Religious Broadcasting Research Articles

Komodifikasi Penyiaran Agama Hindu Melalui Media YouTube Pada Era Pandemi Covid-19

The Covid-19 Pandemic era demands a new life order to shift changes in the performance system from offline to online performance. Religious figures who elaborate themselves with changes in living systems that are more dominant in virtual activity mechanisms by using various social media platforms as a forum for expressing and pouring out all their discourse activities. The most popular platform is YouTube media. Hindu pendharma wacana has a YouTube account containing dharma wacana content which contains various kinds of the essence of Hinduism. Hindu religious broadcasting content through YouTube media that uses religious or spiritual elements as commodities to attract the attention of audiences. The purpose of this study is to identify the form and process of commodification of Hindu religious teachings through YouTube media in the Covid-19 pandemic era and the implications of the commodification of Hindu religious teachings broadcasting through YouTube in the Covid-19 pandemic era. This study was studied using the Political Economy of Communication theory pioneered by Vincent Mosco to analyze the problem formulations in the study, namely related to the form, process, and implications of the commodification of Hindu religious teaching through YouTube media in the Covid-19 pandemic era. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The result of the research is that there has been a commodification of Hindu religious broadcasting through YouTube media during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era. In this era, Hindu religious instructors took advantage of digital technology to disseminate Hinduism. Commodification occurs in the process of seeking profits through advertisers who take advantage of the YouTube account subscribers. The increase in the use of YouTube as a medium was driven by restrictions on community activities during the Covid-19 Pandemic era. Because of these restrictions, people are more actively using online media than ever before.

Oral Roberts and the Battle to Access National Network Television

ABSTRACT As religious tent crusades evolved into in-home TV entertainment in the United States, issues surrounding distribution of religious programming arose. Television networks aligned with the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA with the hopes of controlling religious broadcasting. Some religious broadcasters, including Oral Roberts, were denied network TV access. This research reveals that Roberts used an innovative syndication method, the 90-day deal, to bypass the sustaining system and scale distribution of his crusade programs. First-person, ministry executive interviews and primary artifacts contribute new considerations in the relationship between program producers and distributors in U.S. broadcasting history.

Exploring Application of Smart Companion Robots to Facilitate Faith-Based Ministries for Older Homebound Adults

This study examined perceptions regarding application of smart robot companions to facilitate homebound religious ministry programming to older adults. A total of N= 7 participants consisting of ministers, pastoral volunteers, and older adult members from Methodist, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic traditions engaged in a 60-minute focus group. One key goal was to address the question: If you could design a robot for ministry to homebound older adults what would you want it to do? All responses were recorded, transcribed and coded for thematic content. Three core themes emerged relative to spiritual privacy, prospective intervention, and inclusive monitoring. Relative to spiritual privacy, participants expressed concern regarding robotic ability to maintain the spiritual privacy of the older homebound adult, especially when engaged in faith-based behaviors such as private prayer, confession, and pastoral counseling. Second, participants suggested that a robot companion serve as a memory aide for older homebound members. In particular, participants acknowledged a need for robot intervention relative to sending alerts concerning prayer requests, reminders of upcoming church-related events, and notices concerning future homebound ministry visitations. Finally, participants indicated an interest for the robot to actively monitor community inclusion, noting that many older homebound adults are left out of weekly church-related services or events and experience seclusion, yet most “retain a desire be included and remain an integral part of their faith community.” Results will be used to present a conceptual model for a smart robotic faith assistant designed for delivery of homebound ministries to older adults.

