Chronic Daily Intake Research Articles

Health Risk Assessment and Covid-19 Infection Rate by Using Bacterial Aerosol in Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide transmission and healthcare worker is the risk group. Therefore, the infection rate and health risk assessment from exposure to airborne transmission for healthcare workers were performed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 106 healthcare workers at four selected service areas in Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand, from February to September 2021. The N6 impactor was used with simultaneous measurement of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The general characteristics of subjects and hospitals were collected by questionnaire and presented by descriptive statistics. Results: Most of the participants were female and they worked more than 8 hours per day. The bacteria concentration was highest in the Pediatric Outpatient Department (1837.46±177.52 cfu/m3). The lowest chronic daily intake and hazard quotient with no threshold (4.86±3.81, 95%CI: 3.59, 6.13) were at Covid-19 Intensive Care Unit - due to negative pressure ventilation in this room was effective in reducing the airborne concentration of the pathogens. Overall, the hospital’s hazard index with no threshold (30.87±35.25, 95%CI: 23.91, 37.83) was higher than 1.0, indicating that bacterial bioaerosol may affect healthcare workers’ health. The highest confirmed Covid-19 case was at Acute Respiratory Infection Clinic (19.29±10.67 cases/week). The probability of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers was high at Acute Respiratory Infection Clinic (1.0) and Covid-19 Intensive Care Unit (0.998±0.002, 95%CI: 0.998, 0.999). Conclusion: Therefore, inhalation reference concentration for hospitals should be as low as possible and appropriate ventilation systems should be implemented with adherence to standards to protect healthcare workers.

Health risk assessment and contamination of potentially toxic elements in southwest of the Red Sea coastal sediment

The current study evaluates the contamination and health risks by Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Mn in coastal sediment of the Abu Ghusun, Egyptian Red Sea. 28 surface sediments were collected for PTE analysis and several indices were applied to assess contamination and risks to human health. The descending order of the average concentrations of PTEs (μg/g, dry weight) were in the following order: Fe (3022) > Mn > (424.22) > Zn (5.66) > Pb (2.058) > Ni (1.50) > Co (1.21) > Cu (0.38) > Cd (0.18). The Abu Ghusun coastal sediments were severely enriched with Cd, moderately severely enriched with Mn, moderately enriched with Pb, and minor to no enriched with the remaining PTEs. PINemerow indicated slight pollution for Mn and no contamination with the remaining PTEs, while ERI revealed no-to-low risk in the study area. However, the concentrations of the PTEs examined were significantly below the SQGs. The chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard index (HI) for adults and children took in order: Fe > Mn > Ni > Cd > Pb > Co > Zn > Cu with increasing levels in children than adults. HI values suggest that there were no significant non-carcinogenic effects observed on the human body. The total cancer risk (LCR) accounted for 6.26 × 10-9 for adults and 2.92 × 10-8 for children, indicating no significant health hazards.

Analysis and Health Risk Evaluation of Aflatoxin B1 Levels in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea ) and Maize (Zea mays ) Samples from Wukari, Nigeria

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary fungal metabolite which is considered a public health concern worldwide due to its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the levels and potential health effects of AFB1 in Groundnut and Maize samples from Wukari, Nigeria. Ten samples (each) of maize and groundnuts were collected randomly from local markets and analysed for AFB1. Our findings revealed the presence of AFB1 in all the samples investigated with concentrations ranging between 7.79 – 14.08 μg/kg in groundnuts and 1.48 -15.50 μg/kg in maize samples. Overall, 90% of the analysed samples contained aflatoxin B1 above the allowed limit of 5 μg/kg. The assessment of chronic exposure and probalistic health risk from consumption of AFB1 in the investigated food samples was done via chronic daily intake (CDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) evaluations. Obtained CDI values for groundnut ranged between 14.96 – 28.74 ng·kg−1 BW day−1 for children and 3.20 – 6.15 ng·kg−1 BW day−1 for adults while for maize the values were in the range of 5.38 – 56.42 ng·kg−1 BW day−1 for children and 1.15 – 12.09 ng·kg−1 BW day−1 for adults. MOE values ranged between 3.01 – 31.60 for children and 14.06 – 147.83 for adults. The obtained MOE values are by far lower that the recommended ≥10,000 value thus indicating high carcinogenic risks to consumers of the food items. There is need to create more awareness and interventions on aflatoxin contamination of food sources in Nigeria.

