Chord System Research Articles

A Systematic Generalisation of Chord Configuration Methods in Harmonic Writing Based on a Big Data Context

Abstract In this paper, we systematically summarize the chord configuration method in harmonic writing, start from the connection principle of functional harmony, and use the knowledge of harmonic theory to research and explain the harmonic variability writing and chord configuration method. Secondly, based on big data algorithms, it is proposed that according to the chord composition law and progression logic, a chord system construction objective function is proposed, and a dynamic planning algorithm for automatic chord arrangement is designed to realize automatic chord arrangement by machine. Then, after reducing the chord repetition rate of the generated music, it was found that the ideal style type of music could not be achieved. For this problem, a hidden Markov-based chord auto-configuration model is proposed for optimization and experimental analysis of the chord configuration method in harmonic writing is carried out. The results show that the emotional response of the major triad music fragment with an octave decrease in overall pitch is a positive emotion, and the intensity of the emotion is significantly reduced compared to the major triad with no pitch change. The emotional response to the music fragment of the major triad with an octave increase in overall pitch was positive, and the emotional intensity of the major triad with no pitch change was significantly increased. This study improved students’ musical aesthetics, cognitive abilities, and experiences.

Main Melody Configuration and Chord Algorithm for Relaxing Music Generation

This study applies the diatonic chord in music theory, utilization rate, and the close relationship between the main chord system, the dominant chord system, and the subordinate chord system. From the perspective of music theory, the computer can automatically and quickly analyze the music, and establish a set of algorithms for configuring the chord accompaniment for the main melody, called the symmetrical circle of fifths algorithm, SCFA (Symmetrical Circle of Fifths Algorithm). SCFA can immediately confirm the key, perform harmony analysis, configure chord accompaniment for the main melody, and effectively and correctly complete any given melody or interval. It can also quickly analyze and correctly configure the chord accompaniment for any MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) music, enriching the musicality of the music. It can also allow scorers or computer music creators to quickly deconstruct the harmony configuration of the melody. Through the measurement of bio-feedback sensor HRV (Heart Rate Variability), it can achieve a relaxing music healing effect.

Research on Autoarrangement System of Accompaniment Chords Based on Hidden Markov Model with Machine Learning

Accompaniment production is one of the most important elements in music work, and chord arrangement is the key link of accompaniment production, which usually requires more musical talent and profound music theory knowledge to be competent. In this article, the machine learning model is used to replace manual accompaniment chords’ arrangement, and an automatic computer means is provided to complete and assist accompaniment chords’ arrangement. Also, through music feature extraction, automatic chord label construction, and model construction and training, the whole system finally has the ability of automatic accompaniment chord arrangement for the main melody. Based on the research of automatic chord label construction method and the characteristics of MIDI data format, a chord analysis method based on interval difference is proposed to construct chord labels of the whole track and realize the construction of automatic chord labels. In this study, the hidden Markov model is constructed according to the chord types, in which the input features are the improved theme PCP features proposed in this paper, and the input labels are the label data set constructed by the automated method proposed in this paper. After the training is completed, the PCP features of the theme to be predicted and improved are input to generate the accompaniment chords of the final arrangement. Through PCP features and template-matching model, the system designed in this paper improves the matching accuracy of the generated chords compared with that generated by the traditional method.

Harmonic Classification with Enhancing Music Using Deep Learning Techniques

Automatic extraction of features from harmonic information of music audio is considered in this paper. Automatically obtaining of relevant information is necessary not just for analysis but also for the commercial issue such as music program of tutoring and generating of lead sheet. Two aspects of harmony are considered, chord and global key, facing the issue of the extraction problem by the algorithm of machine learning. Contribution here is to recognize chords in the music by the feature extraction method (voiced models) that performd better than manually one. The modelling carried out chord sequence, getting from frame-by-frame basis, which is known in recognition of the chord system. Technique of machine learning such the convolutional neural network (CNN) will systematically extract the chord sequence to achieve the superiority context model. Then, traditional classification is used to create the key classifier which is better than others or manually one. Datasets used to evaluate the proposed model show good achievement results compared with existing one.

Humerus osteology, myology, and finite element structure analysis of Cheloniidae.