A comparative study of BRTV and NTA Maiduguri regarding their compliance with Nigeria Broadcasting Code on religious programming

The regulation of broadcast religious programming is a critical challenge the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) is facing in Nigeria. In Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern Nigerian state of Borno where religion forms a core part of the people’s culture, a great deal of Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and Nigerian Television Authority Maiduguri’s (NTA Maiduguri) airtime is allocated to Islamic preaching during the Muslim’s annual Ramadan fasting. However, there is a dearth of research on whether the airtime those broadcast stations allocate to Islamic programming complies with the NBC code on religious programming. This research gap formed the main research question of this study which was conducted during the second quarter of 2019. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews with five personnel from the two broadcast stations and the Maiduguri office of NBC, while secondary data were obtained through the review of official documents. Key findings showed that the airtime allocatedto religious programmes exceeded the 10% NBC limit, BRTV allocated more airtime to religious programmes than NTA Maiduguri and Islamic programmes were allocated more airtime than programmes of other religions. Recommendations on how to improve compliance to NBC’s regulations were offered at the end.Peraturan program siaran keagamaan merupakan tantangan bagi NationalBroadcasting Commission (NBC)/Komisi Penyiaran Nasional di Nigeria. Maiduguri, ibukota Negara bagian Borno, Nigeria Timur Laut di mana agama merupakan bagian inti dari budaya masyarakat, banyak Radio Televisi Borno (BRTV) dan Otoritas Televisi Nigeria Maiduguri (NTA Maiduguri) mengalokasikan jam tayang untuk khotbah Islam selama Ramadhan. Namun, ada kelangkaan penelitian tentang apakah jam tayang yang disiarkan oleh stasiun-stasiun siaran itu untuk program Islami. Kesenjangan penelitian ini membentuk pertanyaan penelitian utama yang dilakukan selama kuartal kedua 2019. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan menggunakan wawancara informan kunci dengan lima personel dari keduanya stasiun siaran dan kantor Maiduguri NBC, sementara data sekunder diperoleh melalui telaah dokumen resmi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa “airtime” (jam tayang) dialokasikan untuk program keagamaan yang melebihi batas 10% NBC, BRTV mengalokasikan lebih banyak “airtime” ke program keagamaan dari NTA Maiduguri dan program Islam dialokasikan lebih banyak “airtime” daripada program agama lain. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya kepatuhan terhadap peraturan NBC.

“Tune in to the Affirmative”: The Family Channel and the Politics of Positive Programming

The Family Channel, which evolved out of Pat Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network, created a new brand of family television and redefined the “family audience” in the 1990s. The channel capitalized on the vacuum produced by the major networks’ pursuit of advertiser-friendly demographics, and created a safe space for traditional family television viewing. By promoting “positivity” as its brand and relying on the nostalgic appeal of older television properties, the Family Channel became the first cable channel to build a “values-based” brand and audience. The Family Channel normalized an ideologically conservative model of commercial family television in an expanding cable landscape, and capitalized on social conservatives’ discontent with mainstream television content. This article analyzes the branding, programming, and public-facing statements of the channel’s executives to reveal how the Family Channel implicitly and explicitly connected this new “family audience” with the ideology and politics of social conservatism.

Efektivitas Komunikasi Persuasif dalam Siaran Puja Tri Sandhya TVRI Bali terhadap Minat Sembahyang Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Gianyar

<p>The TVRI Bali Public Broadcasting Institution (LPP) as one of the local broadcasting television stations owned by the Government of the Province of Bali, also functions as an extension media by displaying religious broadcasts. One of the religious broadcasts that must be aired on TVRI Bali is Puja Tri Sandhya. Like advertising, the broadcast of Puja Tri Sandhya, which is aired every day, is expected to have an effect, which is to persuade the audience to be able to raise self-awareness to pray. Based on the researcher's personal observation, the phenomenon is that there are still many Hindus who especially in Bali have not been diligent in carrying out the Tri Sandhya Puja three times a day. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the relationship between the effectiveness of persuasive communication in Tri Sandhya TVRI Bali Broadcasting Ceremony on public interest.<br />The community group that the researchers rated was appropriate to be the target of the study were high school students (SMA) students of SMA Negeri 1 Gianyar, considering they were part of Generation Z who now tend to use gadgets rather than television. This study is looking at the relationship between the variable effectiveness of persuasive communication Tri Puja Sandhya (X) on the variable of student prayer interest (Y).<br />Based on the results of the analysis of the effect of the persuasive communication effectiveness variable in the broadcast of Tri Sandhya (X) Puja on the variable of prayer interest in students of SMA Negeri 1 Gianyar (Y), it can be concluded that the persuasive communication effectiveness variable in the Tri Sandhya (X) Puja broadcast proved to have a significant effect on variable interest in prayer for students of SMA Negeri 1 Gianyar(Y) of 0,889 or as much as 92.1%.</p>

