Chronic Gingivitis Patients Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of probiotic, Aloe vera, povidine-iodine, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in the treatment of gingival inflammation: A randomized controlled trial.

Chemical plaque control with mouthwashes as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control with a toothbrush and dental floss has been considered an effective method for controlling gingivitis. The anti-inflammatory effects of chemical plaque control benefit the oral tissues by reducing inflammation and bleeding. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of probiotic, Aloe vera, povidine-iodine, and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes in treating gingivitis patients by assessing changes in their clinical parameters. This prospective study was conducted on 40 patients from our outpatient department, divided into 4 groups of 10 patients each: probiotic mouthwash group (group 1); herbal (Aloe vera) mouthwash group (group 2); povidone-iodine mouthwash group (group 3); and CHX mouthwash group (group 4). All participants were provided with the same type of manual toothbrush, the Pepsodent® toothpaste and a respective mouthwash for twice-daily use until the end of a 28-day observation period. Clinical parameters, such as the marginal plaque index (MPI) and bleeding on interdental brushing (BOIB), were recorded at baseline, and on the 14th and 28th day of the study period. All groups showed a significant decrease in the MPI and BOIB scores. The results were similar in patients who used a probiotic mouthwash and those who used a CHX mouthwash. A comparable change in the mean scores was observed among the herbal and povidone-iodine groups from baseline to day 28. In the treatment of chronic gingivitis patients,a probiotic mouthwash was nearly as effective as CHX in reducing the plaque and bleeding scores. It showed better results in all clinical parameters than herbal and povidone-iodine mouthwashes. Using a mouthwash along with routine tooth brushing can help in treating gingivitis and slow the progression of the periodontal disease.

Preparation and Characterization of Ginseng Gel and In Vivo Evaluation of Its Clinical Efficacy in Generalized Chronic Gingivitis Patients.

Aim The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize ginseng gel and then to evaluate its clinical efficacy in terms of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) among generalized chronic gingivitis patients. Materials and methods Ginseng gel was prepared using 250 g of ginseng powder. The antimicrobial activity of prepared ginseng gel and chlorhexidine gel was checked at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250 and 275 µg) against anaerobic organisms to find the concentration with maximum antimicrobial activity. The concentration with highest antimicrobial activity was subjected to in vivo analysis. A total of 30 generalized chronic gingivitis patients were subjected to scaling and then divided into two groups for intraoral gel application - Group I (ginseng gel) and Group II (chlorhexidine gel) for one month. The clinical parameters PI, GI were measured at baseline (pre scaling) and one month (post scaling) comparing ginseng gel and chlorhexidine gel (Hexigel - chlorhexidine gluconate 1.0% w/w). Independent t test and paired t test were done for statistical analysis. Results At 275 µg, ginseng gel showed highest antibacterial action against anaerobic oral microorganisms. In Group I, the reduction in PI from baseline was (2.52±0.02) to follow up after one month (0.75±0.05), GI from baseline (2.2±0.35) to follow up after one month (0.9±0.02). In Group II, the reduction in PI from baseline was (2.54±0.01) to follow up after one month (0.79±0.02), GI from baseline (2.1±0.42) to follow up after one month (0.8±0.01). Conclusion Ginseng gel showed equal clinical efficacy to chlorhexidine gel in terms of PI and GI. Though chlorhexidine was effective in lower concentrations, it has considerable adverse effects such as taste alteration. Hence it is better to encourage the use of herbal-based products for the management of gingivitis to prevent side effects of synthetic preparations.

The Level of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 in Gingival Crevicular fluid and Serum Pre-Post Scaling and Root Planning in Chronic Periodontitis Patients in Western Libya: Comparative Study

Despite the critical role of vitamin D in the body, it can be affected by several factors that may cause deficiency and imbalances in vitamin D levels. The study aimed to evaluate 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 in chronic periodontitis patients. The total study participants were 40 patients. They were divided into (20) as a study group with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, and (20) chronic gingivitis patients were chosen as a control group. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples were collected at baseline and six weeks after therapy for the study group and at baseline for the control group. Systemic and local levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The study group of diseased patients received initial periodontal therapy (SRP). The study showed that respective local 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 levels significantly increased from baseline up to six weeks after (SRP) (3.41ng/ml versus 4.57ng/ml), P=0.022. The respective systemic 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 levels significantly increased after six weeks from SRP (39.88ng/ml versus 41.48 ng/ml), P=0.001.