Adaptation of osteology and myology lead to the formation of hydrofoil foreflippers in Cheloniidae (all recent sea turtles except Dermochelys coriacea) which are used mainly for underwater flight. Recent research shows the biomechanical advantages of a complex system of agonistic and antagonistic tension chords that reduce bending stress in bones. Finite element structure analysis (FESA) of a cheloniid humerus is used to provide a better understanding of morphology and microanatomy and to link these with the main flipper function, underwater flight. Dissection of a Caretta caretta gave insights into lines of action, that is, the course that a muscle takes between its origin and insertion, of foreflipper musculature. Lines of action were determined by spanning physical threads on a skeleton of Chelonia mydas. The right humerus of this skeleton was micro-CT scanned. Based on the scans, a finite element (FE) model was built and muscle force vectors were entered. Muscle forces were iteratively approximated until a uniform compressive stress distribution was attained. Two load cases, downstroke and upstroke, were computed. We found that muscle wrappings (m. coracobrachialis magnus and brevis, several extensors, humeral head of m. triceps) are crucial in addition to axial loading to obtain homogenous compressive loading in all bone cross-sections. Detailed knowledge on muscle disposition leads to compressive stress distribution in the FE model which corresponds with the bone microstructure. The FE analysis of the cheloniid humerus shows that bone may be loaded mainly by compression if the bending moments are minimized.

Classification of Turkish makam music: a topological approach

In this paper, we study Turkish makam music, a system of varied melodies and chords, computationally. Our main goal is to classify the makams using their notes. For this reason, we utilize the topology of complex networks. We first represent songs with weighted networks where vertices and edges correspond to musical notes and their co-occurrences respectively. We then define the diffusion Fréchet function over the weighted networks to encode the network topology and finally reach our goal by combining the function values with machine-learning algorithms. Our experiments show that such network representation with the diffusion Fréchet function is promising in classifying makam music and more effective than the n-gram technique, which is the most-used automated makam classification method. We believe that our method can be extended to any music, not only makam music.

Austenite Grain Size Estimtion from Chord Lengths of Logarithmic-Normal Distribution

AbstractLinear section of grains in polyhedral material microstructure is a system of chords. The mean length of chords is the linear grain size of the microstructure. For the prior austenite grains of low alloy structural steels, the chord length is a random variable of gamma- or logarithmic-normal distribution. The statistical grain size estimation belongs to the quantitative metallographic problems. The so-called point estimation is a well known procedure. The interval estimation (grain size confidence interval) for the gamma distribution was given elsewhere, but for the logarithmic-normal distribution is the subject of the present contribution. The statistical analysis is analogous to the one for the gamma distribution.

Austenite Grain Size Estimation in Structural Steels by Linear Section Method / Ocena Wielkości Ziarna Austenitu Metodą Przekrojów Liniowych

Linear section of grains in polyhedral material microstructure is a system of chords on a test line. The mean chord length is the linear grain size of the material. In the prior austenite microstructure of low alloy structural steels, the chord length is a random variable which has the gamma distribution. The distribution parameters are closely related to the austenite linear grain size. Because the sequent chord lengths are statistically independent, the grain size interval estimation (confidence interval) may be performed by the chi-square distribution.

Combining Musicological Knowledge About Chords and Keys in a Simultaneous Chord and Local Key Estimation System

In this paper, we present a probabilistic framework for the simultaneous estimation of chords and keys from audio. The framework is formulated in terms of acoustic models for both keys and chords, and a prior model that contains musicological knowledge about chords and keys. The latter consists of a compound of four components: a duration and a change model for both keys and chords. This division allows us to modify each of the components separately and to choose the most appropriate sources of knowledge for each of them. Furthermore, this makes it easier to interpret their role and their relevance in the estimation procedure. We compared multiple configurations of our system, increasing in complexity. This has permitted us to explore the relation between keys and chords, and the importance of integrating prior musicological knowledge into an automatic estimation system. It was found that chord estimation scores mostly depend on the integration of durational knowledge, while key estimation also requires prior information about the broader context.

Research on a Scheme for Improving the Chord Routing Algorithm

The research and application on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a topical issue in the present computer network field. The current P2P systems can be separated into two types. One is structured and the other non-structured. The Structured P2P system is based on the principle of DHT which aims to solve some of the problems which exist in the Chord Routing Algorithm. It is a representative structured P2P system. This thesis puts forward a scheme for improving the system. Based on the structural improvement mentioned, this thesis presents a PHFChord system which can improve the file availability and routing efficiency as well as increase the speed of the requiring resource file. In this thesis, the design of PHF Chord system is explained in detail, including the routing strategy, the joining of new nodes and exiting of old nodes.

Survey-based Comparison of Chord Overlay Networks

Chord is a structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay network in which participating peers share resources as equals. To find a specific data item within the network, Chord system provide a lookup mechanism that matches a given key to a network node responsible for the value associated with that key. Chord is recently proposed to become one of the new approaches for building large-scale Internet applications. This paper aims to survey the Chord network, study its main characteristics, and compare its original performance with the performance of the enhancements being deployed over the original Chord. General Terms Distributed systems.