Compliance to Nigeria Broadcasting Code on Religious Programs: A Comparative Study of Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Maiduguri

Since 1992, when the broadcast industry was deregulated coupled with the issuing of broadcast licenses to individuals and groups, the Nigerian broadcast industry has seen a mushrooming growth of religious programs on radio and television. Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) are two broadcast stations situated in Maiduguri, the capital of the Nigerian state of Borno where religion forms core part of the people’s culture. Islamic religious preaching forms a key part of the stations’ programs especially during the annual Ramadan fasting season. The broadcasting industry regulatory body in Nigeria, the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) stipulates that religious programs should not exceed a 10% of the total programs of a particular broadcast outlet. Observations have revealed that a large percentage of BRTV and NTA’s airtime is allocated to Islamic preaching during the 29- or 30-day Ramadan fasting period. However, is the airtime allocated to Islamic programs in those stations within the NBC 10% limits or not? To answer this research question, a comparative analysis was made of religious programs broadcast on the two broadcast outlets in the second quarter of 2019. The data were obtained using Key Informant Interviews with 5 personnel from BRTV, NTA and NBC in Maiduguri, and relevant official documents including the stations’ program schedules were reviewed. Key findings suggest that the airtime allocated to religious programs were more than the 10% limit while BRTV Maiduguri allocated more airtime to religious programs than NTA Maiduguri. Also, Islamic religious programs were allocated more airtime than programs of other religions. Keywords: Broadcasting, BRTV, Nigerian Broadcast Industry, NTA, Television, Religious Programs, NBC, Nigerian Broadcasting Code DOI : 10.7176/JPCR/47-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

AMERICAN TELEVANGELICAL FRAMES: RELIGIOSITY, SPIRITUALITY, AND COMMODIFICATION

A secular state, like United States of America, guarantees the private right of individual to express their religious ideas in public. In the era of media, religious broadcasting serves as a mean for individuals to express their private rights of speech and act based on their faith in public. By taking prosperity televangelical broadcasts as the main object, this article examines several aspects that are critical for understanding the religiousness and the secularization of American televangelism. This article provides an overview of the socio circumstances and movement roots of evangelism, examines the religiosity and spirituality frames in televangelism, and identifies the commodification of the religiosity and spirituality frames.

Aesthetics of Lurik Cloth for Adang Ceremony at Kasunanan Palace Surakarta Hadiningrat

