Choice Tests Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF KURIKULUM MERDEKA ON THE UNDERSTANDING OF EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS OF GRADE IV STUDENTS OF SDN 71 PALEMBANG

This study aims to determine the effect of Merdeka Curriculum learning on understanding the concept of education for fourth grade students of SD Negeri 71 Palembang. The Merdeka Curriculum is expected to increase student involvement and creativity in learning, especially in subjects that are often considered boring and theoretical. The method used in this research is a quantitative experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consists of two groups, namely the experimental group taught using the Merdeka Curriculum approach and the control group using conventional learning. Data were collected through multiple choice tests that measured students' understanding of the principles of Pancasila and citizenship. The results showed that learning with the Merdeka Curriculum had a significant effect on student understanding, with a t_count value of 12.430 which is greater than the t_table of 2.015. This study concludes that the application of Merdeka Curriculum can improve students' understanding of the concept of Citizenship, especially in understanding bad behavior in oneself and the environment.

The Development of Learning Achievement in Military Theory Course Through Integrated Learning Activities of the Sophomore at Guang Zhon Huashang Vocational College

Background and Aims: In the current educational environment, military theory classes have always been regarded as a special learning experience. Guangzhou Huashang Vocational College offers military theory courses for sophomore students, aiming to improve students' military accomplishment and national defense awareness through systematic theoretical study and practical operation. However, there are several issues concerning the setting and implementation of this curriculum that are worth exploring in depth. For example, does military theory have an impact on the academic success of sophomore students? Is the effect positive or negative? How satisfied are students with the course? Based on the concern of these problems, this study takes the sophomore students of Guangzhou Huashang Vocational College as the research object, analyzes the teaching practice of military theory courses, and discusses the influence of military theory courses on academic achievement. The objectives of this research were 1) To compare academic achievement in Development of Learning Military Theory Course subjects before and after the blended learning. 2) Study on students' satisfaction towards integrated learning activities. 3) Study students' interest in interactive games in integrated learning activities. Methodology: The research tools include 1) A blended by traditional learning management plans, a total of 6 plans. 2) Academic achievement with multiple choice test before class - after class total of 30 items.3) A questionnaire on students' satisfaction towards integrated learning activities totals 10 items.4）A questionnaire on students' interest in interactive games in integrated learning activities totals 5 items. Results: The results of the research found that 1) Academic achievement after the blended learning arrangement was higher than before with statistical significance at the.05 level.2) Students were satisfied with the integrated teaching and learning arrangement. at a high level 3) Students' interest in interactive games in integrated learning activities at a high. Conclusion: The study discovered that the use of blended learning greatly increased academic achievement and that students expressed great satisfaction with both the integrated teaching strategy and the interactive games incorporated into the learning activities.

Improving Reproductive Success in Captive Marmosets Through Active Female Choice.

The recent upsurge in the use of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a desirable model for high-priority biomedical research has challenged local and global suppliers struggling to provide sufficient numbers of marmosets for large-scale projects. In laboratories, random male-female pairings are often unsuccessful, with intervals of several months before attempting alternate pairings. Here we address this challenge through a behavioral task that promotes self-directed female selection of potential mates to increase the efficiency of breeding in captive marmosets. We created a partner preference test in which nulliparous females (n = 12) had the opportunity to select between two eligible males (n = 23) at a time, in a forced choice test. In this test, both males and females displayed sexual solicitations. However, the females displayed a clear preference for one male by directing affiliative behaviors toward him including proceptive tongue-flicking, approach, and grooming. Her preference remained consistent across three consecutive test sessions. This method resulted in a 2.5-fold improvement in breeding success within 90 days compared to random pairings. This cost-effective and straightforward pairing practice can be used to enhance breeding efficiency in both small and large marmoset colonies.

