Chomsky's Theory Research Articles

Universal Grammar and Universal Grammar’s Influence and Related Theories Concerning Second Language Acquisition

Universal Grammar, represented by Chomsky, believes that the human brain is born with a Language Acquisition Device. Under the stimulation of the language environment, the language function of the human brain dedicated to language learning will be activated and begin to acquire a language. Universal grammar is the core idea of Chomsky's generative linguistics theory, which is composed of a limited number of syntactic principles representing the common features of human language. It is precisely because the human brain naturally generates this universal grammar that human beings can acquire their own mother tongue when language input is poor or even lacks "negative corpus" (that is, the indication of language errors or faults). Chomsky once proposed a simple language acquisition model, namely "language input —Language Acquisition Device —language acquisition", which means that language input generates grammar through Language Acquisition Device, thus acquiring language. It is worth noting that Chomsky's theory is not specifically designed for the study of Second Language Acquisition, and he himself has not given any guidance in this field, but it provides theoretical support for the theory of Second Language Acquisition (Yang Chunyuan, 2020). Hence, learning the whole semester’s course of Second Language Acquisition, having seen universal grammar as a important content in my textbook, this paper tries to integrate these related theories and make a conclusion and comment or paraphrasing（not all the bibliographies are quoted directly in this paper, paraphrased or arranged instead）based on various bibliographies.

SURFUCE STRUCTURE DAN DEEP STRUCTURE MAKNA QIRADAH

This research explores the concepts of deep structure and surface structure in the context of the interpretation of the word “qiradah” based on the analysis of Noam Chomsky's theory on Surah Al-Baqarah 65. Chomsky, a linguistic expert, developed the transformative-generative theory, providing a profound understanding of language. In this theory, Chomsky emphasizes that language consists of the surface structure, which is the visible part of language, and the deep structure, which is the core meaning of language. The author employs a qualitative method, reviewing relevant prior works for this discussion. The aim is to validate the applicability of Noam Chomsky's linguistic theory in understanding language. The study reveals that language indeed has both surface and deep structures, particularly in the interpretation of the word “qiradah” in Surah Al-Baqarah 65. The surface structure signifies the physical transformation into apes that happened to the Children of Israel, while the deep structure or core meaning indicated by the word “qiradah” is the transformation of the heart and behavior resembling apes, not the physical change itself.

Noam Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics

This research paper explores Noam Chomsky's groundbreaking contributions to linguistics, focusing on his theories and their impact on our understanding of language acquisition and structure. Chomsky introduced the concept of transformational-generative grammar, revolutionising the study of syntax by proposing that all human languages share a common underlying structure, which he termed universal grammar. His work emphasized the innate nature of language acquisition, challenging behaviourist views and suggesting that humans are born predisposed to learn the language. The paper also examines the critical period hypothesis and how Chomsky's theories have influenced contemporary linguistic research and cognitive science. By delving into Chomsky's extensive work, this study highlights his role as a pioneering figure in modern linguistics and his enduring legacy in the field

The morpho-syntax of question particles in Standard Arabic.

Unlike wh-question questions in Standard Arabic (SA), which received much attention in the past decades in different approaches within generative grammar, question particles (yes-no questions) in SA have not yet been studied thoroughly in minimalist syntax, and less attention has been paid to them. There is a need to analyze SA question articles and explore their syntactic behavior within minimalism. The reason why this topic has been selected for study is that SA question particles have not been investigated in detail yet in Chomsky's Phase Theory; it has not been analyzed how question particles are derived and represented morpho-syntactically in a clause structure. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the morpho-syntax of SA question particles and provide satisfactory answers to the following questions: (i) Do question particles in SA undergo any syntactic movement to [Spec-CP] in the derivation of yes-no questions? If not, why?, (ii) Are question particles based-generated in [Spec-CP]?, and (iii) How can question particles be accounted for neatly in Chomsky's Phase-based Theory? The paper adopts Chomsky's Phase Theory to examine the interaction between the assumptions of this theory and the SA data on question particles. The study findings reveal that, unlike English, question particles in SA do not undergo any syntactic movement while deriving yes-no questions and are assumed to be base-generated in [Spec-CP]. Such question particles are not part of the verb morphology and are merely morphological affixes used as devices to mark interrogativity in the syntax; they do not carry any agreement and tense features that trigger syntactic movement to the clause-initial position.