Efficacy of ozonated water over chlorhexidine mouth rinse in chronic gingivitis patients – A comparative clinical study

AimThis study aimed to compare the efficacy of ozonated water mouth rinse over chlorhexidine mouth rinse against the accumulation of plaque in chronic gingivitis patients. Materials and methodsA total of 30 patients with chronic generalized gingivitis were choosen for the study. The duration of this study was 15 days and was divided into three groups. Group 1 patients were advised to rinse with ozonated water¸ group 2 with a chlorhexidine mouth rinse and group 3 with water for 15 days. The clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index were recorded at baseline, 7th, and 15th day respectively. Saliva samples were collected for microbial culture at baseline that is before mouth rinse and on the 15th day that is after using mouth rinse from each patient. ResultsThe statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA and Bonferroni’s Post Hoc test on 30 patients at the end of the 15thday. There was a significant decrease in mean plaque, gingival, and bleeding scores in group 2 patients that are chlorhexidine mouth rinse. There was also a decrease in the microbial culture at the end of the 15th day in patients with chlorhexidine mouth rinse compared to ozonated water. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that ozonated water was less effective compared to chlorhexidine mouth rinse in reducing plaque in gingivitis patients. But ozonated water can be used as an alternative to CHX.

Oral mucosal Cryoglobulin [ICD-10-CM Diagnostic Code D89.9 Cryoglobulin], Oral Mucosal Herd Immunity and the Immune Herd Plots among Periodontal Disease Patients

Forty five patients were diagnosed by specialist dentist of the team as periodontal disease patients. Basically they were found to be chronic periodontitis and chronic gingivitis. The study male and female patient groups [25 males and 20 females] were subjected to the detection of oral mucosal cryoglobulin and tempts to use cryoglobulin as a marker for oral mucosal herd immunity among these patients. Oral mucosal cyoprotein solutions were separated and characterized as oral mucosal cryoglobulin [ICD-10-CM Diagnostic code, D89.9 Cryglobulin]. Mucosal cryocrit percentages were ranged from one to seven percent. Oral mucosal cryoglobulin concentrations were ranged between 0.13 up to 2 mg/dl. In chronic periodontitis patients and 0.15 up to1.96 mg/dl.in chronic gingivitis patients. The individuals Mucosal herd immunity constitutes three basic immune fractions; low, moderate and high cryoglobulin responders. The immune herd plot types were matched as Gaussian distribution plot types. The findings of oral mucosal cryoglobulin among these patients in clinically indicative concentrations for the potential role may be played in the pathogenesis of chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis as it may cause precipitates in the local blood vessels of gum and periodotium.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Complex Extracts of Ligularia stenocephala Matsum. & Koidz. and Secale cereale L. Sprout in Chronic Gingivitis: In Vitro Investigation and Randomized Clinical Trial.

Complex extracts of Ligularia stenocephala Matsum. & Koidz. (LSE) and Secale cereale L. sprout (SCSE) (TEES-10®) were prepared. The purposes of the study were to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities of TEES-10® in vitro and to observe resolution of gingivitis in human with oral administration of TEES-10®. The effects of TEES-10® on normal periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PDL cell viability and the changes of inflammatory mediator expression were evaluated in vitro. In the clinical trial, 150 mg of TEES-10® powder containing capsule was administered twice daily to the test group, while the control group administered placebos in a total 100 participants with gingivitis. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss, gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured at baseline and 4 weeks. Administering TEES-10® showed significant increase in PDL cell viability compared to administering LSE or SCSE alone. In addition, treating TEES-10® to LPS induced PDL cell significantly increased PDL cell viability compared to control. TEES-10® suppressed expression of NF-κB, p-ERK, ERK, COX-2, c-Fos and p-STAT and promoted expression of PPARγ in LPS induced PDL cells. In the clinical trial, significant improvement of GI and BOP was observed in the test group at 4 weeks. In addition, the number of patients diagnosed with gingivitis was significantly reduced in the test group at 4 weeks. Salivary MMP-8 and MMP-9 was also significantly decreased compared to placebo group. Within the limitations of this study, the TEES-10® would have an anti-inflammatory potential clinically in the chronic gingivitis patients.