Spatial distribution of the contamination and risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in the Ghizer River Basin, northern Pakistan

Abstract The Ghizer River Basin (GRB) is one of the sub-basins of the Indus River hosting rich mineralization and agrogenic activities. The GRB was sampled for 55 water samples and investigated for potentially harmful element (PHE) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. PHE concentrations in water of the GRB were used to calculate the potential of non-cancer risks such as chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR). The highest average concentrations of chromium (37.1 ± 17.1 μg/L), copper (27.4 ± 12.5 μg/L), arsenic (4.8 ± 0.9 μg/L), cobalt (9.2 ± 3.3 μg/L), and nickel (62.7 ± 27.6 μg/L) were noted for the Ishkomen River segment of the GRB. Similarly manganese (417 ± 144 μg/L), cadmium (1.95 ± 0.02 μg/L), lead (7.7 ± 1.4 μg/L), and zinc (28.4 ± 5.5 μg/L) concentrations were maximum at downstream of the GRB. Geospatial and statistical analyses showed that lithogenic sources contributed higher to PHE contamination in the water of the GRB than the agrogenic sources. PHE concentrations were noted under the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water thresholds, except for nickel. Results showed the uppermost CDI value of 13.6 μg/kg-day for manganese and HQ value of 0.52 for arsenic via water intake of children. Non-cancer and CR values through water intake were under the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thresholds and noted as suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes.

Assessment of the risk to human health from the accumulation of heavy metals in and around the “2 July” neighborhood (Mitrovica-Kosovo, Kosovo)

Purpose. Determining the level of soil pollution with heavy metals in the “2 July” neighborhood, as well as researching the impact of pollution on the health of the neighborhood’s residents. The scope of the research was to know which age is most at risk from pollution based on the Theory of Risk Assessment, Non-carcinogenic risk assessment, and Carcinogenic risk assessment. Methodology. The soil samples in the neighborhood “2 July” were taken spontaneously. After the preparation of the samples, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, chromium, and cadmium were determined with ICP-OES. Analytical formulas were applied for the calculation of specific indicators, which include Geo-accumulation index, Enrichment factor, Chronic daily intake, Hazard index, Carcinogenic risk assessment, the total lifetime cancer risk. They show the level of soil pollution, and the risk of heavy metals affecting human health. Findings. The results show that the content of lead, arsenic, zinc, nickel, manganese, chromium, and cadmium in the soil of the “2 July” neighborhood, in addition to copper, exceeds the values set by FAO/WHO. The value of the hazard index and total lifetime cancer risk for children for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk is high, while that for adults are lower, which shows that children are more at risk. Originality. Soil pollution in the “2 July” basin comes from three industrial dumps. This pollution affects human health through inhalation, skin, and ingestion route. Practical value. The particular indicators of the influence of heavy metals on human health are discerned as a plausible notification for the inhabitants that they live in a highly harmful and polluted environment inducing health consequences.

Correlations between chemical, hydrological and biotic factors in rivers from the protected area of Tisa Superioară, Romania

This paper aimed to evaluate the water quality of several rivers (Șugătag, Sapanta, Isa, Vișeu and Tisa), vegetation and fish population in the protected area of ROSCI0251Tisa Superioară, Romania to determine the extent to which the anthropic activities (tourism activities and livestock) affect the water characteristics and implicitly it’s quality. Results indicated contamination with NH4+, Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn, with values ranging from 0.14 to 0.83 mg/L NH4+, 0.07–0.76 mg/L Fe, 2.9–31 mg/L Ni, 1.38–59 mg/L Cr and 7.6–127 mg/L Mn, caused by anthropogenic activities. According to the pollution indices scores, samples were characterized by low, medium, and high pollution levels. HPI (Heavy metal Pollution Index) and HEI (Heavy metal Evaluation Index) scores ranged between 21.6 and 54.4 and 1.5–8.4, respectively. Risk assessment indicated no risks at metals through ingestion or dermal contact. The chronic daily intake ranged between 9.08 × 10−6 and 2.09 and the hazard quotient ranged between 9.61 × 10−7-3.45 in both dermal and ingestion pathways. The fish population included 23 species. The ichthyofaunal assessments indicated good quality and stability. This study provides important data for the riparian population, researchers, and even policymakers, regarding the quality status and potential pollution degree of surface waters in the protected area of Tisa.

Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in mangrove sediments, Red Sea coast

Due to the significance of mangroves for the diversity of marine and terrestrial life along the Red Sea coast, the present work aimed to evaluate the environmental and health risk of heavy metals in Wadi el-Gemal sediments. The findings of single and integrated indices demonstrated no significant pollution with Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cd, while the sediments showed severe and minor enrichment with Mn and Cd, respectively, which might be attributed to the presence of some mining activities in the mountains near the study area. The possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to their dermal absorption from the sediments were analyzed and the findings demonstrated that the non-carcinogenic health hazards were within tolerable and safe limits. Moreover, the evaluation of chronic daily intake and the overall cancer risk (LCR) for adults and children for Pb and Cd both ruled out any current potential carcinogenic health risks.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) Analysis of Heavy Metals and Health Risks Assessment of some Common Energy Drinks

Background and Purpose: Soft drinks are commonly consumed globally. Due to high demand, regulatory protocols may be breached thereby leading to contamination with heavy metals. In this study, we determined the content of five heavy metals in some Nigerian soft drinks and estimated their potential health risks.
 Methods: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of magnesium, aluminum, lead, arsenic, and zinc. Twelve (12) soft drinks (labeled B1–B12) were used. After the AAS, parameters such as target health quotient (THQ), average daily intake (EDI), and chronic daily intake (CDI) were evaluated.
 Results: The level of arsenic found in all soft drinks ranged from 0.001-0.0603 mg/L, as against the 0.01 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard. Lead was 0.001-0.023mg/L (MCL is 0.01 mg/L) and within the MCL except in one sample (0.023 mg/L). Aluminum levels ranged from 0.001-2.0491 mg/L except in one sample (0.001 mg/L) and the WHO limit is 0.02 mg/L. The concentration range for magnesium was 0.6954-2.4341 mg/L versus the standard limit of 0.02 mg/L. The THQ values of aluminum were significantly different from the values of other heavy metals. The order of abundance of the metals was: Mg > Zn > Al > Pb > As. Arsenic and lead were found in relatively small concentrations compared to the other metals. The THQ value of aluminum in most of the samples was higher than normal.
 Conclusion: The concentration of magnesium was above the acceptable limits in all the soft drinks. All the heavy metals, except aluminum, were within acceptable THQ limits. The high values of magnesium and aluminum underscores the need for quality control measures during production.
 
 

Concentration and non-dietary human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in soil of farms in Golestan province, Iran

ABSTRACT Detection of pesticide residues in soil samples was conducted using UHPLC-MS/MS. Non-dietary health risk assessment was conducted using calculate chronic daily intake (CDI) from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways and following non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the adults and adolescent. The rank order of pesticide in soil based on their concentration was malathion (0.082 mg kg−1)> cyproconazole (0.019 mg kg−1)> propargite (0.018 mg kg−1)> butachlor (0.016 mg kg−1) > chlorpyrifos (0.0067 mg kg−1)> diazinon (0.0014 mg kg−1)> imidacloprid (0.0007 mg kg−1). Hazard index (HI) values obtained of exposure to pesticides in soil in adults and adolescent were 0.0012 and 0.0035, respectively. Hence, exposed population are at the acceptable range of non-carcinogenic risk (HI < 1). Cancer risk (CR) values due to propargite in soil via ingestion pathway in adults and adolescent were 2.03E–09 and 2.08E–09, respectively; therefore, carcinogenic risk due to the exposure to pesticide contaminated soil was safe range (CR < 1E–06).

Heavy Metals Toxicity in Selected Vegetables and Soil from Akpajo, Eleme Local Government, Rivers State

Threat to life from anthropogenic contamination of soil and food crops harvested from our environment is now of immense public health concern. This study investigated heavy metals’ contentment in selected vegetables and soil water from Akpajo, in Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State and probable toxicity effects on exposure to these food crops. Vegetables (Telfairia occidentalis (pimpkin leaf) and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) and Soil from an agricultural farm land were collected and analyzed for Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) contents using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (model: S4=71096). The maximum mean levels (mgkg-1) obtained for Pb 5.392±0.001and Cd (0.396±0.001mg/kg) were seen in V. amygdalina with minimum Pb (3.35±0.029mg/kg) and Cd (0.288±0.001mg/kg) seen in the soil and Telfairia occidentalis, (Pumpkin Leaf) samples respectively. Maximum Ni value (1.99±0.00mg/kg) was obtained from the sampled soil with the minimum value (1.108±0.001mg/kg) seen in Telfairia occidentalis. Arsenic and Hg were shown to be below detectable limits. Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and TLCR were used for heavy metals health risk assessment (HRA), which gave values higher than standard as stipulated by USEPA. These toxicological indices revealed that adult and children population exposed to these samples could be highly at risk as values obtained where above potential risk-free limit of 10-6 to 10-4 set by USEPA. It is however recommended that strict measures be developed and adopted to restrict further pollution of surrounding agricultural soil.

