Specific Choice Research Articles

Particle scattering and fusion for the Ablowitz–Ladik chain

The Ablowitz–Ladik (AL) chain is an integrable discretized version of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We report on a novel underlying Hamiltonian particle system with properties similar to the ones known for the classical Toda chain and Calogero fluid with 1/sinh2 pair interaction. Boundary conditions are imposed such that, both in the distant past and future, particles have a constant velocity. We establish the many-particle scattering for the AL chain and obtain properties known for generic integrable many-body systems. For a specific choice of the chain, real initial data remain real in the course of time. Then, asymptotically, particles move in pairs with a velocity-dependent size and scattering shifts are governed by the fusion rule.

Death and the Flesh: A Mental Health Nurse’s Interpretation of the Film Departures

This paper was originally written for a hermeneutic research course where I interpreted Yojiro Takita’s (2008) film Departures. I outline an interpretation of death that I came to after viewing the film, discussing death as a form of “unsettling.” Death unsettles by revealing life’s impermanence which is often concealed in everyday life. We may be reminded of it through the death of another. As per Heidegger, when we are perturbed by life’s finitude, we may be driven to action. Subsequently, death discloses life’s grotesqueness. Hidden within the vitality of life is the inevitable decay of the flesh. For some, this may trigger a sense of disgust. As people who work closely with death, nurses learn ways to manage their disgust. However, this experience may not apply to mental health nurses. I end this paper by reflecting on my own experience as a mental nurse, questioning if my choice of specialty is perhaps related to the avoidance of death and the flesh. Keywords: death, hermeneutics, interpretation, film, mental health nursing, existential, disgust

Re-evaluating the cosmological redshift: Insights into inhomogeneities and irreversible processes

Understanding the expansion of the Universe remains a profound challenge in fundamental physics. The complexity of solving general relativity equations in the presence of intricate, inhomogeneous flows has compelled cosmological models to rely on perturbation theory in a homogeneous Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker background. This approach accounts for a redshift of light encompassing contributions from both the cosmological background expansion along the photon's trajectory and Doppler effects at emission due to peculiar motions. However, this computation of the redshift is not covariant, as it hinges on specific coordinate choices that may distort physical interpretations of the relativity of motion. In this study we show that peculiar motions, when tracing the dynamics along time-like geodesics, must contribute to the redshift of light through a local volume expansion factor, in addition to the background expansion. By employing a covariant approach to redshift calculation, we address the central question of whether the cosmological principle alone guarantees that the averaged local volume expansion factor matches the background expansion. We establish that this holds true only in scenarios characterised by a reversible evolution of the Universe, where inhomogeneous expansion and compression modes compensate for one another. In the presence of irreversible processes, such as the dissipation of large-scale compression modes through matter virialisation and associated entropy production, the averaged expansion factor becomes dominated by expansion in voids that can no longer be compensated for by compression in virialised structures. Furthermore, for a universe in which a substantial portion of its mass has undergone virialisation, adhering to the background evolution on average leads to significant violations of the second law of thermodynamics. Our approach shows that entropy production due to irreversible processes during the formation of structures plays the same role as an effective, time-dependent cosmological constant (i.e. dynamical dark energy) without the need to invoke new unknown physics. Our findings underscore the imperative need to re-evaluate the influence of inhomogeneities and irreversible processes on cosmological models, shedding new light on the intricate dynamics of our Universe.

Factors associated with medical students’ career choice in different specialties: a multiple cross-sectional questionnaire study at a German medical school