Towards an effective integration of cellular users to the structured Peer-to-Peer network

Integration of cellular users into the peer-to-peer (P2P) network is still in limbo due to limitations caused by heterogeneity, mobility and time-varying capacities of the wireless channel. If traditional Chord is employed to include users from the cellular networks, users under the same base station scatter in logical topology randomly. In this paper, we present a novel cellular Chord (C-Chord) P2P system that integrates the cellular users into the well-established structured P2P network in a topology-aware fashion. C-Chord offers the cellular users a choice of downloading contents either from the Internet peers at a faster rate or from other cellular users from the same base station avoiding the Internet data penalty. We also incorporate the peer selection module based on stable marriage problem that chooses the appropriate candidate from the discovered potential senders. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed C-Chord P2P system and the peer selection module. Simulation results show that the path-length per lookup query is smaller than that of the traditional Chord system. Overhead due to renewal of routing information is also smaller for the cellular users in the C-Chord system. We also measure the throughput at the cellular receivers to analyze the effects of selecting peers either from same base station or from outside the Internet gateway. Throughput also increases dramatically due to an intelligent selection of peers among the potential senders.

Spatial Exact Match Query in P2P Systems Using an NA-Tree Structure

Spatial data occur in several important and diverse applications in P2P systems, for example, P2P virtual cities, GIS, development planning, etc. In this paper, we propose to apply an NA-tree in the Chord system to encode spatial region data in the data key part used in the hash function to data search. That is, we combine the NA-tree with the Chord system to solve the overlapping problem which the P2PR-tree can not deal with. From our simulation results, we show that the number of visited peers in our approach is less than that in the P2PR-tree.

Load balancing for two-tier Chord system

Compared to flat distributed hash table (DHT) systems, hierarchical DHT systems can use some powerful and stable peers (called superpeers) to achieve efficient look-up under churn. Several hierarchical DHT systems have been proposed so far. However, a crucial problem faced by all these systems is the load imbalance among superpeers. Proposed is a novel load balancing algorithm to efficiently solve this problem in a two-tier Chord system. Analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm can balance the load among superpeers in proportion to their capacity.

An Analytical Study of a Structured Overlay in the Presence of Dynamic Membership

In this paper we present an analytical study of dynamic membership (aka churn) in structured peer-to-peer networks. We use a fluid model approach to describe steady-state or transient phenomena, and apply it to the Chord system. For any rate of churn and stabilization rates, and any system size, we accurately account for the functional form of the probability of network disconnection as well as the fraction of failed or incorrect successor and finger pointers. We show how we can use these quantities to predict both the performance and consistency of lookups under churn. All theoretical predictions match simulation results. The analysis includes both features that are generic to structured overlays deploying a ring as well as Chord-specific details, and opens the door to a systematic comparative analysis of, at least, ring-based structured overlay systems under churn.

Verification of Peer-to-peer Algorithms: A Case Study

The problem of maintaining structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks in the presence of concurrent joins and failures of nodes is the subject of intensive research. The various algorithms underlying P2P systems are notoriously difficult to design and analyse. Thus, when verifying P2P algorithms, a real challenge is to find an adequate level of abstraction at which to model the algorithms and perform the verifications. In this paper, we propose an abstract model for structured P2P networks with ring topology. Our model is based on process algebra, which, with its well-developed theory, provides the right level of abstraction for the verification of many basic P2P algorithms. As a case study, we verify the correctness of the stabilization algorithm of Chord, one of the best-known P2P overlay networks. To show the correctness of the algorithm, we provide a specification and an implementation of the Chord system in process algebra and establish bisimulation equivalence between the two.

Motional Stark effect diagnostic pilot experiment for MAST

Exploiting the motional Stark effect (MSE) in the low magnetic fields of spherical tokamaks such as MAST is complicated by the Doppler smearing of the relatively closely spaced Stark components. Extensive modeling of MSE spectra and the subsequent polarized fraction (∼20%) of spectrally filtered light and signal to noice ratios have been performed taking account of real experimental conditions including neutral beam parameters, port sizes, optical losses, filter characteristics, etc. A design is selected which uses high throughput interference filters (0.1nm bandpass) for separation of the spectral components. An accuracy of ∼0.5° compared with typically 15° is estimated for field angle measurements. The design allows for early implementation, starting with a pilot two chord system, and for an economic expansion to a multiplicity of chords. Matching the Doppler shifted Dα from the beam neutrals will be accomplished by a combination of filter selection and fine-tuning of the beam voltage. Avoiding filter tuning in the design greatly simplifies the diagnostic. Calibration results of the diagnostic support the calculations.