Carcinogenic Potentials of Toxic Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Telfairia occidentalis and Talinum triangulare Impacted by Wastewater, Southern Nigeria

Health risks of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with the consumption of Telfairia occidentalis and Talinum triangulare impacted by wastewater from water treatment plants within Uyo Metropolis, Southern Nigeria, were investigated using standard methods. The level of toxic metals and PAHs was higher in vegetables impacted by wastewater from food processing industries than in the other investigated sources. The levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) in the vegetables exceeded their recommended limits by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Wastewater was confirmed as the major source of toxic metals in the vegetables. The estimated chronic daily intake of toxic metals through vegetables for both child and adult populations was lower than their tolerable daily intake. The hazard quotients of noncarcinogenic PAHs indicated higher values for children than adults. The vegetables contained all the priority PAHs except dibenz[a,h]anthracene. The estimated daily intake of PAHs was higher in children than in adults, except for phenanthrene. The threshold screening values for PAHs indicated lower non-carcinogenic health risks for consumers. The carcinogenic health risks of metals and PAHs via vegetables indicated a moderately high risk for both populations. The consumption of vegetables impacted by wastewater could result in serious health problems for both child and adult populations. This study has exposed the environmental and human health problems related to the use of wastewater for the irrigation of vegetable gardens, which hitherto were unavailable in the study area.

Chromium in Water and Carcinogenic Human Health Risk

Understanding the extent of human health risks with an emphasis on carcinogenesis development attributable to potentially toxic chemicals is critical to effective prevention and mitigation strategies. Chromium (Cr), mainly the hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), is a chemical associated with cancer when found in drinking water, making it a major public health issue. This study assessed a possible carcinogenic human health risk among the general population due to exposure to total or hexavalent chromium. We performed a systematic review of the international scientific literature, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol to determine the human risk of cancer mortality and morbidity. In total, 76 articles were checked for eligibility, 13 of which were included in the final systematic review. Only scientific articles from January 2000 to November 2022 published on PubMed were included. Data from both epidemiological ecological studies (Relative Risk and Rate Ratio—RR and Standardized Mortality Rate—SMR) and epidemiological case studies (Lifetime Cancer Risk—LCR, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk—ILCR, Cancer Risk—CR, Hazard Quotient—HQ, Hazard Index—HI, Health Risk Assessment—HRA, Disability-Adjusted Life Year—DALY, and Chronic Daily Intake Index—CDI) were included for the overall assessment of carcinogenicity in the general population. According to most articles, there is credible evidence that hexavalent chromium via water is indicated as a major contributor to the global burden of cancer in humans. Some of them emphasize malignant neoplasms in the lung, liver, stomach, and genitourinary system. Although the health index data of the case studies are based on a limited number of samples, they raise concerns about the possibility of an increase in the degree of carcinogenesis. However, there are significant limitations due to the lack of information on the dose and duration of exposure in the target group. Further research involving extensive analysis of the association of the two variables is needed, which depends on more complete information extraction and advanced methodologies.

Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of Some of Heavy Metals for Kerosene Samples in Iraq Market

In this study, five heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd) concentrations were measured in samples of kerosene (locally only) that collected from different of warehouses oils in Iraq. The measurements have been done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Non-cancer risks such as the chronic daily inhalation intake (CDIinh), a Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) as well as Cancer Risks (CR) due to inhalation of heavy metals in the kerosene samples were calculated. The results show that, the average values of concentrations in unit ppm (mg/kg) belonging to Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd in kerosene samples were 8.14±1.74, 0.127±0.025, 0.017±0.007, 0.15±0.064, and 0.360±0.022, respectively. While, the average value of Hazard Index (HI) due to all heave metals in the present work was 0.721± 0.16. Also, the average value of Total Cancer Risk (TCR) due to Cd and Pb were 1.12E-03±4.4E-04. When comparing the results of inhalation health risk, the present work with Worldwide average, we found that the most samples of kerosene samples are safe for using.

Assessing human exposure to phthalate esters in drinking water migrated from various pipe materials and water filter elements during water treatments and storage.