Children's Acquisition of Arabic Language Based On Chomsky's Theory Of Nativism

This study delves into the acquisition of Arabic language by children in the context of Chomsky's Theory. Acquisition of Arabic language for non-native students in Indonesia is very important to find out how Indonesians acquire arabic language and are able to understand the rules of the target language. The research focuses on non-native students in Indonesia, shedding light on how they grasp Arabic language and comprehend its linguistic rules. Through a qualitative approach and the Miles and Huberman model for data analysis, the study reveals that children can proficiently learn Arabic through language acquisition rather than traditional learning methods. And results of study are that children can master arabic language by means of language acquisition, if he masters the second language it is not through the learning process in school. The findings underscore the significance of innate language skills in children, as proposed by Chomsky's Theory of Nativism, emphasizing the presence of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) from birth. This study contributes valuable insights into the natural language acquisition process and the role of innate linguistic abilities in mastering Arabic language skills. So, there must be some important aspects regarding the language system that is naturally within the child.

Changing the functioning of the article in the history of the German language

The subject of the study is the historical changes in the syntactic structure of the German language; the object of the study is articles. The authors consider in detail the use of definite, indefinite and null articles based on the material of a fragment of the Gospel of Luke, which were published in various periods of the German language: the text of Tatiana, translated by Martin Luther, made in 1545; an adapted version of Luther's translation, published in 2017 and a lightweight electronic version created as a result of deviation from the canonical translation. Particular attention is paid to the frequency of use of articles, the reasons for the increase or decrease in their use, as well as other means of determination. It is established that modern electronic text shows a tendency to decrease nominal groups, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in articles. The tendency to decrease the zero article is manifested by the early Upper German period; in modern German, there is a displacement of the definite article. The methodological basis is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of the phenomena of linguistic ontology in diachrony. The research methods are comparative historical analysis, the method of distributive analysis, quantitative analysis, methods of N. Chomsky's theory of control and binding. The main conclusions of the proposed study are the revealed historical processes in the system of articles of the German language. It was found that at an early stage of language development, the zero article dominated in texts, which significantly narrowed the manifestation of determination. The main burden during this period fell on possessive nominal groups, which primarily included proper names. The definite article was used much less frequently. In nominal groups that are part of the prepositional group, the zero article was mainly used, which eventually led to the creation of stable prepositional constructions with a zero article. The largest number of all types of articles falls on Luther's translation adapted to the modern grammatical structure of the German language, which is associated with the maximum use of nominal groups. What is new is the establishment in modern German of a tendency to reduce the zero and definite articles.

The syntax of wh-questions in unaccusative and (Un)ergative structures in Mehri language: A Phase-based approach.

The Mehri Language is an endangered language spoken in eastern Yemen, a sub-group of the Semitic language family, and a Southern Arabic language. The syntax of Mehri wh-questions has not been explored within minimalism; hence, there is a morpho-syntactic need to provide a modern analysis of wh-questions in order to show how the interrogative structures can be derived. This study aims to examine the syntax of the wh-question movement in Mehri's unaccusative/ergative and unergative structures and answer the following questions within Chomsky's (2000 and 2008) Phase-based Theory: (i) Does the Mehri language allow fronting of wh-phrases to [Spec-CP]? And (ii) how can wh-movement in Mehri unaccusative and (un)ergative structures be accounted for? This work presents a novel analysis of wh-question movement in unaccusative/ergative and unergative structures in Mehri; it demonstrates that the source head C triggers the movement of wh-adjunct and wh-subject phrases. In wh-adjunct extraction, two strategies are employed: overt wh-fronting and wh-in-situ; when the head Foc inherits an edge feature from C, wh-adjunct overtly undergoes movement from its original position within v*P to the left peripheries of [Spec-FocP] and subsequently to [Spec-CP]. When the lexical wh-adjunct remains within v*P, its question features covertly move to [Spec-CP], because the head Foc does not inherit an edge feature from C. In wh-subject extraction, the wh-subject overly undergoes movement to [Spec-CP] because C obligatorily inherits the edge feature to the head Top, which triggers movement of the illogical subject in unaccusative/ergative structures and the logical external specifier in unergative structures to [Spec-CP]. Moreover, Mehri obeys the Phase Impenetrability Condition of Chomsky, where wh-subject and wh-adjunct phrases must pass through certain phases until [Spec-CP].

