Chromatic System Research Articles

The chromatic variance matrix in digital image based methods for the potential evaluation as quantitative procedures

The dispersion matrix or chromatic variance of digital images was proposed to characterize the color amplitude and hence the potential sensitivity of Digital Image Colorimetric determinations. The study provided a generalizable model that quantitatively explained the influence of the analyte and instrumental factors in the color measurements. RGB reflected colors of the yellow-orange complex formed by Hydrogen Peroxide with Ti(IV) were captured by a compact digital camera in an experimental dynamic range. In this context, the dispersion Covariance-Variance matrix of the color information provided the amplitude of the chromatic system. Subsequently Analysis of Variance and Multivariate Statistical demonstrated that 87% of the chromatic variance could be justified by the Hydrogen Peroxide concentration influence, while the camera, as an instrumental effect, and the preparation method, accounted for the 10% and 3%, respectively. Also, the behavior of alternative chromatic variables has been compared. Hydrogen Peroxide presented a ready and efficient digital determination in the range 1–40mgL−1. Statistical comparison with standard procedures demonstrated the absence of systematic errors.

Evolution of Tonal Organization in Music Optimizes Neural Mechanisms in Symbolic Encoding of Perceptual Reality. Part-2: Ancient to Seventeenth Century.

This paper reveals the way in which musical pitch works as a peculiar form of cognition that reflects upon the organization of the surrounding world as perceived by majority of music users within a socio-cultural formation. Part-1 of this paper described the origin of tonal organization from verbal speech, its progress from indefinite to definite pitch, and the emergence of two main harmonic orders: heptatonic and pentatonic, each characterized by its own method of handling tension at both domains, of tonal and social organization. Part-2, here, completes the line of historic development from Antiquity to seventeenth century. Vast archeological data is used to identify the perception of music structures that tells apart the temple/palace music of urban civilizations and the folk music of village cultures. The “mega-pitch-set” (MPS) organization is found to constitute the principal contribution of a math-based music theory to a new diatonic order. All ramifications for psychology of music are discussed in detail. “Non-octave hypermode” is identified as a peculiar homogenous type of MPS, typical for plainchant. The origin of chromaticism is thoroughly examined as an earmark of “art-music” that opposes earlier forms of folk music. The role of aesthetic emotions in formation of chromatic alteration is defined. The development of chromatic system is traced throughout history, highlighting its modern implementation in “hemiolic modes.” The connection between tonal organization in music and spatial organization in pictorial art is established in the Baroque culture, and then tracked back to prehistoric times. Both are shown to present a form of abstraction of environmental topographic schemes, and music is proposed as the primary medium for its cultivation through the concept of pitch. The comparison of stages of tonal organization and typologies of musical texture is used to define the overall course of tonal evolution. Tonal organization of pitch reflects the culture of thinking, adopted as a standard to optimize individual perception of reality within a social group in a way optimal for one's success, thereby setting the conventions of intellectual and emotional intelligence.

The violin-type fingering and oblique left hand position in the history of cello technique

Name: Paulina Ptak Main Subject: Baroque Cello Research Coaches: Maggie Urquhart, Job ter Haar Title of Research: The violin-type fingering and oblique left hand position in the history of cello technique Research Question: what were the possible reasons for the application of diatonic fingerings and violin-like left hand position in the history of the cello technique? Summary of Results: Before 1800, cellists did not have a consistent manner for fingering scales with the left hand. From the origins of the instrument till the beginning of the nineteenth century different systems were used. One of the styles seemed to be more identified with the violin than with the cello technique. It was represented by fingering and left hand position, different than used today. By looking at the history of development of the cello fingering I will try to answer questions about possible reasons of applying violin-like fingering on the cello. I will examine methods employed on early bass instruments, much debated system proposed by Corrette, and Lanzetti’s and Baumgartner’s approach which transitions the diatonic and chromatic systems. I will see how Romberg and others, even though fingering had evolved to the final level, applied oblique violin-like, left hand position until the beginnings of twentieth century. Finally I will look at the examples from cello repertoire which contain fingerings, and I will analyze them in terms of the system used and possible ways of execution. Biography: Paulina Ptak embarked upon her musical education in two of the most important Polish musical centres – the city of Cracow and Wroclaw. After completing her Master’s degree, she decided to specialise in baroque, classical and early romantic repertoire performed on authentic instruments. Her motivation to a historically informed approach was inspired by the unique timbre of period instruments. Currently she studies baroque cello for a Master’s degree with Jaap ter Linden. Paulina is interested in the history of cello technique from eighteenth until twentieth century.

