Chromatographic Identification Research Articles

Effect and mechanism of Qingre Huashi decoction on drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori (HP), the most common pathogenic microorganism in the stomach, can induce inflammatory reactions in the gastric mucosa, causing chronic gastritis and even gastric cancer. HP infection affects over 4.4 billion people globally, with a worldwide infection rate of up to 50%. The multidrug resistance of HP poses a serious challenge to eradication. It has been de-monstrated that compared to bismuth quadruple therapy, Qingre Huashi decoction (QHD) combined with triple therapy exhibits comparable eradication rates but with a lower incidence of adverse reactions; in addition, QHD can directly inhibit and kill HP in vitro. To explore the effect and mechanism of QHD on clinically multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm-forming HP. In this study, 12 HP strains were isolated in vitro after biopsy during gastroscopy of HP-infected patients. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for clinical HP strains and biofilm quantification were determined through the E-test method and crystal violet staining, respectively. The most robust biofilm-forming strain of HP was selected, and QHD was evaluated for its inhibitory and bactericidal effects on the strain with strong biofilm formation. This assessment was performed using agar dilution, E-test, killing dynamics, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study also explored the impact of QHD on antibiotic resistance in these HP strains with strong biofilm formation. Crystalline violet method, scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, and (p)ppGpp chromatographic identification were employed to evaluate the effect of QHD on biofilm in strong biofilm-forming HP strains. The effect of QHD on biofilm and efflux pump-related gene expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Non-targeted metabolomics with UHPLC-MS/MS was used to identify potential metabolic pathways and biomarkers which were different between the NC and QHD groups. HP could form biofilms of different degrees in vitro, and the intensity of formation was associated with the drug resistance of the strain. QHD had strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on HP, with MICs of 32-64 mg/mL. QHD could inhibit the biofilm formation of the strong biofilm-forming HP strains, disrupt the biofilm structure, lower the accumulation of (p)ppGpp, decrease the expression of biofilm-related genes including LuxS, Spot, glup (HP1174), NapA, and CagE, and reduce the expression of efflux pump-related genes such as HP0605, HP0971, HP1327, and HP1489. Based on metabolomic analysis, QHD induced oxidative stress in HP, enhanced metabolism, and potentially inhibited relevant signaling pathways by upregulating adenosine monophosphate (AMP), thereby affecting HP growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis. QHD exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on HP, and reduces HP drug resistance by inhibiting HP biofilm formation, destroying its biofilm structure, inhibiting the expression of biofilm-related genes and efflux pump-related genes, enhancing HP metabolism, and activating AMP in HP.

Screening and Chromatographic identification of the phytochemicals in the Powdered leaves of <i>Urena lobata</i> L. (Malvaceae)

Urena lobata is a widely distributed tropical and subtropical weed with varying pharmacological activities, ascribed to the presence of bioactive principles in the plant. This study aimed to identify phytochemicals in the powdered leaves of Urena lobata using two chromatographic techniques. Phytochemical screening was evaluated for the powdered leaves using standard methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were utilized to determined the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of the leaves. Results obtained indicate that alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were detected in the methanolic extract of the leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 4-(3-dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde, pyridine, 9-octadecenamide, 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl phosphonic acid, 2-propenenitrile, 2,1-benzisoxazole-4-carboxlic acid, 1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one, pyridine-3-carboxamide, 2-pyrazoline, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 3-nitrophthalhydrazide, 2,4 (1H, 5H)-imidazoldione and bromophos-ethyl, semicarbazide. While the HPLC analysis for selected alkaloids detected imidazole and pyrazoline alkaloidal moieties from the extract. Owing to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that phytochemicals of important pharmacological potentials were detected in the methanolic extract of Urena lobata leaves.

Overcoming the BSTFA: Study on Trimethylsilylation Derivatization Procedures for Chemical Weapons Convention-Related Alcohols in Field Analysis

After the use of chemical weapons, there is a gradual spontaneous decomposition of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), and only degradation products can be present at the time of sample collection. Depending on the type of parent compound, these are most often acids, alcohols, or thiols. This article deals with the development and optimization of methods for the trimethylsilylation of controlled alcohols that outperforms the currently widely used method with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) prior to gas chromatographic identification. Thiodiglycol (TDG) was chosen as a model alcohol for the development and optimization of methods. Nine trimethylsilylating agents were tested as derivatization agents. For each reagent, the method was optimized in terms of reaction medium (seven tested solvents), reaction time, and temperature. The temporal stability of the resulting derivatives and the effect of the addition of the reaction catalyst were also monitored. Subsequently, optimal methods were applied in the derivatization of N-ethyldiethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, triethanolamine, 2-diisopropylaminoethanol (DIAE), and 3-quinuclidinol. The developed methods were compared in all monitored properties with the standard BSTFA-method (in acetonitrile for 30 min at 60 °C). From the developed methods, three were selected that showed similar or better sensitivity parameters than BSTFA, and at the same time were less demanding to perform. Trimethylsilylation via trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) appears to be the most successful method. In conclusion, the selected methods were applied in the analysis of contaminated environmental and urban samples – sand, acrylic paint, asphalt-aluminum paint, and concrete. The samples were measured on both a benchtop and a field gas chromatograph.