The Adang Ceremony held at the Kasunanan Palace in Surakarta has an important meaning; firstly it is performed by a King as the ruler of a large kingdom in his time. The second is held only once every eight years, namely in the Dal year, as a form of Islamic religious broadcasting and the acculturation of Javanese culture with Islamic culture. Acculturation is reflected in the purpose of the ceremony, which is to commemorate the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, the 13th of the month of Mulud, and to honor the ancestral spirits of the Kings of Mataram, as the forerunners of the Mataram Kingdom, especially the Kasunanan Palace of Surakarta. The three adang ceremonies are carried out using traditional equipment that is environmentally friendly. Adang uses Pusaka Dalem Dandang Kangjeng Kyai Dhudho , a Kasunanan Palace heirloom in the form of a large cormorant. Striated cloth is a ladder cloth and clothing of Dandang Kangjeng Kyai Dhudho in an adang ceremony. Striated cloth for ladder consists of various patterns: 1. Ciut Lurik Yuyu Sekandang Merah, 2. Ciut Lurik Yuyu Sekandhang Putih,3.Ciut Lurik Tuluh Watu Malang, 4.Ciut Lurik Tuluh Watu Mujur, 5.Ciut Luruk Pali,6.Ciut Lurik Gedong Madu, 7.Ciut Lurik Liwatan, 8.Ciut Lurik Poleng, 9. Ciut Lurik Uler Serit, 10. Sinjang Wiyar Lurik Kepyur, 11. Sinjang Wiyar Lurik Dengklung,12. Sinjang Wiyar Lurik Tumbar Pecah, 13. Sinjang Wiyar Wari. The striated fabrics are folded, put in a tray and placed on the table together with other offerings. Sinjang Wiyar Lurik Dengklung is worn for the Dandang Kangjeng Kyai Dhudho cloth. The role of Sinjang Lurik Dengklung has a special meaning, namely as clothing for the heirloom of the Kasunanan Palace of Surakarta in the form of a Kyai Dhudho cormorant. The aesthetics of dengurung lurik cloth in an adang ceremony, viewed from 3 elements; shape, content and appearance. The shape or form, lurik cloth with dengklung pattern for adang ceremony, in the form of a long cloth / wiyar (in the form of a jarit / nyamping ) measuring 90 cm wide and approximately 2.5 meters long, black with white stripes at both ends of the fabric. Appearance, to realize the Wiyar of lurik cloth with dengklung; it requires talent, skills and media. The manufacturing process, from natural materials namely cotton fibers made into yarn, woven with non-machine looms (ATBM) until become a lurik cloth, through a long and complicated process requires patience, painstaking, skills from beginning to ready to use. Appearance in the adang ceremony, Lurik Dengklung is used as a cloth of Dandang Kangjeng Kyai Dhudho , by being wrapped around the body of the cormorant and tied with white lawe yarn, requires skill to be neat and not easily separated. The combination that occurs in red, black and white. Red from the color of cormorant made from copper, black from lurik dengklung cloth, and white from the color of lawe yarn. The weight or content contained in the lurik dengklung, from the color combination that occurs namely red of the cormorant copper, the black lurik dengklung and the white of the lawe yarn. The color combination, as a symbol of fertility. The conditions that are expected from agrarian communities like Java, namely fertile land are expected to produce good crops. The white color is the symbol of the upper world (women) which brings rain, black is the symbol of the earth or the world below (men). Fertility will be achieved if there is a “marriage” (marriage of the cosmos), the upper world ie white or yellow with black, the underworld. The union of the two needs intermediaries, namely the middle world, symbolized by the red, the color of the red copper cormorant, as a symbol of the world in which humans live. Rice in the cormorant is transcendent (lucky), is believed to bring fortune, as a pest repellent and as a reinforcement. The fertility achieved brings peace, prosperity and cosmic order. Keywords: adang , cormorant, lurik dengklung, symbol meaning DOI : 10.7176/ADS/77-03 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Religion on the Radio

This article examines the breadth and depth of religion in British radio by means of a case study of eight different BBC stations on December 25, 2015. It draws on previous research by Knott and Gill where pre-established definitions of religion, in which the category of "Conventional Religion" is prioritized, have tended to obscure and underestimate the location and place of religion in British media and makes the case for utilizing a tighter rationale and methodology to better examine the relationship between religion and so-called "secular" media. Using a comparative content analysis across twenty-two individual programmes and fouty-four and a half hours of broadcasting, this article proposes that, with a more nuanced methodology, alternative and more challenging ways in which to seek, find and interact with religion on the radio can be identified, with key implications for both the category of religion and the BBC's own definition of the remit of "religious broadcasting."