Development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato genotypes

Tomato plants are the most widely cultivated fruit vegetables globally. The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is the leading pest of this crop and can cause up to 100% loss of production. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the development and resistance of antibiosis and non-preference types (antixenosis) for oviposition and feeding of T. absoluta in commercial tomato hybrids in choice and no-choice tests. For the experiments, an open-pollinated tomato cultivar was used as a control: ‘Santa Clara’ cultivar - susceptible - Italian type, along with eight commercial tomato hybrids were used: ‘Compack’ - salad type, ‘Caniati’ - Italian type, ‘Grazianni’ - Italian type, ‘Sweet Heaven’ - grape type, ‘Cascade’ - cherry type, ‘Ellen’ - salad type, ‘Bento’ - Italian type, and ‘Dominador’ - salad type, all having an indeterminate growth habit. According to the evaluated biological parameters (dendrogram and principal component analysis - PCA), the ‘Sweet Heaven’ hybrid showed a negative effect on the development of T. absoluta, with an increase in the duration of the larval, adult, and total phases, and low larval and total viability. The tomato hybrid ‘Cascade’ exhibited lower attractiveness for T. absoluta oviposition in no-choice tests. The tomato hybrids 'Sweet Heaven', 'Compack', and ‘Cascade’ showed a lower percentage of leaf area consumed. However, ‘Dominador’, ‘Santa Clara’, and ‘Ellen’ were the tomato genotypes that showed higher susceptibility to the development of T. absoluta, encompassing high larval, pupal, and total viability (larva-adult period). Concluding that the ‘Sweet Heaven’ hybrid negatively affected the development cycle of T. absoluta, while the ‘Cascade’ hybrid exhibited lower attractiveness for oviposition.

The Effect of Using Open the Box Type Wordwall Educational Game on Students' IPAS Cognitive Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1, East Karawang District. This study used a quantitative method of pre-experiment type with a one group pretest posttest design. The population in this study were all fourth grade students of SDN Palumbonsari 1, totaling 135 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique, so the sample in this study was class IV A with a total of 46 people. Data collection techniques using multiple choice tests as many as 30 items before and after treatment. Then carried out feasibility testing with validity test obtained 20 valid items, reliability test obtained r11 0.73, differentiator test and difficulty level. Data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. Then the statistical hypothesis test was carried out with the paired sample t-test test obtained a Sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1.

Spatial Aggregations of the Grey Field Slug Deroceras reticulatum Are Unstable Under Abnormally High Soil Moisture Conditions.

Deroceras reticulatum in arable fields display spatio-temporally stable slug patches that have been well documented under typical soil moisture conditions. The effect of abnormally high soil moisture on slug patch stability, however, is unknown. In this study, stepped gradient choice tests comparing soil moisture levels of 50-125% soil capacity showed slug preferences for levels in a range near to 125%. Activity became erratic, however, when given a choice of high moisture levels (125-370%), potentially because slugs searched for preferred conditions. Slug spatial aggregation was investigated in 21 commercial fields in 2023/24, a season of extreme rainfall, and then compared to years exhibiting typical rainfall (2015-2018). Slug patches occurred in 27.2% of assessment visits to fields during 2023/24 compared to 96.4% in typical years, suggesting weather conditions leading to abnormally high soil moisture are significantly associated with the breakdown of slug spatial aggregation behaviour. Random forest models identified the weather predictors (precipitation, relative humidity, temperature) with the highest impact on slug distribution and relative abundance, with the assessment date and region also related to relative abundance. However, a complex of environmental parameters affects soil moisture content, and no statistically significant effects of individual weather predictors emerged. The results are discussed in relation to slug behaviour in the context of their impact on targeted slug treatments.

Development novice teachers’ higher-order thinking skills through online problem-based learning platform: A mixed methods experimental research

One key competency in teaching profession is the ability to think at a higher level. Therefore, it is important to understand how to develop and refine effective training approaches for novice teachers. This study examined the novice teachers’ higher-order thinking skills development through online problem-based learning platform and analyzed the level of novice teachers’ higher-order thinking skills. The research involved 57 novice teachers participating in the research for learning development courses. The mixed method experimental design was employed in this study. Data were collected by using multiple choice tests and self-report reflective thinking forms. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze novice teachers’ HOTS. The t-test was conducted to evaluate mean differences among the novice teachers’ HOTS. Content analysis was used to code and categorize themes and pattern of HOTS perception. Results revealed that novice teachers have shown improvement in higher-order thinking skills include the problem solving, critical thinking, creative thinking sub-skills through online problem-based learning approach. Their proficiency in HOTS significantly increased, t(57) = 17.72, p .001, with a high portion achieving advanced levels. Furthermore, they gained the positive perspective in employing online PBL for HOTS development.

Familiarity preferences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) depend on shoal proximity.