Optimisation of Extraction and TLC-Densitometric Analysis of α- and γ-Mangostin from the Rind of Garcinia mangostana L

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a plant from Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar, commonly used in traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the best solvent for the extraction of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin and develop a validated analytical method for simultaneously determining both compounds. The dried rind of G. mangostana (500 mg) was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone by percolation. The percolates were evaporated to obtain viscous crude extracts. The TLC-densitometry technique was employed to determine the content of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin in the extracts. Chromatographic identification of the contents was carried out on a silica gel TLC plate (GF254) with a mobile phase of chloroform: ethyl acetate: hexane: formic acid (5:2:3:1) using standard αmangostin and γ-mangostin as reference compounds. The method has satisfactory linearity and meets the criteria for precision and accuracy at concentrations of 100 – 500 µg/spot for αmangostin and 200 – 500 µg/spot for γ-mangostin. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin at 3.05±0.22% and 0.22±0.15%, respectively. The TLC-densitometry technique is suitable and practical for the simultaneous routine analysis of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin in G. mangostana rind extract. Keywords: mangosteen rind extract, mangostin, percolation, TLC-Densitometry

Use of aliphatic thiols for on-site derivatization and gas chromatographic identification of Adamsite

The report describes the development of methods for rapid and simple identification of Adamsite in mobile laboratory conditions using a field gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer. Adamsite is a chemical warfare agent with unique properties that cannot be analysed without conversion to a volatile derivative. Derivatization procedures with 5 aliphatic thiols (ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, 1-butanethiol and 1-hexanethiol) were developed and compared. The retention characteristics of the derivatization products, peak characteristics and the formation of unwanted artifacts in the chromatograms were monitored. The influence of the reaction media and the time dependence of the reaction were also objects of interest. Other investigated parameters were the optimal reaction temperature and the volume of the derivatization agent. Mass spectra of newly created substances that are not yet included in the chemical weapons related databases were recorded. With optimal reagents (1-butanethiol and 1-hexanethiol), the calibration procedures for analyte determination were subsequently developed, and the methods were verified during the Adamsite identification test in selected environmental and urban matrices.

Studies on anatomy, physico-chemical and thin-layer chromatography of rhizome, root and leaf of Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb

Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb., commonly known as mother-in-law’s tongue, used in the treatment of various ailments such as ulcer, jaundice, skin itches, urinary diseases, asthma, cough, snake and insect bites in folklore medicine. In the present investigation, anatomical, physico-chemical and thin-layer chromatographic identification of rhizome, root and leaf has been studied in detail and provided diagnostic key to identify the original drug from the adulterant(s).

Quantitative Method for Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Based on Multi-Sliding Window and Noise Estimation

LC-MS/MS uses information on the mass peaks and peak areas of samples to conduct quantitative analysis. However, in the detection of clinical samples, the spectrograms of the compounds are interfered with for different reasons, which makes the identification of chromatographic peaks more difficult. Therefore, to improve the chromatographic interference problem, this paper first proposes a multi-window-based signal-to-noise ratio estimation algorithm, which contains the steps of raw data denoising, peak identification, peak area calculation and curve fitting to obtain accurate quantitative analysis results of the samples. Through the chromatographic peak identification of an extracted ion chromatogram of VD2 in an 80 ng/mL standard and the spectral peak identification of data from an open-source database, the identification results show that the algorithm has a better peak detection performance. The accuracy of the quantitative analysis was verified using the LC-HTQ-2020 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer produced by our group for the application of steroid detection in human serum. The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can accurately identify the peak information of LC-MS/MS chromatographic peaks, which can effectively improve the accuracy and reproducibility of steroid detection results and meet the requirements of clinical testing applications such as human steroid hormone detection.