Teori Tata Bahasa Generatif Transformatif Chomsky serta Aplikasinya dalam Gramatikal Bahasa Arab

This article aims to examine Chomsky's Transformative Generative language theory and its application in Arabic grammar. The method used in this study is qualitative based on literature study, which is a research method that provides an explanation by using analysis based on the literature that supports TGT studies. The research object of this study is Chomsky's language theory, namely Transformative Generative Grammar (TGT). This research answers two questions. First, "How is the explanation of Chomsky's generative transformative theory?". Second, "how is the generative transformative theory applied to Arabic grammar? The results of this study are that there are concepts used to understand TGT including: inner structure and outer structure (At-Tarokib As-Sathiyah and Tarokib Al-Asasiyah); competence and performance (Al Kifayatul Lughowiyah and Al-Adaaul Kalamiy); generative and transformative (At-Taulidiyah wa Tahwiliyah). Generative rules have forms like the rules found in standard writing. These rules include: Ruknun Fi'liyun consists of 1) fi'il + Ruknun Ismiy (Fa'il + Ma'ulun bih); 2) Ruknun Ismiy (Harf Jar + Alif Lam Ta'rif + Isim). While the Transformation Rules include: 1) Elimination (Harf, Isim, Fi'il, Amount); 2) Expansion; 3) Addition; 4) Change of Order; 5) replacement; 6) Abbreviation.

A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF HEADLINE EDUCATION TOPIC NEWS ON THE CNA WEBSITE

Syntax aims to the rules and procedures that are used in certain languages to put together sentences. Learning syntax is essential because it enables us to illustrate the structures of sentences more clearly and efficiently and to look into the structure of English sentences. In reality, many readers and writers have poor comprehension of sentence structure, particularly the structure of sentences written in English. This problem is also encountered by students of English education who are enrolled in classes that cover information related to syntax, as well as by other readers who are not familiar with the role of syntax in sentence structure or how to draw tree diagrams by Noam Chomsky's theory. This study intends to answer the following questions: (1) What various types of sentences on education headline news from the CNA website from January 1–31, 2023 to February 27-2023? (2) How are the sentences in education headline news from the CNA website from January 1–31, 2023 to February 27-2023 generated in tree diagrams? The method of qualitative research known as "descriptive research" was utilized for this study. As a result of this research, The types of sentences that are utilized include simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences.

Differential object marking in inanimate objects in Spanish

The aim of this paper is to explain the differential object marking (DOM) of inanimate objects in Spanish. Generally, animate objects in Spanish are marked with an A morpheme; however, it is possible for the A-marker to appear also with inanimate objects in specific circumstances. In this article, I defend the idea that a lexical feature of the verb (the presupposition of existence) must be licensed with the organizing node that dominates the specificity features. V inherits this organizing node from v. The analysis will be done using mainly two theoretical tools: the feature geometry of Harley & Ritter (2002) and Chomsky's (2013, 2015) labeling theory.

Chomsky's generative theory and its use in legal translation (Models between Arabic and Persian)

The research deals with the scientific and academic necessity in the field of contemporary linguistic research and translation studies called for new and advanced scientific theories in line with technological developments and modern information in the world, using different letters between the fields of science and knowledge, and thus resulted in new research methods with the linguistic phenomenon to vary its communicative functions. the overview, theories, the appearance of the formula in its wide form and the legal translation in a narrower form. Research aims: discuss the most important content of legal language and its translation methods, equivalence and translation equivalence, translation transformations such as rearranging, addition, deletion and replacement, legal linguistic levels, including the level of legal discourse, and its relationship to other legal linguistic levels. The research adopts the qualitative field-experimental approach by benefiting from the researcher’s experiences in addition to studying a number of official translations of documents, documents, legal texts and contracts between the Arabic and Persian languages. The course of the study should be from the general to the specific, i.e. a review of the general translation, then the sworn translation, down to the problems associated with it

Pemerolehan Kosakata Anak Bahasa Anak Akibat Pengaruh Video Pemain Gim di Youtube