Individuals of many species prefer to associate with familiar conspecifics from their established social group over unfamiliar conspecifics. Such familiarity preferences are thought to be adaptive and have been documented widely in many social fishes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are extensively studied, highly social fish that form stable shoals in the wild, however there is only mixed evidence for familiarity preferences in this species. Here, we test how a small variation in experimental design can influence preferences for familiar conspecifics in D. rerio by varying the distance between two stimulus shoals of fish in a shoaling choice paradigm. Individual subjects tested for their preference to shoal with familiar or unfamiliar groups of conspecifics showed a preference for familiar fish when the two shoals were 30 cm apart, but not when they were 45 or 60 cm apart. Thus, choice tests can be used to detect familiarity preferences in D. rerio, but only when alternate shoals are close together, as increased intershoal distances seemingly prevent subjects from displaying their preference. Longer distances may inhibit preference behavior due to the higher risk of crossing between shoals, alternatively subjects may be unable to reliably discern distinguishing cues of familiarity when the shoals are further apart. Our results demonstrate that while familiarity preferences exist in D. rerio, experimental test design is critical for detecting and measuring these successfully.

Vocal Emotion Perception in Children Using Cochlear Implant.

The significance of emotional prosody in social communication is well-established, yet research on emotion perception among cochlear implant (CI) users is less extensive. This study aims to explore vocal emotion perception in children using CI and bimodal hearing devices and compare them with their normal hearing (NH) peers. The study involved children aged 4-10 years with unilateral CI and contralateral hearing aid (HA), matched with NH peers by gender and listening age. Children were selected using snowball sampling for the CI group and purposive sampling for the NH group. Vocal emotion perception was assessed for semantically neutral sentences in "happy," "sad," and "angry" emotions using a 3 alternate forced choice test. The NH group demonstrated significantly superior emotion perception (P=.002) compared to the CI group. Both groups accurately identified the "happy" emotion. However, the NH group had higher scores for the "angry" emotion compared to the "sad" emotion, while the CI group showed better scores for "sad" than "angry" emotion. Bimodal hearing devices improved recognition of "sad"and "angry" emotions, with a decrease in confusion percentages. The unbiased hit (Hu) value provided more substantial insight than the hit score. Bimodal hearing devices enhance the perception of "sad" and "angry" vocal emotions compared to using a CI alone, likely due to the HA providing the temporal fine structure cues, thereby better representing fundamental frequency variations. Children with unilateral CI benefit significantly in the perception of emotions by using a HA in the contralateral ear, aiding in better socio-emotional development.

Juvenile agile frogs spatially avoid ranavirus-infected conspecifics

Exposure to contagious pathogens can result in behavioural changes, which can alter the spread of infectious diseases. Healthy individuals can express generalized social distancing or avoid the sources of infection, while infected individuals can show passive or active self-isolation. Amphibians are globally threatened by contagious diseases, yet their behavioural responses to infections are scarcely known. We studied behavioural changes in agile frog (Rana dalmatina) juveniles upon exposure to a Ranavirus (Rv) using classic choice tests. We found that both non-infected and Rv-infected focal individuals spatially avoided infected conspecifics, while there were no signs of generalized social distancing, nor self-isolation. Avoidance of infected conspecifics may effectively hinder disease transmission, protecting non-infected individuals as well as preventing secondary infections in already infected individuals. On the other hand, the absence of self-isolation by infected individuals may facilitate it. Since infection status did not affect the time spent near conspecifics, it is unlikely that the pathogen manipulated host behaviour. More research is urgently needed to understand under what circumstances behavioural responses can help amphibians cope with infections, and how that affects disease dynamics in natural populations.

Adult Neurogenesis and the Initiation of Social Aggression in Male Mice.