Letters

42 Historically Speaking · May/June 2006 Letters Narrative and Popular History Writing a response to an essay becomes more of a challenge when the responder fundamentally agrees with it. Paul Jankowski's essay "Guilt byAssociation" {Historically Speaking, March/April 2006) is a first-rate discussion of narrative history. There is also a certain irony that Jankowski and I share, writing analytically in praise of narrative. Narrative and popular history are often linked. Many historians find popular history suspect. Look at another field, say, music, and this argument seems silly. The Beatles are the best-selling recording artists ever. They are also among the best. Being good and popular is hard, but why not try? Some first-rate historical works, such as those by James McPherson, sell very well. Good historical narrative is harder to write than narrowly focused analysis. Too many historians do not wish to make the effort to relate their little picture to the context provided by the ever-present big picture. Narrowness, too, is often a product of political correctness. Some historians consciously try to restore a balance by shedding light on groups ignored in the past. This is good. It is not good, however , when distortions creep in, perspective is lost, and narrow segments are inflated far past their real importance. Like it or not, for most of the past white guys were running things. Why pretend otherwise? Narrative, when taken to mean good storytelling , is the best way to get people interested in history. I am a writer, not an academic historian , and writers must use storylines to hook readers just as a carnival uses hucksters to attract customers. The best information, the greatest insights, the newest interpretations are useless unless disseminated. Bruce L. Brager Arlington, Virginia Goldstone and Ancient Mathematics Both Jack Goldstone and readers of Historically Speaking should be informed that at least one statement in his article "Knowledge—Not Capitalism" {Historically Speaking, March/April 2006) is very much Claudius Ptolemy, 1886 print. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number , LC-USZ62-92884]. incorrect: he writes "Greek mathematics remained weak on arithmetic and never developed algebra (the study of solving equations with unknown quantities)" or (the next sentence implies) "trigonometry." The exact opposite is the case. The Greeks had developed algebra and advanced it as far as quadratic equations well before the time Diophantus wrote a practical textbook on the subject sometime before the 4th century A.D. (evidence that places him in the 3rd century is highly conjectural, but on no account did he write later than that). The Arabs didn't invent algebra. Arabic writers learned ofand commented and improved upon algebra from Greek sources like this. Goldstone's naive folk argument that the word "Algebra" being of Arabic derivation is evidence that Arabs invented algebra is as faulty as arguing that Ptolemy must have been an Arab because the title of his Almagest is Arabic. The Greeks also invented trigonometry. Some basic trigonometric ideas may have originated in India, but the first theoretical treatises in the field begin with Apollonius of Perga and Hipparchus, both in the 2nd centu- . ry B.C. Hipparchus composed the first known trigonometric tables and originated the modern system of degrees, minutes, and chords. Spherical trigonometry was then developed by Menelaus in the 1st century A.D. Hence, again, the Arabs didn't invent trigonometry. Arabic writers learned of and commented and improved upon trigonometry from Greek sources like this. On both facts, see "Diophantus," "Apollonius," "Hipparchus," and "Menelaus" in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography (including supplemental material in entries added in volume 15 ofthat work). For context see Serafina Cuomo, Ancient Mathematics (2001). In fact, I strongly urge all scholars and readers to make a more thorough effort to consult qualified sources on the actual achievements of ancient Greek mathematicians and scientists before issuing blanket statements about what they supposedly failed to do. Rodney Stark, for example, is thoroughly corrected on the subject ofHellenistic science by works like Lucio Russo's The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 B.C. and Why It Had to Be Reborn (1996). Richard C. Carrier Columbia University Goldstone's Reply to Carrier Richard Carrier...

Impact Factors for Horizontally Curved Composite Box Girder Bridges

This paper presents a method for determining the dynamic impact factors for horizontally curved composite single- or multicell box girder bridges under AASHTO truck loading. The bridges are modeled as three-dimensional structures using commercially available software. The vehicle is idealized as a pair of concentrated forces, with no mass, traveling in two circumferential paths parallel to the curved centerline of bridges. An extensive parametric study is conducted, in which over 215 curved composite box girder bridge prototypes are analyzed. The key parameters considered in this study are: Number of cells, number of lanes, degree of curvature, arc span length, slope of the outer steel webs, number and area of bracing and top chord systems, and truck(s) speed and truck(s) positioning. Based on the data generated from the parametric study, expressions for dynamic impact factors for longitudinal moment, reaction, and deflection are proposed as function of the ratio of the arc span length to the radius of curvature. The results from this study would enable bridge engineers to design horizontally curved composite box girder bridges more reliably and economically. Furthermore, the results can be used to potentially increase the live-load capacity of existing bridges to prevent posting or closing of the bridge.

A MACROSCOPICAL SIMULATION SOLUTION TO THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL STATIONARY STATE SCHRDINGER EQUATION

The experimental simulation method is introduced into the quantum mechanics.A vibrating chord system with a stationary stote equation in a form similar to that of the stationary Schr?dinger equation is designed.The system offers the theoretical and experimental methods for the simulation solution to the stationary Schr?dinger equation.The results of the macroscopical simulation presents a macroscopical analogy for the understanding of the Schr?dinger equation.