BackgroundGiven the shortage and unequal distribution of physicians across specialties, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with medical students’ career choices, including background, personality traits, educational experience, personal interests, lifestyle considerations, and the awareness of work requirements.MethodsWe conducted multiple cross-sectional surveys of students; a 159-item online questionnaire was designed and students from three different stages of the six-year medical degree course (outset, clinical phase, and on graduation) were invited to complete the survey. Data were collected between May 2021 and April 2023.ResultsThe questionnaire was sent to 1406 students, of whom 683 replied (49%); 481 respondents were female (70%). The top specialty choices across the respondents were internal medicine, surgery, and general practice, with anaesthesiology, paediatric and adolescent medicine (ranging 11–15%), and obstetrics and gynaecology also receiving interest, with 6% undecided. In particular, female students lost interest in surgery during the course of study in favour of the other options. The choice of general practice was associated with more vocational training, prior positive experiences with the specialty, and lower grades in the university entry examination. Clinical clerkships in a specific (freely chosen) specialty aligned with career choice, while the final practical year did not have an impact on career decision-making. All students highly desired regulated working hours and work-life-balance; however, students choosing surgery rated these items as less important. Willingness to work in a hospital environment was highly associated with choosing anaesthesiology and surgery, whereas rural areas and practices were associated with general practice. Higher scores at agreeableness were associated with choosing paediatric and adolescent medicine by more female students, whereas lower neuroticism values were associated with the choice of anaesthesiology.ConclusionsThe results highlight the intricate nature of decision-making and shed light on various aspects that contribute to the process of selecting a specialty. By identifying and addressing influencing factors, we can develop targeted interventions and policies to enhance diversity and distribution across medical specialisations and to aim for high-quality and equitable healthcare that matches the specific needs of both individuals and the population as a whole.Graphical

The influence of individual factors on the career preferences and specialty choices of final-year nursing students

BackgroundStatistical evidence shows that nursing students prefer a professional career in hospital settings, leading to a lack of career interest in non-hospital settings such as community and residential aged care facilities. The lack of preference for non-hospital settings has persisted over several decades and presents a need for different approaches that may reveal new information to better understand the individual factors that influence specialty choices and preferences from the students' viewpoints. PurposeThe aims of this study were to (1) explore individual factors that impact the nursing specialty choices of final-year nursing students and (2) explore how these factors influence the final-year nursing students' career decision-making process. MethodA narrative inquiry approach using semi-structured interviews was carried out with purposively sampled nursing students (n = 12) who had undertaken a final-year clinical placement(s). Data was analysed using two main steps. First, the interviews were restoried and then analysed using the three-dimensional framework. Subsequently, thematic analysis was applied to generate themes. ResultsData analysis generated three main themes: demographic factors, social factors, and career goals. Participants' characteristics and interactions with other individuals and systems influenced their nursing specialty preferences and professional career plans. ConclusionNursing students' career interests are influenced by individual factors external to their nursing education, such as their age, gender, and life experiences. These student characteristics and experiences facilitated or inhibited a career in some nursing specialties, with the students gauging their ability to practice in a specialty during their CPs. Nursing education should expose and inform students about the core skills, career opportunities, and how to advance their careers in the different nursing specialties. Most importantly, final-year students may need formal career guidance to encourage nursing students' positive attitudes and career interests in different nursing specialties and make realistic career decisions.

Large solitons flattened by small quantum corrections

We propose a general form of the UV-completed Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin (FLS) model. As can be seen from the Newtonian mechanics interpretation, UV-completion allows thin-wall approximation for non-topological solitons. The 1-loop renormalized effective potential for the UV-completed FLS model is constructed under the assumption of mass hierarchy. By special choice of parameters, we studied how the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism induces a new mass scale ω− in the classical FLS model. It can be expounded in terms of a stable condensate. As a consequence, the asymptotic behavior of a non-topological soliton's energy at large charge is changed from ∼Q3/4 to the linear law.

Photon propagator for inflation in the general covariant gauge

Photon propagator for power-law inflation is considered in the general covariant gauges within the canonical quantization formalism. Photon mode functions in covariant gauges are considerably more complicated than their scalar counterparts, except for the special choice of the gauge-fixing parameter we call the simple covariant gauge. We explicitly construct the position space photon propagator in the simple covariant gauge, and find the result considerably more complicated than its scalar counterpart. This is because of the need for explicitly inverting the Laplace operator acting on the scalar propagator, which results in Appell’s fourth function. Our propagator correctly reproduces the de Sitter and flat space limits. We use this propagator to compute two simple observables: the off-coincident field strength-field strength correlator and the energy-momentum tensor, both of which yield consistent results. As a spinoff of our computation we also give the exact expression for the Coulomb gauge propagator in power-law inflation in arbitrary dimensions.

Enrichment culture evaluation and characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women in Japan.