Necrotizing Gingivitis: Microbial Diversity and Quantification of Protein Secretion in Necrotizing Gingivitis.

Necrotizing gingivitis (NG) is a necrotizing periodontal disease that differs from chronic gingivitis (CG). To date, both the microbiological causes and the involved host cytokine response of NG still remain unclear. Here, we investigated corresponding interdental plaque and serum samples from two groups of Chinese patients with CG (n = 21) or NG (n = 21). The microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the microbial metagenome and by assessing quantitatively the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, the genus Prevotella and the species T. forsythia, P. endodontalis, and P. gingivalis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). With respect to the associated host response, the levels of 30 inflammatory mediators were quantified by multiplex immunoassay analysis. Differential microbial abundance analysis of the two disease groups revealed at the phylum level that Proteobacteria accounted for 67% of the differentially abundant organisms, followed by organisms of Firmicutes (21%) and Actinobacteria (9%). At the species level, significant differences in abundance were seen for 75 species of which 58 species were significantly more abundant in CG patients. Notably, the FISH analysis revealed that Bacteroidetes was the most prevalent phylum in NG. The multiplex cytokine assay showed significant quantitative differences between the disease groups for eight analytes (GM–CSF, G–CSF, IFN–α, IL–4, IL–13, TNF–α, MIG, and HGF). The G–CSF was found to be the most significantly increased inflammatory protein marker in NG. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) data supported the understanding of NG as a multi-microbial infection with distinct differences to CG in regard to the microbial composition.

Punica granatum peel extract as adjunct irrigation to nonsurgical treatment of chronic gingivitis

Pomegranate is one of the most universally studied medicinal plants for its ethnomedical history, with several studies presenting the positive outcome of its use or its extracts in managing inflammation. The objective of the present trial was to investigate the efficiency of the traditionally used 5% of pomegranate peel extract in treating gingival inflammation. Herein, 34 chronic gingivitis patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio for four weeks in a controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the effect of the adjunctive use of a pulsating jet irrigator containing 5% pomegranate peel extract solution to nonsurgical periodontal therapy against a placebo in managing these patients' condition. No adverse reactions had been reported, and within the limits of this study, it may be concluded that pomegranate peel extract can serve as a promising alternative in managing chronic gingivitis. This trial is registered on the German clinical trials register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00010602).

Evaluation The Effect of Folic Acid on Some Inflammatory Mediators; IL-6 and TNF-α in Chronic Gingivitis Patients

Evaluation The Effect of Folic Acid on Some Inflammatory Mediators; IL-6 and TNF-α in Chronic Gingivitis Patients

Salivary total protein levels among healthy controls, chronic gingivitis patients and chronic periodontitis patients

Background: Periodontal diseases are one of the most common chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases in the world that can be diagnosed by clinical, radiographic signs and some biomarkers. Saliva contains locally and systemically derived markers that can aid in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was designed to evaluate salivary total protein levels in patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Five milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva samples was collected from a total of 113 individuals; each of the healthy and chronic gingivitis groups was included 39 participants and 35 patients in the chronic periodontitis group. Salivary total protein levels, gingival index (GI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level were recorded in the respective groups. Salivary protein estimation was done by direct ultraviolet absorption method, and determination was based on biuret method. Results: The mean salivary total protein levels in the healthy, chronic gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis groups were 1.52, 2.58, and 6.30 g/dl, respectively. The salivary total protein levels of gingivitis and periodontitis patients were 1.6 and 4.2 times higher than healthy controls, which were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In addition, GI (r = 0.476) and PBI (r = 0.490) were significantly correlated with protein levels in gingivitis patients. However, PPD was significantly correlated with protein contents in only periodontitis patients (r = 0.387). Conclusions: Increased total protein levels are related to the severity of periodontal diseases, and it may serve as a biomarker in inflammation of the periodontium.