The Position of Christian Broadcasting System in the Formation of Early Radio Broadcasting Culture in South Korea

The Position of Christian Broadcasting System in the Formation of Early Radio Broadcasting Culture in South Korea

PERAN MEDIA MASSA DALAM MELAKUKAN SOSIALISASIWAWASAN MULTIKULTURALISME (Studi Koran Gorontalo Pos dan Radio Republik Indonesia di Gorontalo)

<p>This research was conducted in Gorontalo. Focus study is Gorontalo<br />Pos Newspaper and Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Gorontalo. This<br />research aims to describe the role mass media in socializing<br />multiculturalism idea. This research use qualitative method. Data was<br />collected by using interview and article searching. Then, analyzed by<br />description analysis.<br />This research indicates that the role mass media in socializing<br />multiculturalism idea is very well. The forms of multiculturalism socialization<br />are news, rubric perception, culture program, entertainment<br />and religious broadcast. The respond of people to mass media in socializing<br />multiculturalism, some of them optimism, some of them pessimism</p>

The ‘radio service’: Religion and ABC national radio

Abstract This article discusses religious broadcasting in Australia on Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) Radio during the 1940s and 1950s. ABC policy in this period was strictly ecumenical, at a time when Protestant/Catholic sectarian bitterness was a significant social issue in Australia. The article considers the ABC’s motivation for this ecumenical policy, as well as the broadcasting strategies employed in pursuit of this approach. ABC religious broadcasting is considered as part of the ABC’s contribution to a national conversation on religion, tolerance and national culture.

Potential Legal Issues in Terminating the ASCAP and BMI Decrees

This paper addresses some of the likely challenges that the DOJ would face should it seek to terminate the ASCAP and BMI consent decrees. In Part I, we provide some background on ASCAP and BMI, the consent decrees, and market structure. In Part II, we discuss how these two decrees have become an important part of the legal scaffolding for licensing music over the past 70 years. Given the important role the decrees have played in mitigating the antitrust risks from ASCAP and BMI while promoting the efficiencies from collective licensing, Part III examines the legal standard the federal court would likely apply in determining whether to terminate the decrees. One problem is that if the ASCAP and BMI consent decrees were terminated, the duopoly would remain, and licensees and consumers would bear the risk of unduly restrictive anticompetitive practices. A second problem is the difficulties the DOJ would likely face in convincing the court that terminating the decrees would benefit the public, given that it reached the opposite conclusion a couple of years ago. Moreover, the concerns the DOJ heard during its review process from licensees, such as Netflix, Pandora, and religious broadcasters, would undercut the argument that the public would somehow benefit from the decrees’ termination. Part IV examines the interplay between competition and regulation. One assumption is that an antitrust agency’s mission to promote competition is in tension with prescriptive government regulation. This is certainly true at times. But at other times, particularly in markets with high transaction costs and dominant players, regulation may be needed to promote competition. So this Part explores how behavioral regulatory decrees, like ones in ASCAP, BMI, and other notable antitrust cases, can actually promote, rather than undermine, competition. If terminating the decrees will harm, rather than help, competition and consumers, what are the alternatives? Part V offers three potential paths going forward.

Bans and Restrictions on Religious Broadcasting: A Review of the Arguments and Counter-Arguments

Abstract The ownership of broadcast stations by religious groups, the establishment of broadcast stations exclusively devoted to religious content and the inclusion of content of a religious nature within the programming of regular commercial, public or community stations are all practices that are common throughout the world. However, several countries have implemented bans or restrictions on the dissemination of religious content through broadcasting or the ownership of broadcast stations by religious groups. The present article aims to assess whether such bans and restrictions are compatible with the rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression as recognized under international human rights law. For these purposes, the most common arguments in favour and against restrictions on religious broadcasting are explained and weighed against each other.

Plugging into the Papal Mainframe: The political role of the Church in Steven Moffat’s Doctor Who

Abstract This article examines the presentation of the organized Church in British science fiction show Doctor Who (1963–89, 1996, 2005–present), its implications for debates on the place of religion on British television and the political roles the series imagines for the Church. From 2010, the Church was shown to survive as an important political force into the fifty-first century, having evolved into a paramilitary body. Over subsequent series, splinter groups were portrayed as dangerous militarized sectarians, until the Church’s final appearance as a galactic peace-keeping force with theological trappings in 2013. This article argues that Doctor Who presents a variety of images of the Church reflecting both hopes and fears about its role in the public sphere: from radicalized apocalyptic cults to a stabilizing force, demonstrating an imaginative interpretation of ideas found in contemporary political theology. In an era in which the volume of directly religious programming continues to decline, this article argues that theological reflection can be found, albeit unintentionally, within popular drama.