Introduction. Maternal screening tests and prophylactic antibiotics are important to prevent neonatal and infant group B streptococcal (GBS) infections.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The performance of enrichment broth media for GBS screening that are available in Japan is unclear. Whole-genome data of GBS isolates from pregnant women in Japan is lacking.Aim. The aim of this study was to compare the protocol performance of six enrichment broths and two subculture agar plates, which were all available in Japan, for GBS detection. In addition, we showed whole-genome data of GBS isolates from pregnant women in Japan.Methodology. We collected 133 vaginal-rectal swabs from pregnant women visiting clinics and hospitals in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, and compared the protocol performance of 6 enrichment broths and 2 subculture agar plates. All GBS isolates collected in this study were subjected to whole-genome sequencing analysis.Results. We obtained 133 vaginal-rectal swabs from pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation from 8 private clinics and 2 local municipal hospitals within Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. The detection rate of the protocol involving the six enrichment broths and subsequent subcultures varied between 95.5 and 100 %, depending on the specific choice of enrichment broth. The GBS carriage rate among pregnant women in this region was 18.8 %. All 25 isolates derived from the swabs were susceptible to penicillin, whereas 48 and 36 % of the isolates demonstrated resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. The distribution of serotypes was highly diverse, encompassing seven distinct serotypes among the isolates, with the predominant serotype being serotype V (n = 8). Serotype V isolates displayed a tendency towards increased resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, with all resistant isolates containing the ermB gene.Conclusion. There was no difference in performance among the culture protocols evaluated in this study. GBS strains isolated from pregnant women appeared to have greater genomic diversity than GBS strains detected in neonates/infants with invasive GBS infections. To confirm this result, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

Methodological Overlap in Early Childhood Education Self-Regulation Research: An Interdisciplinary Systematic Review

AbstractYoung children’s self-regulation (SR) skills are linked to many important outcomes across the lifespan and school stakeholders widely agree that these skills should be prioritized in schools. Despite broad agreement about the importance of these skills, the diverse field of SR research is rife with a lack of clarity in both conceptual definitions and measurement with many different terms and definitions used interchangeably. With a systematic review of early childhood SR research in schools, we aimed to add to these efforts by cataloguing which SR variables researchers measure and the specific methodological choices made to capture such variables. Coders identified 319 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010–2020 that included a school-based measurement of self-regulation related constructs among children between 3- and 8-years. This revealed 11 distinct variable terms used widely in the literature to refer to SR related skills or characteristics and behavior problems was overwhelmingly the most frequent. Studies of many of these variables relied heavily on adult reports, usually teachers, and the use of multiple informants to measure variables was uncommon. Findings further highlight the conceptual clutter in SR research, point to possible points of empirical weaknesses in the measurement of these skills, and identify some methodological overlap in how variables are being operationalized in the literature.

Design of a Stormwater Management System in Lady Irene Campus

This project aimed to design an efficient drainage system for Ndejje University's Lady Irene Campus, addressing issues of erosion and flooding exacerbated by recent construction projects. The goal was to create a hydraulic conveyance system that balances environmental protection with structural integrity and affordability. The project involved field reconnaissance, data collection, and analysis of the campus's landscape, soil types, and development trends to inform the design. Methodologically, the project used GPS surveying to create topographical maps and obtained rainfall data to size drainage facilities using the rational method. The peak runoff was calculated considering land use characteristics, while Manning’s formula was applied to design drainage channels and culverts. The design aimed to ensure high hydraulic capacity and prevent erosion with specific slope and material choices. An Environmental Impact Assessment was conducted, addressing noise, dust, water quality, waste management, and ecological impacts. Mitigation measures were recommended to minimize adverse effects during the construction and operation phases. Despite challenges such as limited access to surveying equipment and data, the project concluded with a comprehensive stormwater management plan. Recommendations include rehabilitating the university’s weather station and establishing a project database to support future planning and research. The project underscores the importance of integrating sustainable practices in urban development to safeguard environmental and infrastructural integrity.

A spatially-explicit sensitivity analysis of urban definitions: Uncovering implicit assumptions in the Degree of Urbanisation

We introduce a spatially-explicit sensitivity framework to uncover potential biases in urban delineation approaches. Our starting point is that there is no broadly shared agreement on how to define or delineate urban areas, neither in terms of methods nor in terms of thresholds or criteria. Deciding on delineation criteria thus inevitably involves making certain assumptions that may unwittingly reproduce urban realities experienced by those expressing them, and have spatially unequally distributed implications. Understanding how specific criterion choices shape our understanding of ‘the urban’ and how, why, and – especially – where a definition leads to specific sensitivities is therefore key, especially when the definition is utilised beyond its intended application. Our framework to uncover these sensitivities is spatially explicit in the sense that it does not rely on aggregate statistics but instead focuses on the sensitivity of the ‘urban’ classification of individual spatial units at the finest spatial granularity. Applying the framework to the definition of the Degree of Urbanisation reveals that sensitivity is indeed not equally distributed across the world. Certain regions (e.g., areas around Dallas – Fort Worth) and specific types of urbanisation (e.g., desakota regions in Pacific Asia) exhibit higher sensitivity than others. We discuss how these sensitivities may embody certain implicit assumptions in the definition, and examine their broader theoretical implications.