Plastic water-supply pipes and filter element are frequently used in municipal water supply systems. Leaching of phthalate esters (PAEs) from these pipes and filter elements to drinking water has become a common concern among the public. In this study, the migrations of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) in seven different kinds of water-supply product materials were investigated. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest detection frequency of 54.4% in the water leaching samples of various water supply pipes and water filter elements samples, followed by Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP, 46/90, 51.1%). The maximum detected concentration level for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and DBP in the leaching experiment was below the regulatory limit values of 8µg/L, 300µg/L, and 3µg/L for each compound in China standards for drinking water quality. The increasing of the water temperature, the lower pH of the water, and the increasing of the leaching time will increase the migration of PAEs from plastic pipes into water. The chronic daily intake of children aged < 1-12years to PAEs through drinking water was higher than the rest of the population groups. Carcinogenic risks (CR) of DEHP via drinking water were neglectable for most groups of people, while for young children with age of 1-2years old, the CR is an acceptable risk.

Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment based on Groundwater Fluoride Enrichment in Gaya, Bihar, India

Fluoride can be hazardous to the body if consumed in excess. Fluoride exposure in humans can occur through the consumption of contaminated groundwater. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of fluoride present in the area under investigation and to determine the health risks associated with its ingestion by adults and children. In accordance with the method recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency, the assessment of the health risk was done using the Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQfluoride). The fluoride in groundwater varies from 0.37 - 2.70mg/L in the study area. According to the sampling results of all locations, the HQfluoride value in adult males ranges from 0.38 to 2.77, 0.34 to 2.45 in adult females, and 0.41–3.0 in children, which is above the permissible limits for most of the sampling locations, indicating significantly higher health risks. The outcomes of this study could be beneficial for organizations in charge of promoting human health.

Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment of some heavy metals in carrots selected from Wudil, Kano, Nigeria

Fruits and vegetables contaminated with heavy metals can pose health risks to humans. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of some metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni) in carrots cultivated in Wudil, Kano, Nigeria was investigated by calculating the chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the metals. The mean concentrations of the metals were in the following decreasing order: Cu&gt;Cr&gt;Ni&gt;Pb&gt;Cd. The levels of all the metals were below the maximum tolerable limit set by FAO/WHO. The THQ for the heavy metals were all less than one (THQ &lt; 1), showing that these metals did not constitute a noncarcinogenic risk to the population through the consumption of carrots. The percentage contributions of the metals to the total non-carcinogenic risk were in the following order: Cr&gt;Pb&gt;Cu&gt;Cd&gt;Ni. Cr was the major contributor to the total non-carcinogenic risk and accounted for 57.61% of the total risk, while Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni contributed 15.64%, 12.76%, 7.41%, and 6.58% respectively. The CR were all below the upper limit of 1×10-4, suggesting that lifetime exposure to these metals through the consumption of carrots did not pose a cancer risk to the population. The levels of the investigated metals in carrots in the area did not pose any risk to the consumers. However, there is a need to monitor the metals on regular basis to ensure the safety of the consumers.

Evaluation of trace metallic element levels in coffee by icp-ms: a comparative study among different origins, forms, and packaging types and consumer risk assessment.

Trace elements (TE) contamination of foods and beverages constitutes a public health issue. In this context, the main objective of this study was to determine metals and metalloids content in coffee and to assess the health risks associated with contaminated coffee consumption. To this end, 44 samples of coffee from different origins, forms, and packaging types were analyzed. TE analysis was performed by ICP-MS after digestion. The data analysis was based on principal components analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Health risk assessment was determined by the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI). The findings showed that TE levels in coffee varied widely. The highest levels were related to aluminum (Al) (59.88 ± 54.86 mg/kg), manganese (Mn) (16.26 ± 24.59 mg/kg), copper (Cu) (11.60 ± 11.55 mg/kg), and cadmium (Cd) (9.92 ± 10.32 mg/kg). In terms of coffee form and packaging type, a significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed in nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), Cu, Mn, and Al content. The highest EDI was found in Al (0.0109 mg/kg BW/day) in ground coffee packaged in capsules. In terms of chronic daily intake (CDI), Cd and Al were above the reference dose (RfD). THQ of these elements were greater than 1.0, and HI was above the value of 1.0 in different forms of coffee. More interdisciplinary research on the relationships between the metal concentrations in coffee samples and those in feed, water, and soil would be quite interesting.

Determination of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) along with probabilistic health risk assessment in fruit juice samples in Tehran, Iran.