Green analytical chemistry approach for the determination of emtricitabine in human plasma, formulations, and solubility study samples

This research involves the development and validation of a greener liquid chromatography approach for rapid estimation of an antiviral drug emitricitabine (ETT) in bulk drug, commercial formulations (capsules and oral solution), solubility samples, and human plasma. Waters HPLC system was used to perform chromatographic identification. On a nucleodur 150 mm × 4.6 mm RP C18 filled with 5 μm filler as a static phase, the chromatographic performance was attained. Methanol:ethanol (50:50 percent v/v) was used in the mobile phase. The proposed method was validated taking into consideration a variety of ICH-recommended test conditions for solution and FDA-recommended test conditions for plasma samples. The acceptable data of various parameters in plasma samples, including linearity (r2 = 0.999), accuracy (% recovery = 94.00–109.00), precision (intraday precision = 3.041–5.16% whereas interday precision = 3.19–4.93%), robustness (% RSD = 0.17–2.95) and sensitivity indicated its validity. The method's utility was confirmed by assaying the medication in commercial formulations (capsules and oral solution) as well as estimating solubility. The “analytical Greenness (AGREE)” scale for the proposed HPLC assay was obtained as 0.72, suggesting the reliable greener profile for ETT estimation. Overall, our findings imply that the suggested method can be used to analyze ETT in bulk drugs, pharmaceutical dose forms, and physiological fluids on a regular basis. Substituting innocuous and environmentally friendly solvents for commonly used hazardous solvents provides a superior alternative to more toxic drug analysis techniques.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities of Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. F.) Andrews Leaves towards MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HCT 116 Colorectal Cell Lines and Identification of Bioactive Metabolites.

The plants of high phenolic contents are perfect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and participate in biological studies as effective agents towards different cancer cell lines. To investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews. (J. multiflorum), and phenolic profiling of the extract. The antioxidant activity for the extract was estimated using β-Carotene-linoleic and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by histamine release assay. Cytotoxicity of J. multiflorum was performed using a neutral red uptake assay towards breast cancer (MCF-7) and colorectal cancer (HCT 116) cell lines. Phenolic profiling of the leaves was characterized using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector-mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), and chromatographic isolation and identification of the isolated compounds were performed using spectroscopic and NMR data, and virtual docking was performed to the isolated compounds against HSP90 (HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90). At a concentration of 75 μg mL-1, J. multiflorum extract showed high antioxidant power; 68.23±0.35 % inhibition and 60.30±0.60 a TEAC (μmol Trolox g-1) for β-Carotene-linoleic assay and FRAP assay; respectively, and possessed anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 67.2 μg/ml. J. multiflorum showed high cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 24.81 μg/ml and 11.38 μg/ml for MCF-7 and HCT 116 cell lines, respectively. HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 39 compounds; major compounds are secoiridoid glycosides, kaempferol, and quercetin glycosides, in addition to simple phenylethanoid compounds. Isolation of active metabolites was performed and led to the isolation and identification of four compounds. On the basis of docking study using HSP90 legend, kaempferol neohesperidoside showed a high cytotoxic potential supported by a high affinity score towards HSP90 legend protein. Jasminum multiflorum is a good candidate to isolate cytotoxic agents.

The Chemical Compounds of Flacourtia rukam Leaves and Their Inhibition of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity

Flacourtia rukam is a plant popular among people to treat hypertension, especially the Musi Banyuasin of south Sumatera, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of chemical compounds from F. rukam leaves and evaluation of their effects on antihypertensive activity have been conducted. Isolation of chemical compounds using chromatographic methods and identification using spectroscopic methods were compared with the reported data. The drug’s effects on antihypertension were determined using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory method. Two compounds were first reported and isolated from the leaves of F. rukam and identified as apigenin (1) and lupeol (2). These compounds were demonstrated to be effective in treating antihypertension with IC50 656.51 ± 1.55 µg/mL for apigenin and 15.12 ± 0.72 µg/mL for lupeol. It can be concluded that F. rukam leaves is a potential ACE inhibitor can be explored further as an effective antihypertensive agent.

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Lansoprazole in Presence of Related Substances by QbD Approach

A rapid specific RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Lansoprazole impurities in the drug substance. The control of pharmaceutical impurities is currently a critical issue in the pharmaceutical industry. The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) has formulated a workable guideline regarding the control of impurities. The objective of the recent study was to develop and validate a HPLC method for the quantitative determination of process-related impurities of Lansoprazole in pharmaceutical drug substance. Lansoprazole, 2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl] methyl]-sulfinyl]- 1H-benzimidazole is an proton pump inhibitor used in the management of gastric ulcers. Chromatographic identification of the impurities was carried out by response surface methodology, applying a three-level Box Behnken design with three center points. Three factors selected were a mobile phase, flow rate, column temperature. Evaluation of the main factor, their interaction, and the quadric effect on peak resolution were done on Waters Symmetry C8, 250 x 4.6mm, 5µm column is used for the development of the method. The mobile phase consists of buffer and acetonitrile. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.0 ml/min with gradient elution. The column temperature is ambient and the detection wavelength is 235 nm. The injection volume was 10 µL. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity in the range of 50-150 µg/ml and the LOD & LOQ values obtained were 0.437×10-4 and 0.1325×10-3 µg/ml respectively which specifies the method's sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully used to determine the Lansoprazole impurities in drug substances.