Targeting Manganese Amidinate and ß-Ketoiminate Complexes as Precursors for Mn-Based Thin Film Deposition.

With a focus on Mn based organometallic compounds with suitable physico-chemical properties to serve as precursors for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Mn-containing materials, systematic synthetic approaches with ligand variation, detailed characterization, and theoretical input from density functional theory (DFT) studies are presented. A series of new homoleptic all-nitrogen and mixed oxygen/nitrogen-coordinated Mn(II) complexes bearing the acetamidinate, formamidinate, guanidinate and ß-ketoiminate ligands have been successfully synthesized for the first time. The specific choice of these ligand classes with changes in structure and coordination sphere and side chain variations result in significant structural differences whereby mononuclear and dinuclear complexes are formed. This was supported by density functional theory (DFT) studies. The compounds were thoroughly characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. To evaluate their suitability as precursors for deposition of Mn-based materials, the thermal properties were investigated in detail. Mn(II) complexes possessing the most promising thermal properties, namely Bis(N,N'-ditertbutylformamidinato)manganese(II) (IV) and Bis(4-(isopropylamino)pent-3-en-2-onato)manganese(II) (ßIII) were used in reactivity studies with DFT to explore their interaction with oxidizing co-reactants such as oxygen and water which will guide future CVD and ALD process development.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on specialty choice: A survey of fresh medical graduates of Pakistan

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on specialty choice: A survey of fresh medical graduates of Pakistan

استقلالية الشخصية وعلاقتها باختيار الجامعة والتخصص لدى الطلبة الجامعيين

The current study aimed to identify the autonomy of personality and its relationship to the choice of university and specialization among university students in Palestine, The researchers used the descriptive correlative approach. The study was applied to a random sample of (550) male and female students from the universities of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The results showed that the satisfaction of their need for independence came to a medium degree, and there were no statistically significant differences in the satisfaction of that need according to the variables of gender, high school course, and school year. The results indicated that the most influential and predictive factors for students’ choice of university were: the quality of educational services, lower university fees, and the geographical location of the university. Additionally, the most influential and predictive factors for students’ choice of university major were: the social status of the major, exposure to academic advising services, and the freedom to choose a major that allows self-running. The study recommended the need to provide effective counseling spcaes in secondary schools and academic counseling in universities and colleges based on well-studied and systematic scientific priciples, with the results being implemented by universities

Clinicians' Use of Choice Framing in ICU Family Meetings.

To quantify the frequency and patterns of clinicians' use of choice frames when discussing preference-sensitive care with surrogate decision-makers in the ICU. Secondary sequential content analysis. One hundred one audio-recorded and transcribed conferences between surrogates and clinicians of incapacitated, critically ill adults from a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Surrogate decision-makers and clinicians. None. Four coders identified preference-sensitive decision episodes addressed in the meetings, including topics such as mechanical ventilation, renal replacement, and overall goals of care. Prior critical care literature provided specific topics identified as preference-sensitive specific to the critical care context. Coders then examined each decision episode for the types of choice frames used by clinicians. The choice frames were selected a priori based on decision science literature. In total, there were 202 decision episodes across the 101 transcripts, with 20.3% of the decision episodes discussing mechanical ventilation, 19.3% overall goals of care, 14.4% renal replacement therapy, 14.4% post-discharge care (i.e., discharge location such as a skilled nursing facility), and the remaining 32.1% other topics. Clinicians used default framing, in which an option is presented that will be carried out if another option is not actively chosen, more frequently than any other choice frame (127 or 62.9% of decision episodes). Clinicians presented a polar interrogative, or a "yes or no question" to accept or reject a specific care choice, in 43 (21.3%) decision episodes. Clinicians more frequently presented options emphasizing both potential losses and gains rather than either in isolation. Clinicians frequently use default framing and polar questions when discussing preference-sensitive choices with surrogate decision-makers, which are known to be powerful nudges. Future work should focus on designing interventions promoting the informed use of these and the other most common choice frames used by practicing clinicians.

