Chronic Hyperhydration Research Articles

Treatment of Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with chronic renal failure (clinical case)

Treatment of Community-acquired pneumonia remains an actual problem in modern medicine, especially in patients with concomitant pathology of internal organs. In particular, this applies to patients with chronic renal failure, which often remain in conditions of subureemia. On the background of the latter, the other concomitant conditions and sufferings often develop, such as uremic pneumonitis, chronic hyperhydration of the pulmonary tissue, the syndrome of night apnoea and hypoxemia, associated with the hemodialysis sessions. All this creates a favorable background for the additional bacterial infection and the development of Community-acquired pneumonia. The sooner the diagnosis of pneumonia is established, the earlier the ethiotropic treatment hasstarted, the more effective the treatment is in outpatient settings. In the clinical case, the efficacy and appropriateness of administration of Rovamycin (spiramycin) as a medication for antibiotic therapy in the treatment of Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with chronic renal failure has been proven.

Biochemical and hormonal changes in endurance trained volunteers during and after exposure to bed rest and chronic hyperhydration

The objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation on biochemical and hormonal changes in endurance trained volunteers aged 19–24 yrs during 30-day bed rest and during 15 days of post bed rest period. The studies were performed on 30 long distance runners aged 19–24 yrs who had a peak oxygen uptake of 66 ml/kg/min and had taken 14.5 km/day on average prior to their participation in the study. The volunteers were divided into three groups: the volunteers in the first group were under normal ambulatory conditions (control subjects); the second group subjected to bed rest alone unsupplemented (bed rested volunteers); the third group was submitted to bed rest and consumed daily 30 ml water/kg bodyweight and 0.1 g of sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body weight (supplemented bed rested volunteers). The second and third groups of volunteers were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime for 30 days. During the pre bed rest period of 15 days, during the bed rest period of 30 days and during the post bed rest period of 15 days cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, prostaglandins of pressor, prostaglandins depressor groups, renin activity in plasma and aldosterone in plasma and in urine were determined. We found that in bed rested volunteers without fluid and salt supplementation intake plasma renin activity and aldosterone in plasma and urine continued to increase during the bed rest period as plasma volume decreased. Moreover, in this group, cyclic nucleotides measured as an indicator of adrenosympathetic system activity increased and prostaglandins as local vasoactive substances decreased during the bed rest period. These variables returned toward the baselines in the post bed rest period as plasma volume deficit was restituted. On the other hand, the hormonal levels in the other two groups remained rather constant during the experimental period. We concluded that daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation may minimize the biochemical and hormonal changes in endurance trained volunteers during their exposure to bed rest conditions.

Plasma volume and biochemical changes in athletes during bed rest chronic hyperhydration

Daily fluid and salt supplements (FSS) may be used to reduce plasma biochemical changes during bed rest (BR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of FSS on plasma volume (PV) and biochemical changes during BR. Studies were done during a pre BR period of 15 days and during a BR period of 30 days. Thirty male athletes aged 22–26 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided into three groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented bed rested subjects (UBRS) and supplemented bed rested subjects (SBRS). The UBRS and SBRS were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime for 30 days. The SBRS took 26 ml water/kg body weight and 0.1 g sodium chloride/kg body weight daily. PV, protein, albumin, sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), potassium (K), osmolality, creatinine, glucose, and whole blood haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured. PV increased significantly ( P≤0.01) while plasma protein, albumin, Na, Cl, K, glucose, creatinine, osmolality, and whole blood Hb and Hct concentration decreased significantly ( P≤0.01) in the SBRS group when compared with the UBRS group. By contrast, PV decreased significantly ( P≤0.01), while plasma protein, albumin, Na, Cl, K, glucose, creatinine, osmolality and whole blood Hct and Hb concentration increased significantly ( P≤0.01) in the UBRS group when compared with the SBRS and UACS groups. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared with the baseline control values. It was concluded that a daily intake of FSS may be used to attenuate PV losses and biochemical changes in endurance trained athletes during bed rest.