Gas Evolutions from Paints and Varnishes When Fungus Molds and their Metabolites Act on Them

In this article are presented the results of a study of the biodegradation of paints and varnishes. For testing were used enamels based on phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins. Samples from the studied materials were tested under the influence of micellar fungi of the species aspergillus niger, penicillium chrusogenum, trichoderma viride, as well as in the products of their metabolism: a mixture of oxalic, succinic, citric, malic, fumaric, α-ketaglutaric and oxalacetic acid and enzyme of peroxidase. The experimental and control samples were kept in a thermostat at a temperature of 29 ± 2.0 ° C and relative humidity of 98%. The qualitative composition of gas evolution was determined by chromatographic identification methods using chemical methods. The dynamics of gas evolution from paints based on enamels during their biodegradation by micromycetes and their metabolites has been experimentally determined. After only one month of exposure to aggressive media, the composition of gas evolution was changed significantly compared to gas evolution from control samples. By the third month of exposure, the total concentration of gas evolution was increased by 3.8 and 6 times compared with gas evolution from control samples. When the samples were kept in the products of fungal metabolism, a difference in the composition of gas evolution was revealed when microscopic fungi were being acting on these materials.

Simple HPLC-DAD-based method for determination of ergosterol content in lichens and mushrooms

A novel yet simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with diode array detector has been developed and validated for the quantification of ergosterol (Pro-vitamin D2) in commercially available lichens and cultivated edible mushrooms as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The extraction of ergosterol in the lichens and mushrooms was carried out with alcoholic KOH via reflux, and the extracts were processed for HPLC analysis. The chromatographic identification of ergosterol from the extracts was achieved using C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) thermostatted at 30 °C using an isocratic elution of 100% methanol at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The elution was monitored at 280 nm using a diode array detector. In this method, ergosterol was separated from the extract within a short interval of time (7.0 (±0.1) min). The developed method exhibited good linearity (r 2>0.9998), limit of detection (0.03 µg/mL), limit of quantification (0.095 µg/mL), interday and intraday precision and accuracy. A total of five lichen samples and three mushroom samples were analyzed using this method to quantify the amount of ergosterol present in them. This work, thus, highlights the possible use of lichens as an excellent source of ergosterol.

Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) Hydroethanolic Extracts and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Capacity

Plants have been used for thousands of years for various purposes because they have a wide variety of activities with biological significance. Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant of great importance to Mexico and north of Jalisco state as a spice with important economic value. Chromatographic identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant activity were important tools to obtain a better characterization of this spice. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, quinones and tannins, the latter at high concentrations. Through chromatographic assays of Mexican oregano extracts, 62 compounds were identified, the major ones being quantified as: taxifolin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, phlorizin, eriodictyol, quercetin, naringenin, hispidulin, pinocembrin, galangin and genkwanin (compound for the first time reported for this species). The results can be useful as a precedent to establish the bases of new quality characterization parameters and they have also suggested that Mexican oregano contains a wide variety of compounds with untapped importance for the development of new high value-added products.

Folin-Ciocalteu Reaction Alternatives for Higher Polyphenol Quantitation in Colombian Passion Fruits.

Passiflora edulis Flavicarpa, Passiflora edulis Sims, and Passiflora ligularis Juss are Colombian fruits (passion fruits) of important exportation value. They act efficiently as antioxidants, antifungal, and antimicrobial compounds due to their high polyphenol content. Polyphenols can be quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reaction. Food matrices, solvent polarity, and several different reacting conditions are critical for the optimum extraction and quantification of polyphenols. Chromatographic identification and quantitation are satisfactory with access to a vast number of reference standards considering the availability of abundant phenolic compounds in crude extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternatives and specific F-C reacting conditions aiming at determining the highest total phenolic content (TPC) in three Colombian Passifloras. Among optimum reacting conditions, reduced reaction time and diluted alkali conditions yielded desirable positive results highlighting lower working time and minimum reagent waste production. For higher extraction yield, acetone 70% was the best solvent to capture more phenolics from the seedless pulp of these Colombian passion fruits.