In the present study, magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique were used to measure 6 PAE in fruit juice samples. The mean of total phthalic acid esters (ƩPAEs) in all samples was 3.55 ± 0.66µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in samples was 0.82 ± 0.31µg/L, which was lower than the mentioned United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6μg/L for DEHP). The pineapple juice samples (4.44 ± 0.57µg/L) and mango juice samples (2.77 ± 0. 1µg/L) had maximum and minimum mean levels of ƩPAEs, respectively. Also, results showed that brand B (3.76 ± 0.87µg/L) and samples in the time of expiration date (3.64 ± 0.72µg/L) had the highest PAE levels. The rank order Chronic Daily Intake (95%) values for adults were DEHP ([Formula: see text]) > butylbenzyl phthalates (BBP) ([Formula: see text]) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) ([Formula: see text]) and for children were DEHP ([Formula: see text]) > BBP (9.07E-04) > DEP ([Formula: see text]), which were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value. The noncancer risk of PAEs based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) was acceptable (< 1). The results exhibited that the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) was below the permissible limit (< [Formula: see text]). Therefore, the risk of carcinogenicity and noncarcinogenicity of PAEs in juices does not have adverse effects on human health.

Assessment of environmental and toxicity impacts and potential health hazards of heavy metals pollution of agricultural drainage adjacent to industrial zones in Egypt

The objectives of this study were to assess the environmental impact of industrial wastewater disposal in the El-Khadrawiya agricultural drain, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt, as well as the effect on water, soil, and plant qualities in the drain's extension area, which was primarily adjacent to the industrial zone. The analyses results of wastewater at El-Khadrawiya drain revealed that heavy metal concentrations in water samples exceeded WHO permitted limits. Heavy metal levels followed the following pattern: (Pb > Zn > Cr > Cd > Ni > As), where Heavy metal levels average were: (1.8492 > 1.7857 > 0.1815 > 0.1578 > 0.059 > 0.0048. Wastewater, soil and plant samples were analyzed using (PerkinElmer AAnalyst 400 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer A Analyst 400), Heavy metal pollution evaluation indicators: Target hazard quotient (THQ), Hazard index (HI), Chronic daily intake (CDI), Carcinogenic risk (CR), and Heavy metals pollution index (HPI)) showed that a majority of samples discovered values referring to carcinogenic health risks for the population. In contrast, the soil contamination indices followed the same trend, with the contamination factor (CF) indicating that the majority of samples exposed low to medium levels of pollution for (Ni, Cd, and Zn), while Pb and Cr were between high and very high, and the contamination degree (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd) indicating that the majority of samples revealed the medium level of pollution, with the exception of one site with a high level of contamination. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) revealed that heavy metal accumulation in plants exceeds the critical range. This study should be expanded to include additional agricultural regions with comparable conditions in order to provide environmental monitoring of present challenges and work toward solutions.

Intake of fluoride and other Hofmeister ions from black tea consumption in CKDu prevalent areas, Sri Lanka.

Dietary exposure of selected Hofmeister ions-fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium from black tea consumption in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) prevalent areas in Sri Lanka-were assessed in order to understand exposure and risk. Black tea samples (n = 25) were collected from CKDu prevalent areas and control areas (n = 15). Total fluoride content in alkali fused digested black tea samples was determined. The available Hofmeister ions in tea infusions prepared using deionized water and the groundwater collected by CKDu endemic areas were compared. Dietary exposure was calculated by chronic daily intake data. Total fluoride concentrations ranged from 80 to 269mg/kg in tea collected from the CKDu endemic regions and 62.5-123.5mg/kg in non-endemic regions. The fluoride content in infusions ranged from 1.45 to 2.04mg/L in CKDu endemic areas and 1.11-1.38mg/L in control samples. The infusions prepared with local groundwater from the CKDu endemic areas showed an elevated level of fluoride 95% than that of the infusion prepared using same tea with deionized water. Aggregated chronic daily intake value from tea and groundwater exceeds the estimated adequate daily intake value of fluoride. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of fluoride in 5min and 120min tea infusions were 1.60 and 2.20, respectively, and indicate an adverse health risk. Potassium content in tea infusions collected from CKDu endemic areas is higher than in the control. Even though these values are less than the adequate intake, it may pose an impairment on a weak kidney. Chronic daily intake of Hofmeister ions, i.e., fluoride and potassium from black tea consumed in CKDu endemic areas may induce a risk for CKDu.