Developments in AKP Policy Toward Religion and Homogeneity

Critics of the Turkish interpretation of secularism,laiklik, describe it as authoritarian and repressive. Indeed, rather than establish state neutrality toward religion,laiklikhistorically entailed state control of Islam, the religion of the vast majority of the Turkish population, and the exclusion of religion from the public sphere in an effort to control religious belief and identity. Many, including leaders in the ruling AKP, assert, though, that recent reforms herald a move away from this model of control toward a secularism defined by state neutrality toward religion. To determine whether this transformation is actually occurring, I evaluate, based on Turkish language sources, the recent reforms under the AKP using the framework of the secularized state described by the German legal scholar Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde. Because of its significant role in implementing Turkish policies toward religion, I evaluate these reforms by analyzing developments in the programming and messaging of the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) under the AKP. I find little evidence thatlaiklikis transitioning to a state neutrality toward religion. Rather, the AKP has coupled a greater presence of religion in the public sphere with expanding state authority in religious programming and messaging. Although these reforms reflect a transformation in Turkish nation-building policies, they maintain the state control of religion that separateslaiklikfrom neutral secularism.

Local Media in Turkey: The Growth of Islamic Networks in Konya’s Radio Landscape

Since the Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power in 2002, the greater visibility of religion and the emergence of a conservative middle class have reconfigured the boundaries of what is thinkable and sayable in Turkey, particularly in the media. Despite its importance to media consumers, academic analysts have marginalized radio compared with television and the press. Yet increasing commercialization and local concentration have affected mainstream music radio and reshaped religious broadcasting. This article focuses on local radio in the periphery. How does the radio landscape in Central Anatolia, a region reflecting the conservative bourgeoisie’s new dominance, mirror and link to the dominance of the AKP? Fieldwork conducted in Konya, one of the Anatolian ‘Tigers’ and a centre of AKP support, provides the empirical data for this case study.

Net Neutrality, the Fairness Doctrine, and the NRB: The Tension between United States Religious Expression and Media Regulation

This article analyzes the historical continuity between the opposition of the National Religious Broadcasters (NRB) to the Fairness Doctrine (1949) and to the contemporary Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Open Internet principle, net neutrality. These debates demonstrate how media policy discourse has shaped democratic ideals, including by designating whose voices are or are not included in broadcast and digital communication spaces. The discourse emerging from both media policy debates reveals that fears concerning cultural hegemony and the diversity of expression in the United States have intertwined with fears concerning the invasion of foreign ideologies. The article then considers the possibility of reconciling religious and secular discourse in the mediated public sphere.

Biographies and the Mediatization of Religion

ABSTRACTSince the genesis of democracy in South Africa, religious broadcasting has constituted an important national pedagogical site for presenting the state’s vision the character and function of religion in public life. Regulated by the institutional policies of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, religion on public broadcast television is conceived of as both a site and tool for nation building. While this arrangement might imply that actors working in the field of religious broadcasting are merely animators of policy, this article presents a glimpse of the biography of Munier Parker, a prolific South African filmmaker and television producer in order to show some of the ways that the complexity of religious mediatisation is interpreted and negotiated within the context of religious broadcasting in the post apartheid context. For the past sixteen years Parker has been solely responsible for the production of the public broadcasters only Islamic magazine program, An Nur The Light. By drawing on the personal and professional experiences of Parker along with the material he has produced, this paper contends that in his capacity as a filmmaker Parker and subsequently a national religion educator Parker has played an unofficial yet significant role in interpreting and producing stories, discourses, and images of Islam and Muslims in post apartheid South Africa.