contribute to the amplification of the inflammatory process. Lung inflammation that develops in patients with COPD leads to an increase in biomarkers that are associated with neutrophilic inflammation, such as MMP9, elastase, neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood. Also, interleukin-8 (IL-8) contributes to neutrophil activation, but further research is needed to identify the role of IL-8, the benefits of anti-inflammatory therapy, also emphasizing the importance of progression in medicine.

A review the role of Streptococcus bovis in colorectal cancer

Cancer, ranking second among the most commonly encountered diseases worldwide, is exhibiting an increasing incidence over time. Among cancer types, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer hold the top three positions. Following these, digestive system cancers are the most frequently observed. The rising cancer-related mortality rates and potential difficulties during treatment exacerbate the fears and concerns of cancer patients. Throughout history, cancer has been attempted to be explained through theories such as lymphatic, humoral, blastoma, trauma, chronic irritation, and parasitic hypotheses. In contemporary times, a wealth of information exists concerning the roles of viruses and bacteria in cancer development. Among bacteria, the sole member acknowledged as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is Helicobacter pylori. While there is no conclusive evidence regarding Streptococcus bovis's capacity to induce cancer, substantial suspicions surround this matter. This review delves into the relationship between the Streptococcus bovis group of bacteria, which is associated with cancer but not listed by the IARC, and colorectal cancer.

Multinucleated giant cells of bladder mucosa are modified telocytes: Diagnostic and immunohistochemistry algorithm and relation to PD-L1 expression score.

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in bladder carcinomas are poorly studied. To describe the function, morphogenesis, and origin of mononuclear and MGCs in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder in Bulgarian and French patients. Urothelial bladder carcinomas (n = 104) from 2016-2020 were analyzed retrospectively using immunohistochemical (IHC) and histochemical stain examination. Giant cells in the bladder stroma were found in 35.6% of cases, more often in high-grades. We confirm that MGCs in the mucosa in UC of the bladder were positive for both mesenchymal and myofibroblast markers (vimentin, smooth muscle actin, Desmin, and CD34) and the macrophage marker CD68. Furthermore, IHC studies revealed the following profile of these cells: Positive for p16; negative for epithelial (CK AE1/AE3 and GATA-3), vascular (CD31), neural (PS100 and C-KIT), cambial, blastic (CD34-blasts and C-KIT), and immune markers (IG G, immunoglobulin G4, and PD-L1); no proliferative activity, possess no specific immune function, and cannot be used to calculate the Combined Positive Score scale. In conclusion, the giant stromal cells in non-tumor and tumor bladder can be used as a characteristic and relatively constant, although nonspecific, histological marker for chronic bladder damage, reflecting the chronic irritation or inflammation. Likewise, according to the morphological and IHC of the mono- and multinucleated giant cells in the bladder, they are most likely represent telocytes capable of adapting their morphology to the pathology of the organ.

571 Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Adjustable Gastric Banding - a Case Report

Abstract Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a widely accepted and effective bariatric procedure. Gastric cancer following bariatric surgery is uncommon, with only a few occurrences reported. There are nine incidences of gastric adenocarcinoma after gastric banding recorded in the literature. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by comparison, is encountered far less in overall stomach malignancies. We describe the case of a 69-year-old woman who, seven years after having a gastric band placed, developed squamous cell cancer at the site of the band. The patient initially presented with epigastric pain, and on endoscopy there was evidence of an ulcer at the gastric cardia. Extensive adhesions were also visualised around the gastroesophageal junction as a result of the band. Biopsies and staging laparoscopy confirmed a T3 N0, M0 R0 SCC of the stomach. This is the first case report to document this rare sequela of events. We postulate that the squamous cell cancer developed secondary to chronic irritation at the site of the gastric band. Whilst rare, and symptoms vague, there is an argument to maintain a high index for suspicion of gastric cancer even following bariatric procedures.