Choice of medical specialty among students studying medicine

Background: Due to the complexity of choosing a medical specialty, it's crucial to analyze the factors and influences involved in this decision-making process, as it can significantly impact one's career and personal life. Factors to consider include lifestyle, job requirements, salary, reputation, duration of studies, the ability to maintain a "controlled" lifestyle, and family members. Additionally, culture and lifestyle can influence specialty choice. Exploring these factors can assist medical students in making more informed and satisfying decisions. Material and methods: This study is an observational cross-sectional study where the sample consisted of 100 medical students who volunteered between October and December 2023 using the Google Forms platform. Results: The graphs demonstrate that 64% of the total students will choose based on their affinity for the specialty, which is the most influential factor when selecting a medical specialty. 16% believe that the ability to maintain a "controllable" lifestyle is more important when choosing a specialty, 9% prioritize the duration of residency, and 8% consider financial income. Conclusion: Encouraging further research into the influences affecting the choice of a medical specialty helps understand the motivation of medical students. This will contribute not only to the improvement of the healthcare system but also to a more efficient allocation of resources, consequently enhancing the quality of medical services provided to patients

Detuning effects for heat-current control in quantum thermal devices.

Navigating the intricacies of thermal management at the quantum scale is a challenge in the pursuit of advanced nanoscale technologies. To this extent, theoretical frameworks introducing minimal models mirroring the functionality of electronic current amplifiers and transistors, for instance, have been proposed. Different architectures of the subsystems composing a quantum thermal device can be considered, tacitly bringing drawbacks or advantages if properly engineered. This paper extends the prior research on thermotronics, studying a strongly coupled three-subsystem thermal device with a specific emphasis on a third excited level in the control subsystem. Our setup can be employed as a multipurpose device conditioned on the specific choice of internal parameters: heat switch, rectifier, stabilizer, and amplifier. The exploration of the detuned levels unveils a key role in the performance and working regime of the device. We observe a stable and strong amplification effect persisting over broad ranges of temperature. We conclude that considering a three-level system, as the one directly in contact with the control temperature, boosts output currents and the ability to operate our devices as a switch at various temperatures.

Weighted fractional inequalities for new conditions on h-convex functions

We use a new function class called B-function to establish a novel version of Hermite–Hadamard inequality for weighted ψ-Hilfer operators. Additionally, we prove two new identities involving weighted ψ-Hilfer operators for differentiable functions. Moreover, by employing these equalities and the properties of the B-function, we derive several trapezoid- and midpoint-type inequalities for h-convex functions. Furthermore, the obtained results are reduced to several well-known and some new inequalities by making specific choices of the function h.

Fast solution of incompressible flow problems with two-level pressure approximation

This paper develops efficient preconditioned iterative solvers for incompressible flow problems discretised by an enriched Taylor–Hood mixed approximation, in which the usual pressure space is augmented by a piecewise constant pressure to ensure local mass conservation. This enrichment process causes over-specification of the pressure when the pressure space is defined by the union of standard Taylor–Hood basis functions and piecewise constant pressure basis functions, which complicates the design and implementation of efficient solvers for the resulting linear systems. We first describe the impact of this choice of pressure space specification on the matrices involved. Next, we show how to recover effective solvers for Stokes problems, with preconditioners based on the singular pressure mass matrix, and for Oseen systems arising from linearised Navier–Stokes equations, by using a two-stage pressure convection–diffusion strategy. The codes used to generate the numerical results are available online.

Exploring wormholes in f(R,T) gravity

The concept of wormholes is still hypothetical in physics but attractive among researchers. In this work, motivated by the important effect of [Formula: see text] gravity theory, we seek the existence of wormhole solutions. We consider the field equations that can be derived from two different choices of matter Lagrangian density and utilize them to find the possibility of having some wormhole geometry. This procedure is based on the specific choice of an equation-of-state that obeys a certain physical requirement on the matter stress-energy [S. Kar and D. Sahdev, Restricted class of traversable wormholes with traceless matter, Phys. Rev. D 52 (1995) 2030]. For this purpose, the functional form of the redshift function is taken into consideration, and the possible existence of wormhole solutions is proven. Finally, the work examines the energy conditions and shows that violations of null energy conditions hold throughout spacetime.