This research is entitled Acquisition of Children's Vocabulary Due to the Effect of Video Game Players on Youtube for children aged 4-8 in Rabakodo Village, Sarae Village, RT 09 RW 04 Kec. Wow, Kab. Bima, NTB. which aims to find out how to acquire children's vocabulary and the process of how they master it and to describe the application of Chomsky's genetic theory of cognitivism in acquiring children's vocabulary due to the influence of video game players on Youtube. This research is an interesting problem phenomenon for researchers in the field of psycholinguistics, this is an issue that is very impressive and difficult to prove. This research is included in the type of qualitative descriptive research. The method of data collection is done by the method of observing. The method of data analysis in this study used the matching method and the distributional method. In this study, the presentation of the results of data analysis used was informal. The analysis is carried out with a description of the explanation in simple words that are easy to understand and still use technical terminology. The results of this study are children aged 4-8 years have acquired nouns (mobile phone, monster, weapon, etc.), verbs (hit, play, dead, etc.), and adjectives (strong, crazy, far, etc.) quite well. The application of Chomsky's genetic theory of cognitivism in the acquisition of children's language vocabulary affected by video game players on YouTube distinguishes (language skills), performance (implementation or language processing), and language creativity in language acquisition.

Лингвистичната шекспириада на Ранди Харис. Езиковата война за теоретичния облак на Чомски

Лингвистичната шекспириада на Ранди Харис. Езиковата война за теоретичния облак на Чомски

Accessibility of Subjacency Principle and Empty Category Principle to SLA

A foreign language is essential for promoting world exchanges. Chomsky's theory of universal grammar is one of the representative theories to reveal how language learners acquire their mother tongue. However, in recent years, more and more researchers have focused on the accessibility of UG to SLA. This study investigates the accessibility of UG to 50 native Chinese university students by investigating their acquisition of the two general grammar principles of WH word shift limit: Adjacency Principle and Empty Category Principle. Another 5 native English speakers are set up in the control group. Questionnaires and quantitative analysis are used in this study. The author tested the students’ general performance both in the grammatical judgment and in the reading comprehension and their attitudes towards the questions, which violate either the Subjacency Principle or the Empty Category Principle. The author finds that by comparing the accuracy of the two groups, these native students are similarly sensitive to the two universal principles with English people; that is to say, the Universal Grammar is accessible to these Chinese university students’ English acquisition.

Testament Leonarda Bernsteina – The Unanswered Question w świetle zagadnień dyrygenckich

Leonard Bernstein’s Testament — The Unanswered Question in the Light of Conducting Issues In 1973, Leonard Bernstein gave a series of six lectures at Harvard University, entitled The Unanswered Question: Six talks at Harvard. This interdisciplinary course, drawing on Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational-generative grammar, presented an original conception of music as a universal language based on tonality and outlined the history of its development, concluding with Bernstein’s personal credo regarding its future. The argumentation used, although encompassing fields as diverse as linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and art history, was based primarily on musical analyses presented at the piano, supplemented by recordings of the symphonic works being discussed, performed under the baton of Bernstein himself. The Harvard lectures thus represent the summa of his aesthetic reflections and performance experiences, providing a unique insight into his views on music and its interpretation. This paper focuses on synthesising these views, subjecting them to factual verification, and then showing their influence on Bernstein's art of conducting through the example of the recordings used in The Unanswered Question series, focusing in particular on the issue of expression.

From Chomsky's nativistic theory to sociolinguistics

U članku se raspravlja o jednom pokušaju povezivanja Chomskyevog nativističkog programa sa sociolingvistikom (Pateman 1987). Autor preispituje prijedlog da veza između nativizma i sociolingvistike bude sintaktička teorija uma kako je predstvalja američki filozof Stephen Stich. Dajem odgovore na sljedeća dva pitanja: 1. Može li Chomskyev nativistički program bili adekvatna kognitivistička osnova u lingvistici; 2. Može li veza između nativizma i društvenih znanosti bili sintaktička teorija uma. Argumentira se zašto Chomskyev nativistički program nije ispravna osnova na kojoj se mogu elaborirali društvene teorije. Chomsky ne pridaje semantici/sadržaju adekvatno mjesto u svojoj teoriji i ne spominje istinu i referenciju u određivanju osnovnih problema s kojima se suočavamo u semantici. Pošto se sociolingvistika bavi (svjesnim) sadržajnim vjerovanjima o jezičnim oblicima, autor smatra da je pogrešno uzimali Chomskyev nalivistički program kao kognitivističku osnovu za društvene znanosti. 2. Ako nativističke premise treba da uključuju i pitanje sadržaja a Stichev program se zapravo zasniva na mentalnim slanjima i procesima koji u potpunosti odbacuje pozivanje na sadržaj, onda se most između nativizma i sociolingvistike ne može uspostaviti služeći se sintaktičkom teorijom uma kao vezom. Plauzibilna mogućnost povezivanja uma i društva trebao bi biti model koji daje stvarnu ulogu mentalnih stanjima koja nisu samo sintaktička. Samo ona psihološka teorija koja objašnjava kognitivna stanja na osnovi njenih sadržaja može poslužiti kao osnova na kojoj se može nadograđivati sociolingvistička teorija. Psihološka teorija koja se bavi samo sintaktičkim svojstvima mentalnih procesa ne može imati ulogu koja joj se pridaje u ovom određenom pokušaju i pristupu.