Fluid-electrolyte changes in physically conditioned subjects after hypokinesia and chronic hyperhydration

The aim of this study was to determine whether fluid-electrolyte changes, which are developed during prolonged hypokinesia (decreased number of km per day), can be prevented or minimized with the use of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The experiments on hypokinesia (HK) were performed for 364 days on 18 endurance-trained male volunteers in the age range of 21–23 years, with an average maximum oxygen uptake of 67 ml kg −1. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: six volunteers were placed on a continuous regime of exercise of 14.0 km day −1 and served as control subjects. Six volunteers were subjected to continuous HK without FSS and were considered as the unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS). The remaining volunteers were under continuous HK and FSS and were considered as the supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the UHS and SHS groups were kept continuously under an average of 2.7 km day −1 for the duration of the experiment. Prior to exposure to HK, all volunteers were on the same exercise regime as the controls. During the pre-experimental period of 60 days and during the post-experimental period, urinary excretion of electrolytes and concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in serum as well as serum osmolality were determined. An increased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and a decreased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the SHS, while a decreased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and an increased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the UHS, during the initial stages of the post-hypokinetic period. By day 30 of the post-hypokinetic period these changes were reverted back to the control levels. We concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate urinary and serum electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers after exposure to prolonged HK.

Chronic hyperhydration and hematological changes in trained subjects during prolonged restriction of motor activity

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on the hemoglobin content of endurance trained athletes during hypokinesia (decreased number of steps from 10,000 to 3000 steps per day). The studies were performed on 30 long-distance runners who had a VO 2max average of 66 ml kg −1 min −1 and were in the age range of 19–24 years. Prior to their exposure to hypokinesia (HK) of 364 days, all volunteers were on an average of 10,000 steps per day. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: the first group underwent normal ambulatory life (control subjects), the second group was kept under continuous restriction of motor activity (hypokinetic subjects) and the third group was placed under continuous restriction of motor activity and consumed 26 ml water kg −1 body weight daily and 0.1 g sodium chloride kg −1 body weight in the form of supplementation (hyperhydrated subjects). For simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the number of steps taken per day by the second and third groups of volunteers was restricted to an average of 3000. During the hypokinetic period we determined reticulocytes (Rt), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), plasma volume (PV), red blood cell (RBC) mass and VO 2max. In hyperhydrated volunteers the content of Hb and Hct decreased significantly, while PV, RBC mass and Rt count increased significantly. In hypokinetic volunteers Hb and Hct increased, while PV, RBC and Rt decreased significantly. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attentuate an increase in the Hb content of physically conditioned subjects during prolonged restriction of motor activity.

Urinary excretion of microelements in endurance-trained volunteers during restriction of muscular activity and chronic rehydration.

The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on increased urinary losses of microelements that developed during hypokinesia (decreased number of walking steps/d). The studies were performed on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers aged 23-26 yr, with an averaged maximum oxygen uptake of 65 mL/kg/min during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously under an average of 10,000 running steps/d (14.2 km/d) (control subjects), ten volunteers subjected continuously to HK without the use of FSS (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were continuously submitted to HK and consumed daily FSS (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated volunteers were kept under an average of 3,000 walking steps/d (2.7 km/d) for 364 d. Prior to their exposure to HK the volunteers were on an average of 10,000 running steps/d (14.2 km/d). During the prehypokinetic period of 60 d and during the hypokinetic period of 364 d were determined renal excretion of microelements responses of endurance-trained volunteers. In the hyperhydrated volunteers urinary excretion of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, lead, tin, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, and vanadium decreased, whereas in the hypokinetic volunteers it increased significantly. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate urinary excretion of microelements in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.