CIELab chromaticity evolution to measure the binding free energy of non-colored biomolecules to gold nanoparticles

We explore the possibilities of the CIELab chromaticity system parameters' evolution in order to study the interaction between four non-colored biological reactants and the red-colored, non-functionalized citrate gold nanoparticles.

A reversibly transformable chromatic system of the (octaethylporphyrin)-(dihexylbithiophene)-(Lewis base) triads. An evaluation of stereo-electronically controlled effects of dihexylbithiophene and Lewis base on its sensitivity and stability to trifluoroacetic acid

The extended π-electronic conjugation system of the (octaethylporphyrin)-(dihexylbithiophene)-(Lewis base) triads [OEP-DHBTh-LB] exhibits the proton-mediated reversible changes in both 1H NMR and UV–vis spectra via two-step processes, reflecting the structural features of DHBTh and LB constituents. The spectral changes of OEP-DHBTh-LB with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were quantitatively examined by means of 1H NMR spectral measurement and comparatively analyzed in terms of stereo-electronically controlled effects of DHBTh and LB constituents on its reversibly transformable chromatic system. Successively, based on the minimum amount of TFA necessary for completion of spectral changes at respective steps, the sensitivity and stability of OEP-DHBTh-LB to TFA were evaluated, from the viewpoint of the interactive behavior of the lone pair electrons on N atom in LB with the extended OEP constituent. The present study provides a useful guideline of the molecular design for further sophisticated OEP-based chromatic system with proton-sensing functionality.

Effects of Chromate and Non-Chromate Coating Systems on Environmentally Assisted Fatigue of an Aluminum Alloy

Fatigue crack growth testing of 2024-T3 Aluminum plate was performed using compact tension (CT) specimens with chromate and non-chromate primer paint systems to evaluate the effects of the coatings on fatigue crack growth rates. The tests were conducted in lab air and sea water environments for each of the coating systems. Standard E399 CT specimens were tested to determine the influence level of environmentally assisted cracking (corrosion fatigue) on crack growth rates and cyclic count to prescribed pre-crack and final crack lengths. Increasing stress range (ΔK) tests were conducted at 10 Hz in the range of 6.5 to 26.5 MPa\(\sqrt m\). It was determined that the coated specimens exhibited a 12% shorter total life, on average, than the bare specimens for the lab air cases. In the case of salt water exposure, the coated specimens exhibited approximately 10% life increase over the bare specimens. The number of cycles to the 2.54 mm pre-crack length for the coated specimens was all less than the cycle count for the bare tests. In each case (coated or bare), there was an increased growth rate at the lower stress ranges in the salt water environment, with the chromate system case displaying the smallest change (increase). It can be concluded that the coated specimens initiate cracks and propagate faster than the bare specimens for short cracks at low stress range, but the environmental influence on the specimens is quickly overshadowed as the cracks elongate and the rate of growth increases. The coated specimens exhibited a higher total life cycle count to final crack length for this testing.

Variation of color discrimination across the life span

The present study, an extension of Paramei [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 29, A290, 2012], provides normative data on chromatic discrimination, using the Cambridge Colour Test, for normal trichromats aged 10-88 years. Findings are in accord with a two-phase variation across the life span: chromatic sensitivity improves in adolescence, reaches a maximum around 30 years, and then undergoes a gradual decrease. Indicative parameters are Protan (P), Deutan (D), and Tritan (T) vector lengths and major axes and axis ratios of Ellipses. Trivector data are modeled as non-monotonic combinations of power functions, with goodness-of-fits R(P)2=0.23, R(D)2=0.23, and R(T)2=0.45. For advancing age, sensitivity decline in all chromatic systems was confirmed, though with a marked acceleration after 60 years (reflected by the power function exponent >1) and more pronounced for the tritan system.