Effect of Initial Therapy on TGF-?1 Protein Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of Chronic Gingivitis Patients

Effect of Initial Therapy on TGF-?1 Protein Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of Chronic Gingivitis Patients

Anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D3 on chronic gingivitis

Aims: To investigate the effects of vitamin D3 on chronic gingivitis and to evaluate its effect on Tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-6 in their saliva. Material and Method: Forty patients were classified into two groups: - group 1: (20) chronic gingivitis patients, did not receive any medication (control group), group 2: (20) chronic gingivitis patients (treatment group), received Vitamin D3 1000IU capsule/ day. Scaling and polishing have been carried out for each volunteer to reach the base line for gingival index, oral hygiene index and calculus index. Then these indices were measured for all patients on the next day, after 3 weeks and after 6 weeks in both groups. Five milliliters of unstimulated saliva were collected for measurement of human salivary Tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-6 by ELISA Kits. Results: significant differences were observed between treatment and control groups throughout study days with significant reduction in oral health indices in 21st and 42nd days of treatment group. Comparisons between the salivary parameters showed significant decreases in Tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-6 levels throughout 1st, 21st and 42nd day in treatment group, while in control group no significant differences were observed for IL-6 but significant increase in levels of TNF α was detected. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 has beneficial effect during treatment of chronic gingivitis.

Antioxidant Effect of Folic Acid and its Relation to Salivary Proteins and Oral Health

Aims: To assay the effect of systemic treatment with folic acid on salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total protein (TP) in relation to oral health indices of patients with chronic gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were classified into two groups :- Group 1: (n:20) chronic gingivitis patients, did not receive any medication (control group), Group 2: (n:20) chronic gingivitis patients (treatment group), received 1 mgday oral tablet of folic acid for 42 days. At the beginning of study, scaling and polishing have been carried out for each volunteer to reach the base line for gingival index and oral hygiene index. In the next day, these indices were measured for all participants , then measured after 21 days then after 42 days from treatment. At all visits, five milliliters of unstimulated saliva were collected for measurement of salivary TAC and salivary TPby spectrophotometer. Results: the results revealed that there is a significant difference in salivary TAC of treatment group after 6 weeks, no significant difference in salivary TP during study period, no significant difference in gingival index and oral hygiene index between treatment and control group. Conclusions: sub-acute using of systemic folic acid in chronic gingivitis patients improves salivary TAC and decrease salivary TP slightly . Results: the results revealed that there is significant difference in s. TAC of treatment group after 6 weeks, no significant difference in salivary TP during study period, no significant difference in gingival index and oral hygiene index of treatment group Conclusions: sub-acute using of systemic folic acid in chronic gingivitis patients improves salivary TAC and decrease salivary TP slightly .

Interleukin-34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma in periodontal health and disease with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and correlate the levels of interleukin-34 (IL-34) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 175 patients were divided into five groups: (a) group I had 35 periodontally-healthy patients; (b) group II had 35 chronic gingivitis patients; (c) group III had 35 CP patients without type-2 DM; (d) group IV had 35 CP patients with type-2 DM; and (e) group V had 35 type-2 DM patients without CP. The GCF and plasma levels of IL-34 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical and systemic parameters, such as gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and glycated hemoglobin levels, were evaluated. The mean IL-34 concentration in GCF and plasma was highest for group IV, followed by groups III, V, and II, and lowest in group I. The difference between them was statistically significant (P<.05). There was a positive correlation between IL-34 concentration in GCF and plasma in the study groups, with the exception of group I, for which there was a negative correlation. IL-34 can be considered a possible GCF and plasma inflammatory biomarker of periodontal disease progression and DM.