Blood plasma concentrations of microelements in endurance trained volunteers during hypokinesia and chronic hyperhydration

The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) in preventing the development of changes in blood plasma concentrations of microelements that occur during prolonged restriction of muscular activity (hypokinesia). The studies were performed on 30 endurance trained male volunteers aged 23-26 yr with an average maximum oxygen uptake 64 mL/kg/min during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). They were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously under an average of 10,000 running steps/d (control subjects), ten volunteers were subjected continuously to HK without the use of FSS (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were submitted continuously to HK and consumed daily FSS in very small divided doses (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated endurance trained male volunteers were kept continuously under an average of 3000 walking steps/d for 364 d. Prior to their exposure to HK, all volunteers were on an average of 10,000 running steps/p d. During the prehypokinetic period of 60 d and during the hypokinetic period of 364 d were determined the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, manganese, lead, iron, copper, tin, nickel, zinc, and cobalamine in blood plasma of endurance trained volunteers. During the hypokinetic period blood plasma concentrations of microelements decreased in hyperhydrated volunteers, whereas in hypokinetic volunteers increased significantly. The differences between the hyperhydrated and hypokinetic volunteers were significant with respect to their concentrations of microelements in blood plasma. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to normalized blood plasma concentrations of microelements in endurance trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.

Calcium loading and renal function in trained subjects during restriction of muscular activity and chronic hyperhydration.

It was suggested that negative calcium balance is not based on the shortage of calcium in the diet, but on the decreased tissular capacity of the body to retain calcium during hypokinesia (decreased muscular activity), and that chronic hyperhydration may be used to normalize calcium balance. To evaluate this hypothesis studies were performed on 30 long distance runners aged 23-26 yr, with an average maximum oxygen uptake 65 mL/kg/min during 364 d of hypokinesia (HK). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: Ten volunteers were placed continuously under an average of 14.9 km/d (control subjects), ten volunteers were subjected continuously to HK (hypokinetic subjects), and ten volunteers were submitted continuously to HK with daily consumption of an additional amount of 26 mL water/kg body wt and 0.16 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body wt (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the hypokinetic and hyperhydrated volunteers were kept under an average of 2.7 km/day for 364 d. During the prehypokinetic period and hypokinetic period calcium lactate loading tests (0.55 mEq/kg body wt) were performed. Urinary and blood electrolytes (sodium, ionized calcium, total calcium, magnesium, and phosphate) and blood parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined. Urinary electrolytes and concentrations in blood thereof decreased in the hyperhydrated and increased significantly in the hypokinetic volunteers. Blood parathyroid hormone content increased in the hyperhydrated and decreased in the hypokinetic volunteers. After calcium lactate loading tests, the hypokinetic volunteers displayed a faster excretion of calcium and a decreased blood PTH content as compared to the control and hyperhydrated groups of volunteers. It was concluded that calcium deficiency during HK is associated with decreased tissular capacity of the body to retain calcium, whereas chronic hyperhydration may be used to prevent calcium deficiency in endurance trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.

Body mass change in endurance‐trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity and chronic hyperhydration

The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) on the body mass change of 30 endurance‐trained male volunteers 21 to 25 years old, with an average maximum oxygen uptake of 65 ml.kg‐l, min‐1, during 364 days of hypokinesia (decreased number of steps taken per day). The volunteers were divided into three equal groups: group 1 pursued normal ambulatory life (control subjects); group 2 was subjected to pure hypokinesia (HK), that is, without the use of FSS (hypokinetic subjects); and group 3 submitted to HK and consumed daily 26 ml/kg body weight of water and 0.15 g/kg body weight of sodium chloride (NaCl) in small doses (200 ml saline/hr) (hyperhydrated subjects). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, groups 2 and 3 were kept to an average of 3000 walking steps/day. All men prior to their exposure to HK were on average running 10,000 steps/day. During the study period the change in body mass of human body segments was determined using a gamma scanning method. A significant change was observed in the body mass of all hypokinetic subjects (group 2). The least pronounced change in body mass was in the hyperhydrated volunteers (group 3). In the hypokinetic volunteers the amount of adipose tissue increased significantly, mainly in the middle part of the trunk and thighs, and the amount of muscle tissue decreased significantly in the antigravity muscles of the back, some muscles of the pelvic girdle, and in the legs. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate the loss of body mass during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.