Optical In-Situ Plasma Process Monitoring Technique for Detection of Abnormal Plasma Discharge

Advanced semiconductor manufacturing technology requires methods to maximize tool efficiency and improve product quality by reducing process variability. Real-time plasma process monitoring and diagnosis have become crucial for fault detection and classification (FDC) and advanced process control (APC). Additional sensors may increase the accuracy of detection of process anomalies, and optical monitoring methods are non-invasive. In this paper, we propose the use of a chromatic data acquisition system for real-time in-situ plasma process monitoring called the Plasma Eyes Chromatic System (PECS). The proposed system was initially tested in a six-inch research tool, and it was then further evaluated for its potential to detect process anomalies in an eight-inch production tool for etching blanket oxide films. Chromatic representation of the PECS output shows a clear correlation with small changes in process parameters, such as RF power, pressure, and gas flow. We also present how the PECS may be adapted as an in-situ plasma arc detector. The proposed system can provide useful indications of a faulty process in a timely and non-invasive manner for successful run-to-run (R2R) control and FDC.

Chromatic Vision Support System with Color Conversion Constraints

The symptoms of “color blindness” are due to an innate lack or deficit of “cone cells” that recognize colors. People with color blindness have difficulty discriminating combinations of specific colors. In this study, we developed a system to support color blindness. In this system, the brightness of colors is modified using a projector-camera system. Images that contain combinations of specific colors are difficult to discriminate using a camera, so this task is performed by a projector. We conducted experiments, to validate our proposed system using various color combinations.

Polyphenols, antioxidant potential and color of fortified wines during accelerated ageing: the Madeira Wine case study.

Polyphenols, antioxidant potential and color of three types of fortified Madeira wines were evaluated during the accelerated ageing, named as estufagem. The traditional estufagem process was set to 45 °C for 3 months. Overheating conditions, 1 month at 70 °C, were also examined. Total polyphenols (TP), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) and total flavonoids (TF) were assessed by spectrophotometric methods, while individual polyphenols and furans were simultaneously determined by HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant potential (AP) was estimated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays, while color was evaluated by Glories and CIELab. Traditional estufagem decreased the TP and AP up to 20% and 26%, respectively, with final values similar to other wines. TMA of the Madeira wines from red grapes decreased during estufagem. Six hydroxybenzoic acids, three hydroxycinnamic acids, one stilbene, three flavonols and three flavan-3-ols were found in these wines. The prominent phenolics were hydroxycinnamates and hydroxybenzoates, even after estufagem. Most polyphenols decreased, with the exception of caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, gallic and syringic acids. Finally, both chromatic systems revealed that all wines tended to similar chromatic characteristics after estufagem. The study suggests that estufagem can be applied without high impact on polyphenols and antioxidant potential of these fortified wines.

Application of CIEDE2000 Color Difference Formula in Jet Fuel Silver Strip Corrosion Color Recognition

In order to eliminate the human eyes’ subjective differences in the level recognition of the jet fuel’s silver corrosion, chromatic aberration system is used to calculate chromatic aberration between the image of the standard colorimetric board and the experiment silver corrosion. By contrast, this paper chooses the least chromatic aberration to estimate the level of silver corrosion. The CIEDE2000 of the color difference formula, which can match with person vision theoretically, is applied in the chromatic aberration system at present, and can reflect the minor differences in color correctly. so this paper attempts to use CIEDE2000 color formula to determine the silver strip corrosion, which can reduce the influence of professionals’ subjective factors, and these results are more objective and accurate, which proves the actual feasibility of this method.