Remark on theEPPin Labeling Theory: Evidence from Romance

AbstractThis paper puts forward an account of the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) based on Chomsky's (2013, 2015) Labeling Theory. Departing from Chomsky's (2015) proposal, which adopts “feature strength” (Chomsky 1993, 1995), it is suggested that the need for Spec,TPto be occupied by aDPcan be attributed to labeling reasons, under the assumption that T is a copy of C (these heads being “bundled” in the lexicon of languages of the English type). Given that copies are inert for computational operations (Chomsky 2000, 2001), it follows that they fail to label (Chomsky 2013), which in turn makes it mandatory for Spec,TPto be filled. This article explores the consequences of this proposal for null‐subject languages, in which C and T are regarded as independent lexical items.

Teaching and learning of Mandarin as a foreign language in South African schools

Globalisation has influenced the demand for the acquisition of Mandarin. As a proactive response, the South African Department of Education included Mandarin as a second additional language in the National Curriculum Statement grades R-12 in March 2015. The research reported on in this article was context specific. It entailed a case study of a school in Gauteng that had introduced Mandarin as a foreign language. Chomsky's language theory, the interactionist theory and Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory are acknowledged. A qualitative inquiry strategy was employed; individual and focus group interviews, questionnaires and observations were used as data gathering tools. Content analysis was done manually. Themes, categories and subcategories were identified. The research culminated in a case study narrative elaborating on the main themes, namely motivation and beliefs, teaching Mandarin, and learners' learning experiences.

Language in a New Key.

The article reports that 21st century cognitive scientists and linguists are presenting evidence that counters the mid-20th century universal grammar theory of Noam Chomsky, which states that people's brains are hardwired to learn grammar. Topics discussed include the flaws in Chomsky's linguistic theories when applied to language learning and the emergence of the alternative to Chomsky's theory called usage-based linguistics which debunks the claim that grammatical structure is innate.

An Agree-based Approach to Structural Case Assignment in Najrani Arabic

This study aims to examine structural (nominative and accusative) Case assignment in Najrani Arabic (henceforth, NA) and in turn provide a satisfactorily unified account on how structural Case is assigned in Najrani Arabic within Chomsky's (2001, 2005) Agree theory. It attempts to present a straightforward answer to the following questions: (i) how is structural (nominative and accusative) Case assigned in NA, given the recent developments and challenges in Chomsky’s (2001, 2005) Agree theory?, and (ii) how are Case and agreement features valued in NA syntax? A closer examination of structural Case in NA demonstrates that, unlike Standard Arabic, NA has an abstract Case system which is not morphologically realized, a similar phenomenon to that of English. Furthermore, the study examines structural Case assignment in VSO and SVO structures and points out that structural Case in NA is assigned via an Agree relation between a probe and a goal within a c-command domain. That is, in VSO structures in NA, nominative Case is assigned by the C-T complex via an Agree relation established between T and the subject in [Spec-TP] while accusative Case is a reflex of an Agree relation between the light v and the object DP. Besides, preverbal DPs in SVO structures undergoes movement from [Spec-vP] to [Spec-topP] and leaves a resumptive pro(nominal in [Spec-vp] which appears as either an overt number marker cliticized onto the verb or as a covert pro(nominal). However, in SVO structures introduced by the complementiser inn , there are two DPs; a post-verbal DP and a preverbal one. The post-verbal DP is assigned nominative Case by the C-T complex while the preverbal DP is assigned accusative lexical Case in the presence of the over Case assigner inn or default nominative Case in the absence of inn .