The hippocampus is important for social behavior and exhibits unusual structural plasticity in the form of continued production of new granule neurons throughout adulthood, but it is unclear how adult neurogenesis contributes to social interactions. In the present study, we suppressed neurogenesis using a pharmacogenetic mouse model and examined social investigation and aggression in adult male mice to investigate the role of hippocampal adult-born neurons in the expression of aggressive behavior. In simultaneous choice tests with stimulus mice placed in corrals, mice with complete suppression of adult neurogenesis in adulthood (TK mice) exhibited normal social investigation behaviors, indicating that new neurons are not required for social interest, social memory, or detection of and response to social olfactory signals. However, mice with suppressed neurogenesis displayed decreased offensive and defensive aggression in a resident-intruder paradigm, and less resistance in a social dominance test, relative to neurogenesis-intact controls, when paired with weight and strain-matched (CD-1) mice. During aggression tests, TK mice were frequently attacked by the CD-1 intruder mice, which never occurred with WTs, and normal CD-1 male mice investigated TK mice less than controls when corralled in the social investigation test. Importantly, TK mice showed normal aggression toward prey (crickets) and smaller, nonaggressive (olfactory bulbectomized) C57BL/6J intruders, suggesting that mice lacking adult neurogenesis do not avoid aggressive social interactions if they are much larger than their opponent and will clearly win. Taken together, our findings show that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays an important role in the instigation of intermale aggression, possibly by weighting a cost-benefit analysis against confrontation in cases where the outcome of the fight is not clear.

EFEKTIVITAS BOOKLET STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI JARINGAN TUMBUHAN TERHDAP HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK FASE F SMA 2 ADABIAH PADANG

Background: Booklets can be produced through development research using the 4D model which consists of define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. Utari Akhir Agusti has developed a booklet until the develop stage, so further research is needed at the disseminate stage by conducting an effectiveness test as one of the steps of the disseminate stage. Methods: This research is a quasi-experiment research with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The population of this study were all students of class XI phase F SMA Adabiah 2 Padang. The sample was taken using simple random sampling technique, so that phase F2 was selected as the experimental class and phase F5 as the control class. Research data in the form of learning outcomes of students in the cognitive domain. Data collection techniques using test techniques. The research instrument is a multiple choice test that has been valid and reliable. The data obtained were analyzed using the t test. Results: Based on the results of research on the cognitive domain shows the average value of the experimental class is higher than the control class. Data analysis using paired sample test, obtained sig value (0.000) < α value (0.05). Thus it can be concluded that the booklet of the structure and function of plant tissues effectively improves the learning outcomes of phase F students of Adabiah 2 Padang High School. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the booklet of the structure and function of plant tissues effectively improves the learning outcomes of phase F students of Adabiah 2 Padang High School.

Natural enemies of Lemna minuta in its native range and their potential as biological control agents for Europe

ABSTRACT Lemna minuta is native to North America but an invasive alien plant in Europe, where it poses significant threats to freshwater ecosystems. Explorations for biological control agents were conducted in two regions of the United States (Louisiana and California), revealing three candidate species. Subsequent laboratory investigations focused on the weevil Tanysphyrus lemnae and the fly Lemnaphila scotlandae as the most promising agents and confirmed that both the herbivorous insects attack L. minuta plants. To evaluate the host specificity of these two potential agents, insects were exposed to five species of duckweed commonly occurring in North America and Europe. Preliminary host-range testing indicated that T. lemnae develops on all evaluated duckweed species, including those from different genera (Lemna, Spirodela, Landoltia). Conversely, data revealed that feeding and development of the dipteran L. scotlandae are limited to species in the genus Lemna, but this includes L. minor, a native European species threatened in Europe due to the spread of L. minuta. No-choice and choice tests confirmed that neither larvae nor adults of L. scotlandae discriminate between the two Lemna species, except for pupation, which occurs more frequently in L. minor under choice conditions. We conclude that the broad host-range of T. lemnae and L. scotlandae render them unsuitable as biological control agents of L. minuta in Europe.

Sensory Discrimination Tests for Low- and High-Strength Alcohol

Research is limited on consumers’ ability to detect perceptible sensory differences between low- and high-strength alcoholic beverages. This study, therefore, conducted three pilot experiments using ISO sensory analysis methods to assess accuracy for evaluating beverages of different strengths. Participants were food production professionals trained in sensory analysis. Experiment 1 used a wide-range discrimination test to estimate low- to high-strength beverages (0–60% alcohol by volume (ABV) in 10% intervals). Experiment 2 included a narrower range of intermediate to high strengths (25–45% ABV in 5% intervals). Experiment 3 used 3-alternative forced choice tests (ISO 13301) to discriminate between beverages of varying strengths. Experiment 1 (n = 16) indicated that estimation ability was dependent upon the beverages’ ABV; as ABV increased, estimation significantly decreased (p < 0.005). These findings were not replicated in Experiment 2 (n = 13). In Experiment 3 (n = 17), a significant perceptible difference between high- and low-strength samples was observed in two of nine conditions (35% vs. 31% ABV (p = 0.009); 41% vs. 37% ABV (p = 0.037)). While people can detect large differences in beverage ABVs, they may have a moderate to poor ability to discriminate between beverages of similar strengths. These findings provide support for public health interventions that promote lower-strength alcoholic beverages.