Parallelized chromatic confocal systems enable efficient spectral information coding

Chromatic confocal imaging systems 1–3 are based on the well-known principle of confocal microscopy. 4 They use a polychromatic light source instead of a laser, and the focal length has strong wavelength dependence so that different wavelengths are focused at different axial distances. The wavelength dependence is achieved by replacing the standard objective lens with a hyperchromatic lens. 5, 6 Hyperchromatic systems are characterized by an optimized longitudinal chromatic aberration adapted to the specific application requirements. 7, 8

Real-time In-situ Plasma Etch Process Monitoring for Sensor Based-Advanced Process Control

To enter next process control, numerous approaches, including run-to-run (R2R) process control and fault detection and classification (FDC) have been suggested in semiconductor manufacturing industry as a facilitation of advanced process control. This paper introduces a novel type of optical plasma process monitoring system, called plasma eyes chromatic system (PECSTM) and presents its potential for the purpose of fault detection. Qualitatively comparison of optically acquired signal levels vs. process parameter modifications are successfully demonstrated, and we expect that PECSTM signal can be a useful indication of onset of process change in real-time for advanced process control (APC).

Critical aspects in the electrochemical study of unstable coated metallic substrates

Electrochemical methods are largely employed for the study of coated metallic substrates. Electrochemical techniques are very useful for investigation of coating performances also in the field of corrosion protection of aluminum alloys where replacement of chromate based coatings is an important issue. Application of sol–gel technique has recently made available thin inorganic protective coatings that can be considered as an alternative to chromate systems. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour of defect free inorganic films which can be considered an inert material. As a consequence, investigation of this inert material might generate critical aspects related to rapid fluctuations of its open circuit potential and current density during open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Moreover, the unstable nature of the sol–gel very thin films is a critical issue also in electrochemical impedance measurements carried out under potential control because variation of the open circuit potential of the system during data acquisition might lead to sample damage. Impedance measurements under current control is an alternative method for data acquisition. This technique is considered in the present paper for the investigation of AA2024 substrate coated with a thin sol–gel layer and for chromate conversion coated alloy. The measurements under current control enable to avoid sample damage due to system polarization that might occur when the open circuit potential significantly changes during the measurement. Moreover, the current control approach guarantees the stability of the system during the impedance measurement. However, measurements under current control carried out using the equipment and the software available in our laboratory have some drawbacks. The frequency range available for the measurements is reduced for data acquisition under current control. In addition, the output signal/noise ratio can be altered for measurements at high frequency. Moreover, input parameters must be carefully selected depending on the system investigated for measurements under current control. Nevertheless, impedance measurements under current control might be very useful for the study of unstable systems.

An environmentally friendly molybdate/phosphate black film on Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy

An environmentally friendly molybdate/phosphate black film for light absorption application was developed as an alternative to the chromate system on Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy. The microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, light absorbance and protection property of the black film were investigated. The initiation and growth mechanisms of the black film were also discussed. The black film consists of MoO(2) and a fraction of Mg(3)(PO(4))(2). The MoO(2) contributes to the black color and the Mg(3)(PO(4))(2) aims to improve the protection property. The experimental results indicate that the black film can provide not only high light absorbance but also corrosion protection to the Mg-Zn-Y-Zr substrate. The formation mechanism of the black film is associated with the electrochemical heterogeneity of the Mg-Zn-Y-Zr substrate. At the cathodic sites, MoO(4)(2-) is reduced to MoO(2) accompanying with the hydrogen evolution reaction. At the anodic sites, the dissolution of Mg(2+) bonds with PO(4)(3-) to form Mg(3)(PO(4))(2). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Enabled Intensity Modulation of Adaptively Modulated Optical OFDM Signals in SMF-Based IMDD Systems

Detailed numerical investigations of the transmission performance of adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (AMOOFDM) signals are undertaken, for the first time, in optical amplification- and chromatic dispersion compensation-free SMF IMDD systems using semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) as intensity modulators. A theoretical model describing the characteristics of the SOA-based intensity modulators is developed, based on which optimum SOA operating conditions are identified. It is shown that the optimized SOA-based intensity modulators support a 30 Gb/s AMOOFDM signal transmission over a 80 km SMF, which doubles the transmission performance offered by directly modulated DFB lasers. The aforementioned performance enhancement is mainly due to a considerable reduction in the frequency chirp effect, resulting from the strong SOA gain saturation-induced decrease in SOA effective carrier lifetime. Relatively low extinction ratio and clipping of the SOA modulated signals are identified to be the key factors limiting the maximum achievable AMOOFDM transmission performance. In addition, results also indicate that both the optimum SOA operating conditions and the AMOOFDM transmission performance are insusceptible to variations in SOA parameters.