Estimation of midkine levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid in smokers and non-smokers of chronic gingivitis patients – A clinico-biochemical study

Objectives: To detect the presence of Midkine in serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy non-smokers, chronic gingivitis smokers, and non-smoker individuals and to evaluate the role of Midkine in the progression of gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: Periodontal clinical parameters examination including gingival index, pocket probing depth, clinical attachment level, and collection of GCF and serum was performed on 60 subjects, categorized into three groups with 20 subjects in each group: Group I (healthy non-smokers); Group II (chronic gingivitis non-smokers), and Group III (chronic gingivitis smokers). GCF and serum were collected from 20 patients of each group. Midkine levels were estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Midkine was detected in all samples. The results of this study suggest that mean GCF and serum Midkine levels were the highest in Group III and varied significantly from those of Groups I and II. Furthermore, GCF and serum Midkine levels increased proportionally with the progression of inflammation. Conclusion: As the gingival disease progresses, there is a substantial increase of Midkine concentrations in serum and GCF. Since, Midkine levels in the GCF and serum correlated positively with clinical parameters, Midkine may be considered as a “novel biomarker” in disease progression. However, controlled longitudinal studies are required to confirm this possibility.

Genotoxic assessment of chlorhexidine mouthwash on exfoliated buccal epithelial cells in chronic gingivitis patients.

Background:Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard of all chemical plaque control agents and the most commonly prescribed mouthwash. However, several studies have shown cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CHX on various eukaryotic cells. In this study, we have used micronuclei as a biomarker of DNA damage in buccal epithelial cells of chronic gingivitis patients who were given adjunct 0.2% CHX for plaque control.Materials and Methods:Chronic gingivitis patients who were exclusively on mechanical plaque control methods were taken as control (Group A) (n = 101), and chronic gingivitis patients who along with mechanical plaque control measures were taking 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as adjunct were taken as cases (Group B) (n = 255). The Group B was further divided into 5 subgroups (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5) (n = 51) on increasing duration of usage of CHX from ≤1 week to 24 weeks. Buccal epithelial cells were gently scrapped from the buccal mucosa using soft toothbrush. The epithelial cells were collected in buffer solution and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min. The buccal epithelial cells were air dried, fixed, and stained with 5% Giemsa stain on preheated glass microscopic slides and observed under microscope to screen 2000 nucleated cells per individual for number of micronucleated cells and micronuclei as genotoxic measure.Results:The mean number of micronucleated cells was found to be 0.41 ± 0.71 for Group A as compared values ranging from 1.65 ± 2.09 (Group B1) to 11.7 ± 1.87 (Group B5) in different subgroups of Group B, and similarly, the mean number of micronuclei was found to be 0.48 ± 0.80 for Group A as compared to values ranging from 2.57 ± 1.64 (Group B1) to 14.5 ± 2.49 (Group B5) in different subgroups of Group B using analysis of variance (P < 0.001).Conclusion:We conclude that CHX mouthwash is genotoxic to buccal epithelial cells and there is incremental trend in genotoxicity as the duration of usage is increased.

Genotoxic Effects of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Buccal Epithelial Cells

Objective: To study the genotoxic effect of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on buccal epithelial cells in chronic gingivitis patients. Methods: Chronic gingivitis patients(n=50) who were exclusively on mechanical plaque measures were taken as Controls(Group A) and chronic gingivitis patients who were on mechanical plaque measures along with adjunct 0.2 % Chlorhexidine mouthwash (n=50) were taken as Cases (Group B). Buccal epithelial cells were taken from these patients and were collected in a buffer and the centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 minutes. The cells were fixed with cold methanol (100%). The slides were kept at 37°C overnight and then stained with 5% Giemsa stain. The micronuclei frequency was calculated by observing 2000 nucleated cells per individual slides under microscope. Results: The average micronuclie frequency in Cases (4.62 ± 0.433) was approximately eight folds greater as compared to the Controls (0.6 ± 0.125). However, the total number of micronucleated cells that were present in Cases and Controls were 140 and 28 respectively. This study was statistically significant with p<0.01. Conclusion: Our findings with the micronucleus test indicate that the use of anti plaque agent chlorhexidine induces DNA damage resulting in genotoxicity.

Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA Type I Genotype in Gingivitis by Real-Time PCR-A Pilot Study.

Published literature till date reveals a high prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA type I genotype among healthy subjects. Quite a few studies have reported its prevalence also in periodontitis patients. Nevertheless incidence of this genotype in gingivitis is lacking in adult population. The present study was chosen to detect P. gingivalis fimA type I genotype among chronic gingivitis patients. A total of 46 subgingival plaque samples collected from chronic marginal gingivitis (n=23) and chronic periodontitis subjects (control group) (n=23) were subjected to Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to detect the P. gingivalis fimA type I gene. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test. Prevalence of P. gingivalis fimA type I gene among chronic periodontitis and chronic gingivitis patients were 8.7% and 30.4% respectively. P. gingivalis fimA type I genotype prevalence was found to be statistically insignificant between the two study groups (p=0.135). The avirulent P. gingivalis fimA type I genotype, occurred in high prevalence among chronic gingivitis patients, while its presence was low in chronic periodontitis patients. Presence of this avirulent genotype in chronic marginal gingivitis signifies its reversible condition.

TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) polymorphism is associated with increased risk of chronic periodontitis and increased T-bet expression in periodontal lesions, but does not significantly impact the IFN-g transcriptional level or the pattern of periodontophatic bacterial infection

Th1-polarized host response, mediated by IFN-γ, has been associated with increased severity of periodontal disease as well as control of periodontal infection. The functional polymorphism TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) increases the transcriptional activity of the TBX21 gene (essential for Th1 polarization) resulting in a predisposition to a Th-1 biased immune response. Thus, we conducted a case-control study, including a population of healthy controls (H, n = 218), chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 197), and chronic gingivitis patients (CG, n = 193), to investigate if genetic variations in TBX21 could impact the development of Th1 responses, and consequently influence the pattern of bacterial infection and periodontitis outcome. We observed that the polymorphic allele T was significantly enriched in the CP patients compared to CG subjects, while the H controls demonstrated and intermediate genotype. Also, investigating the putative functionality TBX21-1993T/C in the modulation of local response, we observed that the transcripts levels of T-bet, but not of IFN-γ, were upregulated in homozygote and heterozygote polymorphic subjects. In addition, TBX21-1993T/C did not influence the pattern of bacterial infection or the clinical parameters of disease severity, being the presence/absence of red complex bacteria the main factor associated with the disease status and the subrogate variable probing depth (PD) in the logistic regression analysis.

Interleukin-17 and interleukin-18 levels in different stages of inflammatory periodontal disease.

Context:Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the tooth supporting structures. There is increasing evidence that the cytokines interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) play a role in progression of chronic periodontitis.Aim:The objective of this study was to compare the levels of the cytokines IL-17 and IL-18 in gingival tissue extracts from individuals with healthy gingiva, chronic gingivitis, and mild chronic periodontitis.Settings and Design:The study was performed in a hospital-based population with an experimental design.Materials and Methods:A total of 69 individuals (n = 23 per group) were recruited for the study. Group 1 included 23 individuals with healthy gingiva and Group 2 included 23 chronic gingivitis patients and Group 3 included 23 patients with mild chronic periodontitis. Gingival tissues were collected during surgical procedures and levels of IL-17 and IL-18 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Statistical Analysis:Intergroup comparison was done by posthoc Tukey's test.Results:The gingival tissue concentration of IL-17 was found to be highest in Group 2 (415.19 ± 76.84 pg/mg) followed by Group 3 (193.77 ± 37.32 pg/mg) and Group 1 (20.49 ± 6.05 pg/mg). Concentrations of IL-18 were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in Group 2 (1479.42 ± 330.33 pg/mg) when compared with Group 1 (385.18 ± 71.26 pg/mg) and Group 3 (330.24 ± 48.56 pg/mg).Conclusion:There appears to be considerable variation of IL-17 and IL-18 levels in gingival tissue during periodontal health and disease.