Problem-Based Learning Through Outdoor Learning or Conventional Learning: How is it Different for Science Subjects?

The research carried out aims to see how the problem-based learning model with outdoor study influences students' science learning outcomes compared to conventional learning models. The population of this research was 98 students of SMPN 12 Tanjung Jabung Timur, while the sample was 26 students of class VII A and 25 students of class VII B, taken using a purposive sampling technique where class VII A was the experimental class and class VI B as a control class. This research is quantitative research using a quasi-experimental method with non-equivalent control group design. The data collection technique used in this research was a multiple choice test and analyzed using the t-test to see differences in learning outcomes with two different learning models. Based on the results of tests carried out with 20 multiple choice questions, researchers found that there were striking differences in learning outcomes where the average posttest score for experimental class students was 60 while the control class was 39.8, which was then analyzed through paired difference tests (t-test) for looked at the differences and obtained results of 0.000 < 0.05, which means Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected, which can be concluded that there are differences in student learning outcomes who use the problem-based learning model with outdoor study compared to the control class which in this case uses the conventional model. The findings obtained can strengthen evidence that the influence caused by the use of a problem-based learning model with outdoor study on the science learning outcomes of high school students is very good.

Susceptibility of Capsicum varieties to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestation for production optimization.

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major threat to the production and marketing of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Ghana. To reduce the damage of the pest on pepper farming, it is important to find appropriate control methods, which may include the use of resistant host plants. This study investigated the relative susceptibility of 6 pepper varieties commonly cultivated in Ghana: Legon 18, Bird's eye, Scotch bonnet, Cayenne, KA2, and sweet pepper (Yolo wonder+ variety). Choice and no-choice ovipositional preference tests were conducted and the population growth rate of T. leucotreta was determined by establishing life table parameters including the net reproductive rates (R0), the mean generation time (G), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), the population doubling time (T), and the finite rate of increase (λ). In the no-choice test, females exhibited oviposition preference for sweet pepper (12.08 eggs/fruit), while Bird's eye was the least preferred (5.00 eggs/fruit). The same results were observed in the choice test. However, the population growth rate of T. leucotreta was highest on the Scotch bonnet and Cayenne, with rm of 0.124 and 0.127, respectively, while the Bird's eye and sweet pepper recorded the least rm of 0.116. Thus, the tested varieties had varying levels of susceptibility to T. leucotreta infestation. Bird's eye was the least susceptible variety, while Cayenne and Scotch bonnet were the most susceptible varieties. These findings could direct farmers on the choices of pepper varieties for cultivation and proffer potential opportunities to breed new varieties resistant to T. leucotreta infestation.

INCREASING STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY ON DESCRIPTIVE TEXT BY USING LANGUANGE EXPERIENCE APPROACH AT THE TENTH GRADE OF SMA NEGERI 1 LAHOMI

The purpose of this study is to improve the reading comprehension skills of SMA Negeri 1 Lahomi tenth grade students by utilizing the Language Experience Approach. This study was developed using the use of classroom action research (CAR). Thirty-two students from X-MIPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Lahomi served as research subjects. The instruments utilized to collect the data were the written test and the observation paper. Two cycles of two sessions each were used for action research in this study. Each cycle consisted of four steps: plan, action, observation, and reflection. Data were collected in both qualitative and quantitative forms. The multiple choice test yielded the quantitative data, while the observation sheet offered the qualitative data. The results of the researcher's observation sheet for the first meeting in cycle I were 72%, and for the second meeting, 84%, according to data analysis. Students' cycle I observation sheet results for the first meeting were 71%, and for the second meeting, 81%. In cycle II, the researcher's observation sheet yielded an 83% result for the first encounter and a 90% result for the second. In the first meeting, the cycle II student observation sheet result was 85%, and in the second meeting, it was 88%. Additionally, the average score for students in cycle I was 61, whereas it was 74 in cycle II. The conclusion drawn from the data is that the Language Experience Approach is a useful strategy for teaching reading. The Language Experience method (LEA) is advised for English teachers to use while instructing students in reading descriptive texts. This will assist the students become more proficient readers by using the language experience method. The researcher suggests that English teachers should use the Language Experience Approach (LEA) as one of the alternative methods to improve students' reading skills, their potential or ability with as an educator in providing information in the learning process of reading, especially when reading descriptions. Students could improve and developed their reading comprehension by using Language Experince Approach (LEA), because LEA attracted the students’ interest and motivation in teaching and learning process.

Effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression on bitter taste receptor expression in mice

ObjectiveWith the rapid increase in the pace of life, people are facing increasing pressures of all kinds, and depression has gradually become a serious psychological disorder in human society, strongly affecting normal social and physiological activities. Depression can disrupt an individual's taste perception and potentially result in taste disorders by affecting and altering taste receptors. This disruption can consequently impact their food preferences and overall eating experiences. DesignIn this study, we used the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) method to establish a depression model in male C57BL/6 J mice and explored the changes in taste receptor expression in the lingual circumvallate papillae (CP) to elucidate the effects of depression on taste. After 6 weeks of CUMS, behavioral performance evaluations, such as forced swim, open field, and elevated plus maze tests, were conducted in depression model mice. A further two-bottle choice test was subsequently performed to determine the effect of depression on bitter taste, and the expression of bitter taste receptors in the lingual CP was detected via immunofluorescence staining. ResultsIn this study, we found for the first time that mice with CUMS-induced depression had decreased bitter taste sensitivity through a two-bottle choice test and demonstrated that the expression of T2r5, a receptor related to bitter taste perception, and the expression of secondary taste signaling proteins in the lingual CP were significantly decreased in mice exposed to CUMS, as determined via qRTPCR and immunofluorescence staining. ConclusionsOur study highlights how CUMS influences the perception of bitterness in the peripheral taste system, potentially elucidating stress-induced changes in eating habits.

Pengaruh Media Audio Visual Terhadap Keterampilan Menyimak Siswa pada Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Kelas V di Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to find out whether there is an influence of audio-visual media on listening skills in class V Indonesian Language subjects at elementary school. This research has several problems, namely the low level of listening skills in Indonesian Language learning which is caused by a lack of maximizing learning methods and media as well as a lack of student involvement in the learning process. This research is a quasi-experimental quantitative. This research sample used Purposive Sampling Technique which consisted of two classes, namely class V A with 23 students as an experimental class using audio visual media and class V B with 23 students as a control class without using media. The data collection technique used in this research is a multiple choice test. The results of the research in the experimental class were with an average pretest score of 57.97 and an average posttest score of 83.19. From the t-test hypothesis, the value of tcount is 8.653 > ttable 1.679 at the significance level (α) = 0.05 and df (n1=n1) -2 = (23+23)-2= 44. This means that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. So, it can be concluded that there is an influence of audio-visual learning media on students' listening skills in class V Indonesian language learning at elementary school for the 2023/2024 academic year.

Salinity limits mosquitofish invasiveness by altering female activity during mate choice

Biological invasions of freshwater habitats are of increasing biological and economical concern, and both, salinity and parasites are considered to be key contributors to invasion success. Salinity, for example, influences the distribution of invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and native killifish (Aphanius fasciatus) in Europe, with the latter now predominantly confined to high-salinity habitats. Here, we examined how salinity might affect female activity and preference for large and non-parasitized males in multiple populations of mosquitofish and killifish in Sardinia, Italy. We predicted that (1) females of both species would associate preferentially with larger and uninfected males, and that (2) female behavior in both species would be significantly influenced by salinity. We used dichotomous choice tests, in which we presented focal females with video animations of photos of the same male but differing in body size and presence/absence of an ectoparasite (Lernaea cyprinacea). We calculated female preference based on association time and quantified female inactivity as time spent in the central neutral zone during trials. Contrary to prediction 1, females did not prefer the large or uninfected male stimuli over their counterparts in any of the populations. However, while salinity did not significantly affect female preferences, it did significantly affect their activity, with mosquitofish becoming more inactive at higher salinities and killifish exhibiting the opposite pattern, matching prediction 2. These results suggest that salinity limits mosquitofish invasiveness by reducing their activity and thus provides a refuge for the Mediterranean killifish.