Chloroplast Isolation and Enrichment of Low-Abundance Proteins by Affinity Chromatography for Identification in Complex Proteomes.

Comprehensive knowledge of the proteome is a crucial prerequisite to understand dynamic changes in biological systems. Particularly low-abundance proteins are of high relevance in these processes as these are often proteins involved in signal transduction and acclimation responses. Although technological advances resulted in a tremendous increase in protein identification sensitivity by mass spectrometry (MS), the dynamic range in protein abundance is still the most limiting problem for the detection of low-abundance proteins in complex proteomes. These proteins will typically escape detection in shotgun MS experiments due to the presence of high-abundance proteins. Therefore, specific enrichment strategies are still required to overcome this technical limitation of MS-based protein discovery. We have searched for novel signal transduction proteins, more specifically kinases and calcium-binding proteins, and here we describe different approaches for enrichment of these low-abundance proteins from isolated chloroplasts from pea and Arabidopsis for subsequent proteomic analysis by MS. These approaches could be extended to include other signal transduction proteins and target different organelles.

Spectroscopic and chromatographic identification of bioprospecting bioactive compounds from cow feces: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities evaluation of gut bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa KD155

The prime objective of our study was to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa KD155 isolated from cow dung. For identification of the isolate KD155, molecular techniques were employed and obtained 16S rRNA gene sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK801234. Extracellular crude extract of P. aeruginosa KD155 displayed significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) in comparison to tetracycline and ketoconazole. The resistance of extracellular crude chloroform extract to DPPH scavenging activity was also observed with 77.49% inhibition rate reflecting strong antioxidant activity. In addition, HP-TLC, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of extracellular chloroform crude extract was done which revealed phenolic compound (quercetin) as major bioactive metabolite being produced by our isolate KD155. Further, the stability of 16S rRNA sequence of the strain was studied using bioinformatics tools viz. mfold and NEB cutter indicating the thermodynamic stability of its gene sequence.

Current quality standards of Andrographis Herba of different countries and regions

Andrographis Herba is a commonly used plant medicine, and has been recorded in pharmacopeias of different countries. However, there are some differences in the quality standards. Based on this, this paper compare the quality standards of Andrographis Herba between Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards, United States Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia and Indian Pharmacopoeia, including origin, botanical characteristics, identification(microscopic identification and chromatographic identification), content determination, specific test(such as impurities, loss on drying, extractives, pesticides, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and other items) and storage requirements, so as to provide a reference for studying international quality standards of Andrographis.

HPLC-PDA analysis and antioxidant activity of Algerian Lycium leaves

Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. This study aims at investigating the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Lycium halimifolium Mill leaves. A fractionation of its crude hydro-methanolic extract was carried out using organic solvents. The characterization of chemical compounds was carried out by HPLC-PDA, and the antioxidant activity of different fractions was evaluated by two methods; DPPH and FRAP. The obtained results show that the two fractions; ethyl acetate (ACT) and n-butanol (BUT); of the leaves of L. halimifolium Mill exhibited considerable contents of polyphenols estimated at 21.66± 0.22, 42.21 ± 0.32 μg GAE/ mg DW, respectively. Whereas, those of flavonoids also showed interesting values estimated at 29.7 ± 0.03 for ACT and 20.3 ± 0.05 μg QE / mg DW for BUT. On the other hand, low levels of tannins were obtained and equal to 7.35 ± 0.02 (ACT) and 8.12 ± 0.36 μg CE / mg DW (BUT). The evaluation of the two fractions’ antioxidant activity showed that the BUT fraction (IC50= 56.142 ± 0.54 μg/ml) was more active than the ACT fraction (IC50= 303.04 ±1.35μg/ml). The chromatographic identification of ACT fraction made it possible to characterize a flavonoid (rutin) with a rate equal to 9.95% and a phenolic acid: protocatechic acid with 3.45%. While the BUT fraction contains the phenolic acid: the Protocatechic acid estimated at 19.11%. Protocatechic acid was reported to have been identified for the first time in this work in the leaves of L. halimifolium Mill.

Phytochemical screening and TLC studies of different extracts of Chenopodium album

Chenopodium album (C. album), extensively exploit in folk medicine in various parts of world. The plant possesses various therapeutic properties such as antiphlogistic, mildly laxative, anthelmintic, odontalgic properties and antirheumatic. In the present research, Histological examination, phytochemical screening and Thin layer chromatographic identification of leaf and extracts has been studied extensively and provided diagnostic key to detect the presence of adulterant. It is concluded that our study provides the data which helps to isolate and characterize the different medicinal potential of the C. album such as diuretic, antiparasitic, hepato-protective, laxative and sedative.