Computerized feature quantification of sublingual veins from color sublingual images

Characteristics of tongue pose the most important information for Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnosis. So far, extensive studies have been made on extracting tongue surface features, but rarely refer to sublingual vein that is also diagnostically important. This paper focuses on establishing a feature quantification framework for the inspection of sublingual veins, composed of two parts: the segmentation of sublingual veins and the feature quantification of them. Pixel-based sublingual vein segmentation algorithm and adaptive sublingual vein segmentation algorithm for color sublingual images with visible contrast and low contrast are proposed respectively. The experiments prove that the proposed algorithms perform well on the segmentation of sublingual veins from color sublingual images with both visible contrast and low contrast. A chromatic system in conformity with diagnostic standard of tongue diagnosis is established to characterize the chromatic feature of sublingual veins. Experimental results reveal that the breadth and chromatic features quantified by the proposed framework are properly consistent with the diagnostic standard summarized by tongue diagnosis.

Irreversible color vision losses in patients with chronic mercury vapor intoxication

This longitudinal study addresses the reversibility of color vision losses in subjects who had been occupationally exposed to mercury vapor. Color discrimination was assessed in 20 Hg-exposed patients (mean age = 42.4 +/- 6.5 years; 6 females and 14 males) with exposure to Hg vapor during 10.5 +/- 5.3 years and away from the work place (relative to 2002) for 6.8 +/- 4.2 years. During the Hg exposure or up to one year after ceasing it, mean urinary Hg concentration was 47 +/- 35.4 mug/g creatinine. There was no information on Hg urinary concentration at the time of the first tests, in 2002 (Ventura et al., 2005), but at the time of the follow-up tests, in 2005, this value was 1.4 +/- 1.4 microg/g creatinine for patients compared with 0.5 +/- 0.5 microg/g creatinine for controls (different group from the one in Ventura et al. (2005)). Color vision was monocularly assessed using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Hg-exposed patients had significantly worse color discrimination (p < 0.02) than controls, as evaluated by the size of MacAdam's color discrimination ellipses and color discrimination thresholds along protan, deutan, and tritan confusion axes. There were no significant differences between the results of the study in Ventura et al. (2005) and in the present follow-up measurements, in 2005, except for worsening of the tritan thresholds in the best eye in 2005. Both chromatic systems, blue-yellow and red-green, were affected in the first evaluation (Ventura et al., 2005) and remained impaired in the follow-up testing, in 2005. These findings indicate that following a long-term occupational exposure to Hg vapor, even several years away from the source of intoxication, color vision impairment remains irreversible.

An uncountably chromatic triple system

It is consistent that there exists an uncountably chromatic triple system which does not contain two triples with two common points or circuits of lengths 3, 5.

Temporal properties of the chromatic and achromatic Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet effect

The Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet effect (COCE) is a visual illusion in which a difference in brightness is observed between two regions of equal luminance separated by a contrast edge with opposite luminance gradients on each side. The COCE also occurs with chromatic contrasts. It has been hypothesized that the COCE is mediated by a cortical filling-in process. According to the filling-in hypothesis, the filling-in or spreading of neural activity proceeds at finite speed, and therefore exhibits some temporal tuning as a function of the width of the area to be filled in. In the present study, observers varied the temporal frequency of a COC grating to determine the maximum temporal frequency at which a temporal modulation of brightness or color was perceived. In the achromatic COCE, contours were modulated along the luminance axis of the DKL color space; in the chromatic COCE, contours were modulated either along the L − M or the S − (L + M) axis. For the achromatic condition, the critical temporal frequency at which the COCE was still perceived had the shape of an inverted U, inconsistent with the filling-in hypothesis: the critical temporal frequency increased with increasing spatial frequency only up to 0.2 cycles/deg, but then decreased for higher spatial frequencies. For the chromatic COCE, the critical temporal frequency decreased with increasing spatial frequency, which is also inconsistent with filling-in. Thus, the results of the present study are inconsistent with the idea that the temporal dynamics of the COCE, both achromatic and chromatic, are due to filling-in. Instead, our results are consistent with the spatial filtering properties of the luminance and chromatic systems.